Tunnelling spectroscopy of Andreev states in graphene

Van der Waals heterostructures provide a tunable platform for probing the Andreev bound states responsible for proximity-induced superconductivity, helping to establish a connection between Andreev physics at finite energy and the Josephson effect. A normal conductor placed in good contact with a su...

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Published in:	Nature physics Vol. 13; no. 8; pp. 756 - 760
Main Authors:	Bretheau, Landry, Wang, Joel I-Jan, Pisoni, Riccardo, Watanabe, Kenji, Taniguchi, Takashi, Jarillo-Herrero, Pablo
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.08.2017 Nature Publishing Group Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
Subjects:	639/766/119/1003 639/766/119/995 639/925/918/1052 639/925/927/1064 Atomic Carbon Classical and Continuum Physics Complex Systems Condensed Matter Physics Conductors Electronic properties electronic properties and devices electronic properties and materials Electronic structure Energy Energy measurement Energy spectra Fermi surfaces Graphene Heterostructures Josephson effect letter MATERIALS SCIENCE Mathematical and Computational Physics Molecular Optical and Plasma Physics Phase shift Physics Proximity Proximity effect (electricity) Spectroscopic analysis Spectroscopy Spectrum analysis superconducting devices superconducting properties and materials Superconductivity Superconductor junctions Superconductors Theoretical Topology
ISSN:	1745-2473, 1745-2481
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Abstract	Van der Waals heterostructures provide a tunable platform for probing the Andreev bound states responsible for proximity-induced superconductivity, helping to establish a connection between Andreev physics at finite energy and the Josephson effect. A normal conductor placed in good contact with a superconductor can inherit its remarkable electronic properties 1 , 2 . This proximity effect microscopically originates from the formation in the conductor of entangled electron–hole states, called Andreev states 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 . Spectroscopic studies of Andreev states have been performed in just a handful of systems 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 . The unique geometry, electronic structure and high mobility of graphene 14 , 15 make it a novel platform for studying Andreev physics in two dimensions. Here we use a full van der Waals heterostructure to perform tunnelling spectroscopy measurements of the proximity effect in superconductor–graphene–superconductor junctions. The measured energy spectra, which depend on the phase difference between the superconductors, reveal the presence of a continuum of Andreev bound states. Moreover, our device heterostructure geometry and materials enable us to measure the Andreev spectrum as a function of the graphene Fermi energy, showing a transition between different mesoscopic regimes. Furthermore, by experimentally introducing a novel concept, the supercurrent spectral density, we determine the supercurrent–phase relation in a tunnelling experiment, thus establishing the connection between Andreev physics at finite energy and the Josephson effect. This work opens up new avenues for probing exotic topological phases of matter in hybrid superconducting Dirac materials 16 , 17 , 18 .
AbstractList	Van der Waals heterostructures provide a tunable platform for probing the Andreev bound states responsible for proximity-induced superconductivity, helping to establish a connection between Andreev physics at finite energy and the Josephson effect. A normal conductor placed in good contact with a superconductor can inherit its remarkable electronic properties 1 , 2 . This proximity effect microscopically originates from the formation in the conductor of entangled electron–hole states, called Andreev states 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 . Spectroscopic studies of Andreev states have been performed in just a handful of systems 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 . The unique geometry, electronic structure and high mobility of graphene 14 , 15 make it a novel platform for studying Andreev physics in two dimensions. Here we use a full van der Waals heterostructure to perform tunnelling spectroscopy measurements of the proximity effect in superconductor–graphene–superconductor junctions. The measured energy spectra, which depend on the phase difference between the superconductors, reveal the presence of a continuum of Andreev bound states. Moreover, our device heterostructure geometry and materials enable us to measure the Andreev spectrum as a function of the graphene Fermi energy, showing a transition between different mesoscopic regimes. Furthermore, by experimentally introducing a novel concept, the supercurrent spectral density, we determine the supercurrent–phase relation in a tunnelling experiment, thus establishing the connection between Andreev physics at finite energy and the Josephson effect. This work opens up new avenues for probing exotic topological phases of matter in hybrid superconducting Dirac materials 16 , 17 , 18 . A normal conductor placed in good contact with a superconductor can inherit its remarkable electronic properties. This proximity effect microscopically originates from the formation in the conductor of entangled electron-hole states, called Andreev states. Spectroscopic studies of Andreev states have been performed in just a handful of systems. The unique geometry, electronic structure and high mobility of graphene make it a novel platform for studying Andreev physics in two dimensions. Here we use a full van der Waals heterostructure to perform tunnelling spectroscopy measurements of the proximity effect in superconductor-graphene-superconductor junctions. The measured energy spectra, which depend on the phase difference between the superconductors, reveal the presence of a continuum of Andreev bound states. Moreover, our device heterostructure geometry and materials enable us to measure the Andreev spectrum as a function of the graphene Fermi energy, showing a transition between different mesoscopic regimes. Furthermore, by experimentally introducing a novel concept, the supercurrent spectral density, we determine the supercurrent-phase relation in a tunnelling experiment, thus establishing the connection between Andreev physics at finite energy and the Josephson effect. This work opens up new avenues for probing exotic topological phases of matter in hybrid superconducting Dirac materials. A normal conductor placed in good contact with a superconductor can inherit its remarkable electronic properties. This proximity effect microscopically originates from the formation in the conductor of entangled electron–hole states, called Andreev states. Spectroscopic studies of Andreev states have been performed in just a handful of systems. The unique geometry, electronic structure and high mobility of graphene make it a novel platform for studying Andreev physics in two dimensions. In this paper, we use a full van der Waals heterostructure to perform tunnelling spectroscopy measurements of the proximity effect in superconductor–graphene–superconductor junctions. The measured energy spectra, which depend on the phase difference between the superconductors, reveal the presence of a continuum of Andreev bound states. Moreover, our device heterostructure geometry and materials enable us to measure the Andreev spectrum as a function of the graphene Fermi energy, showing a transition between different mesoscopic regimes. Furthermore, by experimentally introducing a novel concept, the supercurrent spectral density, we determine the supercurrent–phase relation in a tunnelling experiment, thus establishing the connection between Andreev physics at finite energy and the Josephson effect. Finally, this work opens up new avenues for probing exotic topological phases of matter in hybrid superconducting Dirac materials. Van der Waals heterostructures provide a tunable platform for probing the Andreev bound states responsible for proximity-induced superconductivity, helping to establish a connection between Andreev physics at finite energy and the Josephson effect.A normal conductor placed in good contact with a superconductor can inherit its remarkable electronic properties1,2. This proximity effect microscopically originates from the formation in the conductor of entangled electron–hole states, called Andreev states3,4,5,6,7,8. Spectroscopic studies of Andreev states have been performed in just a handful of systems9,10,11,12,13. The unique geometry, electronic structure and high mobility of graphene14,15 make it a novel platform for studying Andreev physics in two dimensions. Here we use a full van der Waals heterostructure to perform tunnelling spectroscopy measurements of the proximity effect in superconductor–graphene–superconductor junctions. The measured energy spectra, which depend on the phase difference between the superconductors, reveal the presence of a continuum of Andreev bound states. Moreover, our device heterostructure geometry and materials enable us to measure the Andreev spectrum as a function of the graphene Fermi energy, showing a transition between different mesoscopic regimes. Furthermore, by experimentally introducing a novel concept, the supercurrent spectral density, we determine the supercurrent–phase relation in a tunnelling experiment, thus establishing the connection between Andreev physics at finite energy and the Josephson effect. This work opens up new avenues for probing exotic topological phases of matter in hybrid superconducting Dirac materials16,17,18.
Author	Bretheau, Landry Wang, Joel I-Jan Watanabe, Kenji Pisoni, Riccardo Taniguchi, Takashi Jarillo-Herrero, Pablo
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Snippet	Van der Waals heterostructures provide a tunable platform for probing the Andreev bound states responsible for proximity-induced superconductivity, helping to... A normal conductor placed in good contact with a superconductor can inherit its remarkable electronic properties. This proximity effect microscopically...
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SubjectTerms	639/766/119/1003 639/766/119/995 639/925/918/1052 639/925/927/1064 Atomic Carbon Classical and Continuum Physics Complex Systems Condensed Matter Physics Conductors Electronic properties electronic properties and devices electronic properties and materials Electronic structure Energy Energy measurement Energy spectra Fermi surfaces Graphene Heterostructures Josephson effect letter MATERIALS SCIENCE Mathematical and Computational Physics Molecular Optical and Plasma Physics Phase shift Physics Proximity Proximity effect (electricity) Spectroscopic analysis Spectroscopy Spectrum analysis superconducting devices superconducting properties and materials Superconductivity Superconductor junctions Superconductors Theoretical Topology
Title	Tunnelling spectroscopy of Andreev states in graphene
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