Decrease of lichens in Arctic ecosystems: the role of wildfire, caribou, reindeer, competition and climate in north-western Alaska

We review and present a synthesis of the existing research dealing with changing Arctic tundra ecosystems, in relation to caribou and reindeer winter ranges. Whereas pan-Arctic studies have documented the effects on tundra vegetation from simulated climate change, we draw upon recent long-term regio...

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Published in:	Polar research Vol. 28; no. 3; pp. 433 - 442
Main Authors:	Joly, Kyle, Jandt, Randi R., Klein, David R.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Oxford, UK Routledge 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Wiley-Blackwell
Subjects:	Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Biological and medical sciences Climate warming disturbance fire Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology grazing Lichenes lichens Plant cytology, morphology, systematics, chorology and evolution Rangifer tarandus Synecology Terrestrial ecosystems Thallophyta Arctic Region Competition disturbance Climate Temperature grazing Environmental factor Biomass Climatic zone Fungi Seward Peninsula Ecosystem Fires Alaska fire Polar region Climate warming Ungulata Warming Browsing Fodder Vegetation dynamics Perturbation Dynamical climatology Climate change Vertebrata Mammalia Rangifer tarandus Global change Lichenes lichens Vegetation fire Artiodactyla Tundra
ISSN:	0800-0395, 1751-8369, 1751-8369
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Abstract	We review and present a synthesis of the existing research dealing with changing Arctic tundra ecosystems, in relation to caribou and reindeer winter ranges. Whereas pan-Arctic studies have documented the effects on tundra vegetation from simulated climate change, we draw upon recent long-term regional studies in Alaska that have documented the actual, on-the-ground effects. Our review reveals signs of marked change in Arctic tundra ecosystems. Factors known to be affecting these changes include wildfire, disturbance by caribou and reindeer, differential growth responses of vascular plants and lichens, and associated competition under climate warming scenarios. These factors are interrelated, and, we posit, unidirectional: that is, they are all implicated in the significant reduction of terricolous lichen ground cover and biomass during recent decades. Lichens constitute the primary winter forage for large, migratory caribou and reindeer herds, which in turn are a critical subsistence resource for rural residents in Alaska. Thus, declines in these lichens are a major concern for rural people who harvest caribou and reindeer for subsistence, as well as for sport hunters, reindeer herders, wildlife enthusiasts and land managers. We believe a more widely distributed and better integrated research programme is warranted to quantify the magnitude and extent of the decline in lichen communities across the Arctic.
AbstractList	We review and present a synthesis of the existing research dealing with changing Arctic tundra ecosystems, in relation to caribou and reindeer winter ranges. Whereas pan‐Arctic studies have documented the effects on tundra vegetation from simulated climate change, we draw upon recent long‐term regional studies in Alaska that have documented the actual, on‐the‐ground effects. Our review reveals signs of marked change in Arctic tundra ecosystems. Factors known to be affecting these changes include wildfire, disturbance by caribou and reindeer, differential growth responses of vascular plants and lichens, and associated competition under climate warming scenarios. These factors are interrelated, and, we posit, unidirectional: that is, they are all implicated in the significant reduction of terricolous lichen ground cover and biomass during recent decades. Lichens constitute the primary winter forage for large, migratory caribou and reindeer herds, which in turn are a critical subsistence resource for rural residents in Alaska. Thus, declines in these lichens are a major concern for rural people who harvest caribou and reindeer for subsistence, as well as for sport hunters, reindeer herders, wildlife enthusiasts and land managers. We believe a more widely distributed and better integrated research programme is warranted to quantify the magnitude and extent of the decline in lichen communities across the Arctic.
Author	Klein, David R. Jandt, Randi R. Joly, Kyle
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Kyle surname: Joly fullname: Joly, Kyle email: kyle_joly@nps.gov organization: University of Alaska Fairbanks – sequence: 2 givenname: Randi R. surname: Jandt fullname: Jandt, Randi R. organization: Bureau of Land Management, Alaska Fire Service – sequence: 3 givenname: David R. surname: Klein fullname: Klein, David R. organization: Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Keywords	Competition disturbance Climate Temperature grazing Environmental factor Biomass Climatic zone Fungi Seward Peninsula Ecosystem Fires Alaska fire Polar region Climate warming Ungulata Warming Browsing Fodder Vegetation dynamics Perturbation Dynamical climatology Climate change Vertebrata Mammalia Rangifer tarandus Global change Lichenes lichens Vegetation fire Artiodactyla Tundra
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Snippet	We review and present a synthesis of the existing research dealing with changing Arctic tundra ecosystems, in relation to caribou and reindeer winter ranges....
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SubjectTerms	Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Biological and medical sciences Climate warming disturbance fire Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology grazing Lichenes lichens Plant cytology, morphology, systematics, chorology and evolution Rangifer tarandus Synecology Terrestrial ecosystems Thallophyta
Title	Decrease of lichens in Arctic ecosystems: the role of wildfire, caribou, reindeer, competition and climate in north-western Alaska
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