IFITM knockout DF1 cells produce higher influenza and newcastle disease viral yields: a proof of concept for avian origin cell-based vaccine production

Vaccines remain essential for the control of infectious diseases during poultry production, especially in high density systems. Many of poultry vaccines are currently grown in embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) or egg derived primary cells. These systems can be relatively costly and present a potential...

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Vydané v:Vaccine Ročník 61; s. 127360
Hlavní autori: Samy, Ahmed, Alber, Andreas, Fife, Mark, Hammond, John A.
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:English
Vydavateľské údaje: Netherlands Elsevier Ltd 13.08.2025
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Abstract Vaccines remain essential for the control of infectious diseases during poultry production, especially in high density systems. Many of poultry vaccines are currently grown in embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) or egg derived primary cells. These systems can be relatively costly and present a potential risk of supply during pandemics when demand for ECE can be high. Furthermore, the scale up of ECE vaccine production can be challenging at short notice, especially when the safe disposal of biohazardous waste is required. Avian-origin immortalised cell lines have the potential to be an ideal surrogate and remove the need to use ECE due to species match. However, the viral yield is often much lower than that of ECE which is at least partly due to the activation of interferon responses. One such response is driven by the interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITM) that are potent broad range viral restriction factors inhibiting viral cell entry. Using CRISPR/Cas9 we deleted the entire IFITM locus from the immortalised chicken fibroblast cell line DF1 and examined the impact on viral growth. Multiple DF1-IFITM-KO clones confirmed that removing IFITM restriction not only augmented infectivity and viral surface protein expression but significantly increased the viral yield up to 1.5 log10 PFU/ml and 0.8 log10 PFU/ml for influenza A virus (IAV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota strain, respectively. Expression of IFITM3 but not IFITM1 in DF1-IFITM-KO cells restored AIV restriction, while expression of both IFITM1 and IFITM3 restricted NDV infectivity. Together, these data confirm that IFITM proteins significantly reduce viral infectivity and growth in chicken cells and that removing this barrier has the potential to improve cell- based vaccine production. •IFITM knockout in DF1 cells significantly increases viral yields for influenza A and Newcastle disease viruses.•CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of the entire IFITM locus enhances viral infectivity and surface protein expression.•IFITM3 restoration specifically restricts influenza virus, while both IFITM1 and IFITM3 limit Newcastle disease virus.•This study provides proof-of-concept for IFITM-deficient avian cell lines as a potential alternative for vaccine production.•DF1-IFITM-KO cells offer a scalable and cost-effective model for avian-origin vaccine development.
AbstractList Vaccines remain essential for the control of infectious diseases during poultry production, especially in high density systems. Many of poultry vaccines are currently grown in embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) or egg derived primary cells. These systems can be relatively costly and present a potential risk of supply during pandemics when demand for ECE can be high. Furthermore, the scale up of ECE vaccine production can be challenging at short notice, especially when the safe disposal of biohazardous waste is required. Avian-origin immortalised cell lines have the potential to be an ideal surrogate and remove the need to use ECE due to species match. However, the viral yield is often much lower than that of ECE which is at least partly due to the activation of interferon responses. One such response is driven by the interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITM) that are potent broad range viral restriction factors inhibiting viral cell entry. Using CRISPR/Cas9 we deleted the entire IFITM locus from the immortalised chicken fibroblast cell line DF1 and examined the impact on viral growth. Multiple DF1-IFITM-KO clones confirmed that removing IFITM restriction not only augmented infectivity and viral surface protein expression but significantly increased the viral yield up to 1.5 log PFU/ml and 0.8 log PFU/ml for influenza A virus (IAV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota strain, respectively. Expression of IFITM3 but not IFITM1 in DF1-IFITM-KO cells restored AIV restriction, while expression of both IFITM1 and IFITM3 restricted NDV infectivity. Together, these data confirm that IFITM proteins significantly reduce viral infectivity and growth in chicken cells and that removing this barrier has the potential to improve cell- based vaccine production.
AbstractVaccines remain essential for the control of infectious diseases during poultry production, especially in high density systems. Many of poultry vaccines are currently grown in embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) or egg derived primary cells. These systems can be relatively costly and present a potential risk of supply during pandemics when demand for ECE can be high. Furthermore, the scale up of ECE vaccine production can be challenging at short notice, especially when the safe disposal of biohazardous waste is required. Avian-origin immortalised cell lines have the potential to be an ideal surrogate and remove the need to use ECE due to species match. However, the viral yield is often much lower than that of ECE which is at least partly due to the activation of interferon responses. One such response is driven by the interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITM) that are potent broad range viral restriction factors inhibiting viral cell entry. Using CRISPR/Cas9 we deleted the entire IFITM locus from the immortalised chicken fibroblast cell line DF1 and examined the impact on viral growth. Multiple DF1-IFITM-KO clones confirmed that removing IFITM restriction not only augmented infectivity and viral surface protein expression but significantly increased the viral yield up to 1.5 log 10 PFU/ml and 0.8 log 10 PFU/ml for influenza A virus (IAV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota strain, respectively. Expression of IFITM3 but not IFITM1 in DF1-IFITM-KO cells restored AIV restriction, while expression of both IFITM1 and IFITM3 restricted NDV infectivity. Together, these data confirm that IFITM proteins significantly reduce viral infectivity and growth in chicken cells and that removing this barrier has the potential to improve cell- based vaccine production.
Vaccines remain essential for the control of infectious diseases during poultry production, especially in high density systems. Many of poultry vaccines are currently grown in embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) or egg derived primary cells. These systems can be relatively costly and present a potential risk of supply during pandemics when demand for ECE can be high. Furthermore, the scale up of ECE vaccine production can be challenging at short notice, especially when the safe disposal of biohazardous waste is required. Avian-origin immortalised cell lines have the potential to be an ideal surrogate and remove the need to use ECE due to species match. However, the viral yield is often much lower than that of ECE which is at least partly due to the activation of interferon responses. One such response is driven by the interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITM) that are potent broad range viral restriction factors inhibiting viral cell entry. Using CRISPR/Cas9 we deleted the entire IFITM locus from the immortalised chicken fibroblast cell line DF1 and examined the impact on viral growth. Multiple DF1-IFITM-KO clones confirmed that removing IFITM restriction not only augmented infectivity and viral surface protein expression but significantly increased the viral yield up to 1.5 log 10 PFU/ml and 0.8 log 10 PFU/ml for influenza A virus (IAV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota strain, respectively. Expression of IFITM3 but not IFITM1 in DF1-IFITM-KO cells restored AIV restriction, while expression of both IFITM1 and IFITM3 restricted NDV infectivity. Together, these data confirm that IFITM proteins significantly reduce viral infectivity and growth in chicken cells and that removing this barrier has the potential to improve cell- based vaccine production.
Vaccines remain essential for the control of infectious diseases during poultry production, especially in high density systems. Many of poultry vaccines are currently grown in embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) or egg derived primary cells. These systems can be relatively costly and present a potential risk of supply during pandemics when demand for ECE can be high. Furthermore, the scale up of ECE vaccine production can be challenging at short notice, especially when the safe disposal of biohazardous waste is required. Avian-origin immortalised cell lines have the potential to be an ideal surrogate and remove the need to use ECE due to species match. However, the viral yield is often much lower than that of ECE which is at least partly due to the activation of interferon responses. One such response is driven by the interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITM) that are potent broad range viral restriction factors inhibiting viral cell entry. Using CRISPR/Cas9 we deleted the entire IFITM locus from the immortalised chicken fibroblast cell line DF1 and examined the impact on viral growth. Multiple DF1-IFITM-KO clones confirmed that removing IFITM restriction not only augmented infectivity and viral surface protein expression but significantly increased the viral yield up to 1.5 log10 PFU/ml and 0.8 log10 PFU/ml for influenza A virus (IAV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota strain, respectively. Expression of IFITM3 but not IFITM1 in DF1-IFITM-KO cells restored AIV restriction, while expression of both IFITM1 and IFITM3 restricted NDV infectivity. Together, these data confirm that IFITM proteins significantly reduce viral infectivity and growth in chicken cells and that removing this barrier has the potential to improve cell- based vaccine production. •IFITM knockout in DF1 cells significantly increases viral yields for influenza A and Newcastle disease viruses.•CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of the entire IFITM locus enhances viral infectivity and surface protein expression.•IFITM3 restoration specifically restricts influenza virus, while both IFITM1 and IFITM3 limit Newcastle disease virus.•This study provides proof-of-concept for IFITM-deficient avian cell lines as a potential alternative for vaccine production.•DF1-IFITM-KO cells offer a scalable and cost-effective model for avian-origin vaccine development.
Vaccines remain essential for the control of infectious diseases during poultry production, especially in high density systems. Many of poultry vaccines are currently grown in embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) or egg derived primary cells. These systems can be relatively costly and present a potential risk of supply during pandemics when demand for ECE can be high. Furthermore, the scale up of ECE vaccine production can be challenging at short notice, especially when the safe disposal of biohazardous waste is required. Avian-origin immortalised cell lines have the potential to be an ideal surrogate and remove the need to use ECE due to species match. However, the viral yield is often much lower than that of ECE which is at least partly due to the activation of interferon responses. One such response is driven by the interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITM) that are potent broad range viral restriction factors inhibiting viral cell entry. Using CRISPR/Cas9 we deleted the entire IFITM locus from the immortalised chicken fibroblast cell line DF1 and examined the impact on viral growth. Multiple DF1-IFITM-KO clones confirmed that removing IFITM restriction not only augmented infectivity and viral surface protein expression but significantly increased the viral yield up to 1.5 log10 PFU/ml and 0.8 log10 PFU/ml for influenza A virus (IAV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota strain, respectively. Expression of IFITM3 but not IFITM1 in DF1-IFITM-KO cells restored AIV restriction, while expression of both IFITM1 and IFITM3 restricted NDV infectivity. Together, these data confirm that IFITM proteins significantly reduce viral infectivity and growth in chicken cells and that removing this barrier has the potential to improve cell- based vaccine production.Vaccines remain essential for the control of infectious diseases during poultry production, especially in high density systems. Many of poultry vaccines are currently grown in embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) or egg derived primary cells. These systems can be relatively costly and present a potential risk of supply during pandemics when demand for ECE can be high. Furthermore, the scale up of ECE vaccine production can be challenging at short notice, especially when the safe disposal of biohazardous waste is required. Avian-origin immortalised cell lines have the potential to be an ideal surrogate and remove the need to use ECE due to species match. However, the viral yield is often much lower than that of ECE which is at least partly due to the activation of interferon responses. One such response is driven by the interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITM) that are potent broad range viral restriction factors inhibiting viral cell entry. Using CRISPR/Cas9 we deleted the entire IFITM locus from the immortalised chicken fibroblast cell line DF1 and examined the impact on viral growth. Multiple DF1-IFITM-KO clones confirmed that removing IFITM restriction not only augmented infectivity and viral surface protein expression but significantly increased the viral yield up to 1.5 log10 PFU/ml and 0.8 log10 PFU/ml for influenza A virus (IAV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota strain, respectively. Expression of IFITM3 but not IFITM1 in DF1-IFITM-KO cells restored AIV restriction, while expression of both IFITM1 and IFITM3 restricted NDV infectivity. Together, these data confirm that IFITM proteins significantly reduce viral infectivity and growth in chicken cells and that removing this barrier has the potential to improve cell- based vaccine production.
ArticleNumber 127360
Author Samy, Ahmed
Fife, Mark
Hammond, John A.
Alber, Andreas
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Keywords IFITM3
CRISPR
Interferon inducible transmembrane protein
Egg based vaccine replacement
IFITM1
Avian origin cell line
Gene editing
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PublicationDate 2025-08-13
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2025-08-13
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  text: 2025-08-13
  day: 13
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Netherlands
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PublicationTitle Vaccine
PublicationTitleAlternate Vaccine
PublicationYear 2025
Publisher Elsevier Ltd
Elsevier Limited
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Snippet Vaccines remain essential for the control of infectious diseases during poultry production, especially in high density systems. Many of poultry vaccines are...
AbstractVaccines remain essential for the control of infectious diseases during poultry production, especially in high density systems. Many of poultry...
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StartPage 127360
SubjectTerms Allergy and Immunology
Animals
Antigens, Differentiation - genetics
Avian origin cell line
Biohazards
Cell culture
Cell Line
Cell lines
Chick Embryo
Chickens
Cloning
CRISPR
CRISPR-Cas Systems
Disease
Egg based vaccine replacement
Eggs
Epidemics
Fibroblasts
Fibroblasts - virology
Gene editing
Gene Knockout Techniques
Genes
Genome editing
Glycoproteins
IFITM1
IFITM3
Infections
Infectious diseases
Infectivity
Influenza
Influenza A
Influenza A virus - growth & development
Influenza A virus - immunology
Influenza in Birds - immunology
Influenza in Birds - prevention & control
Influenza Vaccines - immunology
Interferon
Interferon inducible transmembrane protein
Localization
Membrane Proteins - genetics
Newcastle disease
Newcastle Disease - immunology
Newcastle Disease - prevention & control
Newcastle disease virus - growth & development
Newcastle disease virus - immunology
Pandemics
Poultry
Poultry production
Proteins
Public health
RNA-Binding Proteins - genetics
Vaccines
Viral infections
Viral Vaccines - immunology
Virus Replication
Viruses
Title IFITM knockout DF1 cells produce higher influenza and newcastle disease viral yields: a proof of concept for avian origin cell-based vaccine production
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