Findings from the Tushirikiane mobile health (mHealth) HIV self‐testing pragmatic trial with refugee adolescents and youth living in informal settlements in Kampala, Uganda

IntroductionUrban refugee youth remain underserved by current HIV prevention strategies, including HIV self-testing (HIVST). Examining HIVST feasibility with refugees can inform tailored HIV testing strategies. We examined if HIVST and mobile health (mHealth) delivery approaches could increase HIV t...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Journal of the International AIDS Society Jg. 26; H. 10; S. e26185 - n/a
Hauptverfasser:	Logie, Carmen H., Okumu, Moses, Berry, Isha, Hakiza, Robert, Baral, Stefan D., Musoke, Daniel Kibuuka, Nakitende, Aidah, Mwima, Simon, Kyambadde, Peter, Loutet, Miranda, Batte, Shamilah, Lester, Richard, Neema, Stella, Newby, Katie, Mbuagbaw, Lawrence
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Geneva John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.10.2023 John Wiley and Sons Inc Wiley
Schlagworte:	Acquired immune deficiency syndrome Adolescents AIDS Condoms Data collection Displaced persons HIV HIV self‐testing Human immunodeficiency virus humanitarian health Literacy Marginalized groups Medical tests mHealth Refugees Reproductive health Research ethics Self report Sex discrimination Sexual health Sexually transmitted diseases STD Stigma Telemedicine Text messaging Uganda youth Uganda Kampala Uganda
ISSN:	1758-2652, 1758-2652
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Abstract	IntroductionUrban refugee youth remain underserved by current HIV prevention strategies, including HIV self-testing (HIVST). Examining HIVST feasibility with refugees can inform tailored HIV testing strategies. We examined if HIVST and mobile health (mHealth) delivery approaches could increase HIV testing uptake and HIV status knowledge among refugee youth in Kampala, Uganda.MethodsWe conducted a three-arm pragmatic controlled trial across five informal settlements grouped into three sites in Kampala from 2020 to 2021 with peer-recruited refugee youth aged 16–24 years. The intervention was HIVST and HIVST + mHealth (HIVST with bidirectional SMS), compared with standard of care (SOC). Primary outcomes were self-reported HIV testing uptake and correct status knowledge verified by point-of-care testing. Some secondary outcomes included: depression, HIV-related stigma, and adolescent sexual and reproductive health (SRH) stigma at three time points (baseline [T0], 8 months [T1] and 12 months [T2]). We used generalized estimating equation regression models to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios comparing arms over time, adjusting for age, gender and baseline imbalances. We assessed study pragmatism across PRECIS-2 dimensions.ResultsWe enrolled 450 participants (50.7% cisgender men, 48.7% cisgender women, 0.7% transgender women; mean age: 20.0, standard deviation: 2.4) across three sites. Self-reported HIV testing uptake increased significantly from T0 to T1 in intervention arms: HIVST arm: (27.6% [n = 43] at T0 vs. 91.2% [n = 135] at T1; HIVST + mHealth: 30.9% [n = 47] at T0 vs. 94.2% [n = 113] at T1]) compared with SOC (35.5% [n = 50] at T0 vs. 24.8% [ = 27] at T1) and remained significantly higher than SOC at T2 (p<0.001). HIV status knowledge in intervention arms (HIVST arm: 100% [n = 121], HIVST + mHealth arm: 97.9% [n = 95]) was significantly higher than SOC (61.5% [n = 59]) at T2. There were modest changes in secondary outcomes in intervention arms, including decreased depression alongside increased HIV-related stigma and adolescent SRH stigma. The trial employed both pragmatic (eligibility criteria, setting, organization, outcome, analysis) and explanatory approaches (recruitment path, flexibility of delivery flexibility, adherence flexibility, follow-up).ConclusionsOffering HIVST is a promising approach to increase HIV testing uptake among urban refugee youth in Kampala. We share lessons learned to inform future youth-focused HIVST trials in urban humanitarian settings.
AbstractList	IntroductionUrban refugee youth remain underserved by current HIV prevention strategies, including HIV self-testing (HIVST). Examining HIVST feasibility with refugees can inform tailored HIV testing strategies. We examined if HIVST and mobile health (mHealth) delivery approaches could increase HIV testing uptake and HIV status knowledge among refugee youth in Kampala, Uganda.MethodsWe conducted a three-arm pragmatic controlled trial across five informal settlements grouped into three sites in Kampala from 2020 to 2021 with peer-recruited refugee youth aged 16–24 years. The intervention was HIVST and HIVST + mHealth (HIVST with bidirectional SMS), compared with standard of care (SOC). Primary outcomes were self-reported HIV testing uptake and correct status knowledge verified by point-of-care testing. Some secondary outcomes included: depression, HIV-related stigma, and adolescent sexual and reproductive health (SRH) stigma at three time points (baseline [T0], 8 months [T1] and 12 months [T2]). We used generalized estimating equation regression models to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios comparing arms over time, adjusting for age, gender and baseline imbalances. We assessed study pragmatism across PRECIS-2 dimensions.ResultsWe enrolled 450 participants (50.7% cisgender men, 48.7% cisgender women, 0.7% transgender women; mean age: 20.0, standard deviation: 2.4) across three sites. Self-reported HIV testing uptake increased significantly from T0 to T1 in intervention arms: HIVST arm: (27.6% [n = 43] at T0 vs. 91.2% [n = 135] at T1; HIVST + mHealth: 30.9% [n = 47] at T0 vs. 94.2% [n = 113] at T1]) compared with SOC (35.5% [n = 50] at T0 vs. 24.8% [ = 27] at T1) and remained significantly higher than SOC at T2 (p<0.001). HIV status knowledge in intervention arms (HIVST arm: 100% [n = 121], HIVST + mHealth arm: 97.9% [n = 95]) was significantly higher than SOC (61.5% [n = 59]) at T2. There were modest changes in secondary outcomes in intervention arms, including decreased depression alongside increased HIV-related stigma and adolescent SRH stigma. The trial employed both pragmatic (eligibility criteria, setting, organization, outcome, analysis) and explanatory approaches (recruitment path, flexibility of delivery flexibility, adherence flexibility, follow-up).ConclusionsOffering HIVST is a promising approach to increase HIV testing uptake among urban refugee youth in Kampala. We share lessons learned to inform future youth-focused HIVST trials in urban humanitarian settings. Urban refugee youth remain underserved by current HIV prevention strategies, including HIV self-testing (HIVST). Examining HIVST feasibility with refugees can inform tailored HIV testing strategies. We examined if HIVST and mobile health (mHealth) delivery approaches could increase HIV testing uptake and HIV status knowledge among refugee youth in Kampala, Uganda.INTRODUCTIONUrban refugee youth remain underserved by current HIV prevention strategies, including HIV self-testing (HIVST). Examining HIVST feasibility with refugees can inform tailored HIV testing strategies. We examined if HIVST and mobile health (mHealth) delivery approaches could increase HIV testing uptake and HIV status knowledge among refugee youth in Kampala, Uganda.We conducted a three-arm pragmatic controlled trial across five informal settlements grouped into three sites in Kampala from 2020 to 2021 with peer-recruited refugee youth aged 16-24 years. The intervention was HIVST and HIVST + mHealth (HIVST with bidirectional SMS), compared with standard of care (SOC). Primary outcomes were self-reported HIV testing uptake and correct status knowledge verified by point-of-care testing. Some secondary outcomes included: depression, HIV-related stigma, and adolescent sexual and reproductive health (SRH) stigma at three time points (baseline [T0], 8 months [T1] and 12 months [T2]). We used generalized estimating equation regression models to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios comparing arms over time, adjusting for age, gender and baseline imbalances. We assessed study pragmatism across PRECIS-2 dimensions.METHODSWe conducted a three-arm pragmatic controlled trial across five informal settlements grouped into three sites in Kampala from 2020 to 2021 with peer-recruited refugee youth aged 16-24 years. The intervention was HIVST and HIVST + mHealth (HIVST with bidirectional SMS), compared with standard of care (SOC). Primary outcomes were self-reported HIV testing uptake and correct status knowledge verified by point-of-care testing. Some secondary outcomes included: depression, HIV-related stigma, and adolescent sexual and reproductive health (SRH) stigma at three time points (baseline [T0], 8 months [T1] and 12 months [T2]). We used generalized estimating equation regression models to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios comparing arms over time, adjusting for age, gender and baseline imbalances. We assessed study pragmatism across PRECIS-2 dimensions.We enrolled 450 participants (50.7% cisgender men, 48.7% cisgender women, 0.7% transgender women; mean age: 20.0, standard deviation: 2.4) across three sites. Self-reported HIV testing uptake increased significantly from T0 to T1 in intervention arms: HIVST arm: (27.6% [n = 43] at T0 vs. 91.2% [n = 135] at T1; HIVST + mHealth: 30.9% [n = 47] at T0 vs. 94.2% [n = 113] at T1]) compared with SOC (35.5% [n = 50] at T0 vs. 24.8% [ = 27] at T1) and remained significantly higher than SOC at T2 (p<0.001). HIV status knowledge in intervention arms (HIVST arm: 100% [n = 121], HIVST + mHealth arm: 97.9% [n = 95]) was significantly higher than SOC (61.5% [n = 59]) at T2. There were modest changes in secondary outcomes in intervention arms, including decreased depression alongside increased HIV-related stigma and adolescent SRH stigma. The trial employed both pragmatic (eligibility criteria, setting, organization, outcome, analysis) and explanatory approaches (recruitment path, flexibility of delivery flexibility, adherence flexibility, follow-up).RESULTSWe enrolled 450 participants (50.7% cisgender men, 48.7% cisgender women, 0.7% transgender women; mean age: 20.0, standard deviation: 2.4) across three sites. Self-reported HIV testing uptake increased significantly from T0 to T1 in intervention arms: HIVST arm: (27.6% [n = 43] at T0 vs. 91.2% [n = 135] at T1; HIVST + mHealth: 30.9% [n = 47] at T0 vs. 94.2% [n = 113] at T1]) compared with SOC (35.5% [n = 50] at T0 vs. 24.8% [ = 27] at T1) and remained significantly higher than SOC at T2 (p<0.001). HIV status knowledge in intervention arms (HIVST arm: 100% [n = 121], HIVST + mHealth arm: 97.9% [n = 95]) was significantly higher than SOC (61.5% [n = 59]) at T2. There were modest changes in secondary outcomes in intervention arms, including decreased depression alongside increased HIV-related stigma and adolescent SRH stigma. The trial employed both pragmatic (eligibility criteria, setting, organization, outcome, analysis) and explanatory approaches (recruitment path, flexibility of delivery flexibility, adherence flexibility, follow-up).Offering HIVST is a promising approach to increase HIV testing uptake among urban refugee youth in Kampala. We share lessons learned to inform future youth-focused HIVST trials in urban humanitarian settings.CONCLUSIONSOffering HIVST is a promising approach to increase HIV testing uptake among urban refugee youth in Kampala. We share lessons learned to inform future youth-focused HIVST trials in urban humanitarian settings. Abstract Introduction Urban refugee youth remain underserved by current HIV prevention strategies, including HIV self‐testing (HIVST). Examining HIVST feasibility with refugees can inform tailored HIV testing strategies. We examined if HIVST and mobile health (mHealth) delivery approaches could increase HIV testing uptake and HIV status knowledge among refugee youth in Kampala, Uganda. Methods We conducted a three‐arm pragmatic controlled trial across five informal settlements grouped into three sites in Kampala from 2020 to 2021 with peer‐recruited refugee youth aged 16–24 years. The intervention was HIVST and HIVST + mHealth (HIVST with bidirectional SMS), compared with standard of care (SOC). Primary outcomes were self‐reported HIV testing uptake and correct status knowledge verified by point‐of‐care testing. Some secondary outcomes included: depression, HIV‐related stigma, and adolescent sexual and reproductive health (SRH) stigma at three time points (baseline [T0], 8 months [T1] and 12 months [T2]). We used generalized estimating equation regression models to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios comparing arms over time, adjusting for age, gender and baseline imbalances. We assessed study pragmatism across PRECIS‐2 dimensions. Results We enrolled 450 participants (50.7% cisgender men, 48.7% cisgender women, 0.7% transgender women; mean age: 20.0, standard deviation: 2.4) across three sites. Self‐reported HIV testing uptake increased significantly from T0 to T1 in intervention arms: HIVST arm: (27.6% [n = 43] at T0 vs. 91.2% [n = 135] at T1; HIVST + mHealth: 30.9% [n = 47] at T0 vs. 94.2% [n = 113] at T1]) compared with SOC (35.5% [n = 50] at T0 vs. 24.8% [ = 27] at T1) and remained significantly higher than SOC at T2 (p<0.001). HIV status knowledge in intervention arms (HIVST arm: 100% [n = 121], HIVST + mHealth arm: 97.9% [n = 95]) was significantly higher than SOC (61.5% [n = 59]) at T2. There were modest changes in secondary outcomes in intervention arms, including decreased depression alongside increased HIV‐related stigma and adolescent SRH stigma. The trial employed both pragmatic (eligibility criteria, setting, organization, outcome, analysis) and explanatory approaches (recruitment path, flexibility of delivery flexibility, adherence flexibility, follow‐up). Conclusions Offering HIVST is a promising approach to increase HIV testing uptake among urban refugee youth in Kampala. We share lessons learned to inform future youth‐focused HIVST trials in urban humanitarian settings.
Author	Hakiza, Robert Loutet, Miranda Mbuagbaw, Lawrence Batte, Shamilah Neema, Stella Mwima, Simon Okumu, Moses Nakitende, Aidah Logie, Carmen H. Berry, Isha Baral, Stefan D. Newby, Katie Musoke, Daniel Kibuuka Lester, Richard Kyambadde, Peter
AuthorAffiliation	8 Young African Refugees for Integral Development (YARID) Kampala Uganda 15 Department of Sociology and Anthropology Makerere University Kampala Uganda 4 Centre for Gender & Sexual Health Equity Vancouver British Columbia Canada 14 Department of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada 16 Centre for Research in Psychology and Sport Sciences School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield UK 7 Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada 10 International Research Consortium (IRC) Kampala Uganda 17 Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada 21 Centre for Development of Best Practices in Health (CDBPH) Yaoundé Central Hospital Yaoundé Cameroon 18 Department of Anesthesia McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada 1 Factor‐Inwentash Faculty of Social Work University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada 9 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 6 School of Social Sciences Uganda Christian University Mukono Uganda – name: 16 Centre for Research in Psychology and Sport Sciences School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield UK – name: 10 International Research Consortium (IRC) Kampala Uganda – name: 19 Department of Pediatrics McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada – name: 20 Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Ontario Canada – name: 22 Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department of Global Health Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa – name: 3 United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment & Health Hamilton Ontario Canada – name: 14 Department of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada – name: 1 Factor‐Inwentash Faculty of Social Work University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada – name: 12 Most at Risk Population Initiative Mulago Hospital Kampala Uganda – name: 4 Centre for Gender & Sexual Health Equity Vancouver British Columbia Canada – name: 11 National AIDS and STI Control Programme, Ministry of Health Kampala Uganda – name: 18 Department of Anesthesia McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada – name: 2 Women's College Research Institute Women's College Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada – name: 15 Department of Sociology and Anthropology Makerere University Kampala Uganda – name: 7 Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada – name: 21 Centre for Development of Best Practices in Health (CDBPH) Yaoundé Central Hospital Yaoundé Cameroon – name: 13 Organization for Gender Empowerment and Rights Advocacy (OGERA Uganda) Kampala Uganda – name: 17 Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada – name: 9 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA – name: 5 School of Social Work University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA – name: 8 Young African Refugees for Integral Development (YARID) Kampala Uganda
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Carmen H. orcidid: 0000-0002-8035-433X surname: Logie fullname: Logie, Carmen H. organization: Factor‐Inwentash Faculty of Social Work University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada, Women's College Research Institute Women's College Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada, United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment & Health Hamilton Ontario Canada, Centre for Gender & Sexual Health Equity Vancouver British Columbia Canada – sequence: 2 givenname: Moses surname: Okumu fullname: Okumu, Moses organization: School of Social Work University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA, School of Social Sciences Uganda Christian University Mukono Uganda – sequence: 3 givenname: Isha surname: Berry fullname: Berry, Isha organization: Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada – sequence: 4 givenname: Robert surname: Hakiza fullname: Hakiza, Robert organization: Young African Refugees for Integral Development (YARID) Kampala Uganda – sequence: 5 givenname: Stefan D. orcidid: 0000-0002-5482-2419 surname: Baral fullname: Baral, Stefan D. organization: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Daniel Kibuuka surname: Musoke fullname: Musoke, Daniel Kibuuka organization: International Research Consortium (IRC) Kampala Uganda – sequence: 7 givenname: Aidah surname: Nakitende fullname: Nakitende, Aidah organization: International Research Consortium (IRC) Kampala Uganda – sequence: 8 givenname: Simon surname: Mwima fullname: Mwima, Simon organization: School of Social Work University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA, National AIDS and STI Control Programme, Ministry of Health Kampala Uganda – sequence: 9 givenname: Peter surname: Kyambadde fullname: Kyambadde, Peter organization: National AIDS and STI Control Programme, Ministry of Health Kampala Uganda, Most at Risk Population Initiative Mulago Hospital Kampala Uganda – sequence: 10 givenname: Miranda surname: Loutet fullname: Loutet, Miranda organization: Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada – sequence: 11 givenname: Shamilah surname: Batte fullname: Batte, Shamilah organization: Organization for Gender Empowerment and Rights Advocacy (OGERA Uganda) Kampala Uganda – sequence: 12 givenname: Richard surname: Lester fullname: Lester, Richard organization: Department of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada – sequence: 13 givenname: Stella surname: Neema fullname: Neema, Stella organization: Department of Sociology and Anthropology Makerere University Kampala Uganda – sequence: 14 givenname: Katie surname: Newby fullname: Newby, Katie organization: Centre for Research in Psychology and Sport Sciences School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield UK – sequence: 15 givenname: Lawrence surname: Mbuagbaw fullname: Mbuagbaw, Lawrence organization: Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada, Department of Anesthesia McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada, Department of Pediatrics McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada, Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Ontario Canada, Centre for Development of Best Practices in Health (CDBPH) Yaoundé Central Hospital Yaoundé Cameroon
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Copyright	2023. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2023 The Authors. Journal of the International AIDS Society published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International AIDS Society. 2023 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International AIDS Society.
Copyright_xml	– notice: 2023. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: 2023 The Authors. Journal of the International AIDS Society published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International AIDS Society. – notice: 2023 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International AIDS Society.
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Snippet	IntroductionUrban refugee youth remain underserved by current HIV prevention strategies, including HIV self-testing (HIVST). Examining HIVST feasibility with... Urban refugee youth remain underserved by current HIV prevention strategies, including HIV self-testing (HIVST). Examining HIVST feasibility with refugees can... Abstract Introduction Urban refugee youth remain underserved by current HIV prevention strategies, including HIV self‐testing (HIVST). Examining HIVST...
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SubjectTerms	Acquired immune deficiency syndrome Adolescents AIDS Condoms Data collection Displaced persons HIV HIV self‐testing Human immunodeficiency virus humanitarian health Literacy Marginalized groups Medical tests mHealth Refugees Reproductive health Research ethics Self report Sex discrimination Sexual health Sexually transmitted diseases STD Stigma Telemedicine Text messaging Uganda youth
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