Effects of treated wastewater irrigation on soil properties, nutrient uptakes, and crop yields of agronomic crops under different crop rotations
The global agricultural sector, as the largest consumer of water, faces critical challenges related to freshwater scarcity and quality. Treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation presents a viable solution, prompting this study to examine its effects on soil and crops over a two-year experiment (2020–2021)...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Agricultural water management Jg. 316; S. 109585 |
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
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Elsevier B.V
01.07.2025
Elsevier |
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| ISSN: | 0378-3774, 1873-2283 |
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| Abstract | The global agricultural sector, as the largest consumer of water, faces critical challenges related to freshwater scarcity and quality. Treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation presents a viable solution, prompting this study to examine its effects on soil and crops over a two-year experiment (2020–2021) in Hashtgerd and Mahdasht, Karaj, Iran, across different growing seasons. Wheat, barley, alfalfa, and maize were cultivated in two farms per region. Findings revealed significant impacts on electrical conductivity (EC), nutrient levels (nitrogen and phosphorus), and heavy metal dynamics, varying based on TWW quality and soil properties. Notably, soil EC increased by 1.08 and 1.38 dS/m in Hashtgerd farms, while Mahdasht saw rises of 3.36 and 3.20 dS/m, reflecting regional disparities in TWW composition. Nitrate concentrations in Mahdasht increased by up to 25 mg/kg compared to baseline levels, while lead accumulation remained below critical thresholds in both regions. These region-specific values reflect local variations in water quality and soil characteristics, contributing to a broader understanding of spatial differences in TWW irrigation outcomes. While TWW enriched the soil with nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, it also posed risks such as salinization, nitrate leaching, and heavy metal accumulation, especially in Mahdasht, where wastewater quality is lower. Crop productivity improved for maize and barley under TWW irrigation, but wheat and alfalfa showed inconsistent outcomes, including occasional yield declines and nutrient imbalances. Although heavy metals in crops remained mostly within safe limits, nickel and lead exhibited worrisome trends. These findings emphasize the dual role of TWW in improving soil fertility and crop productivity while presenting environmental and health challenges.
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•TWW irrigation enhances soil nutrients but poses salinization and heavy metal risks.•Heavy metal levels stayed mostly safe, but nickel and lead need ongoing monitoring.•Maize and barley yields improved; wheat and alfalfa had mixed responses.•Regional differences in TWW quality influenced soil and crop responses.•Sustainable TWW management ensures agricultural benefits and reducing risks. |
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| AbstractList | The global agricultural sector, as the largest consumer of water, faces critical challenges related to freshwater scarcity and quality. Treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation presents a viable solution, prompting this study to examine its effects on soil and crops over a two-year experiment (2020–2021) in Hashtgerd and Mahdasht, Karaj, Iran, across different growing seasons. Wheat, barley, alfalfa, and maize were cultivated in two farms per region. Findings revealed significant impacts on electrical conductivity (EC), nutrient levels (nitrogen and phosphorus), and heavy metal dynamics, varying based on TWW quality and soil properties. Notably, soil EC increased by 1.08 and 1.38 dS/m in Hashtgerd farms, while Mahdasht saw rises of 3.36 and 3.20 dS/m, reflecting regional disparities in TWW composition. Nitrate concentrations in Mahdasht increased by up to 25 mg/kg compared to baseline levels, while lead accumulation remained below critical thresholds in both regions. These region-specific values reflect local variations in water quality and soil characteristics, contributing to a broader understanding of spatial differences in TWW irrigation outcomes. While TWW enriched the soil with nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, it also posed risks such as salinization, nitrate leaching, and heavy metal accumulation, especially in Mahdasht, where wastewater quality is lower. Crop productivity improved for maize and barley under TWW irrigation, but wheat and alfalfa showed inconsistent outcomes, including occasional yield declines and nutrient imbalances. Although heavy metals in crops remained mostly within safe limits, nickel and lead exhibited worrisome trends. These findings emphasize the dual role of TWW in improving soil fertility and crop productivity while presenting environmental and health challenges.
[Display omitted]
•TWW irrigation enhances soil nutrients but poses salinization and heavy metal risks.•Heavy metal levels stayed mostly safe, but nickel and lead need ongoing monitoring.•Maize and barley yields improved; wheat and alfalfa had mixed responses.•Regional differences in TWW quality influenced soil and crop responses.•Sustainable TWW management ensures agricultural benefits and reducing risks. The global agricultural sector, as the largest consumer of water, faces critical challenges related to freshwater scarcity and quality. Treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation presents a viable solution, prompting this study to examine its effects on soil and crops over a two-year experiment (2020–2021) in Hashtgerd and Mahdasht, Karaj, Iran, across different growing seasons. Wheat, barley, alfalfa, and maize were cultivated in two farms per region. Findings revealed significant impacts on electrical conductivity (EC), nutrient levels (nitrogen and phosphorus), and heavy metal dynamics, varying based on TWW quality and soil properties. Notably, soil EC increased by 1.08 and 1.38 dS/m in Hashtgerd farms, while Mahdasht saw rises of 3.36 and 3.20 dS/m, reflecting regional disparities in TWW composition. Nitrate concentrations in Mahdasht increased by up to 25 mg/kg compared to baseline levels, while lead accumulation remained below critical thresholds in both regions. These region-specific values reflect local variations in water quality and soil characteristics, contributing to a broader understanding of spatial differences in TWW irrigation outcomes. While TWW enriched the soil with nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, it also posed risks such as salinization, nitrate leaching, and heavy metal accumulation, especially in Mahdasht, where wastewater quality is lower. Crop productivity improved for maize and barley under TWW irrigation, but wheat and alfalfa showed inconsistent outcomes, including occasional yield declines and nutrient imbalances. Although heavy metals in crops remained mostly within safe limits, nickel and lead exhibited worrisome trends. These findings emphasize the dual role of TWW in improving soil fertility and crop productivity while presenting environmental and health challenges. |
| ArticleNumber | 109585 |
| Author | Pashapour, Salar Liaghat, Abdolmajid Saleh, Mohammad Mousavi, Seyed Majid Ashrafi, Ali Salehi, Mobin Khanaki, Shayan Ebrahimian, Hamed |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Mohammad surname: Saleh fullname: Saleh, Mohammad organization: Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran – sequence: 2 givenname: Mobin surname: Salehi fullname: Salehi, Mobin organization: Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran – sequence: 3 givenname: Shayan surname: Khanaki fullname: Khanaki, Shayan organization: Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran – sequence: 4 givenname: Hamed orcidid: 0000-0002-7338-4872 surname: Ebrahimian fullname: Ebrahimian, Hamed email: ebrahimian@ut.ac.ir organization: Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran – sequence: 5 givenname: Abdolmajid surname: Liaghat fullname: Liaghat, Abdolmajid organization: Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran – sequence: 6 givenname: Seyed Majid orcidid: 0000-0002-8068-3950 surname: Mousavi fullname: Mousavi, Seyed Majid organization: Soil and Water Research Institute (SWRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 3177993545, Iran – sequence: 7 givenname: Salar surname: Pashapour fullname: Pashapour, Salar organization: Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran – sequence: 8 givenname: Ali orcidid: 0009-0005-2958-4112 surname: Ashrafi fullname: Ashrafi, Ali email: ali.ashrafi@okstate.edu organization: Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran |
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| Keywords | Irrigation Plant uptake Phosphorus Wastewater Nitrogen Heavy metals Salinity |
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| SubjectTerms | agricultural industry alfalfa barley corn electrical conductivity freshwater Heavy metals Iran Irrigation lead nickel nitrates Nitrogen Phosphorus Plant uptake Salinity soil soil fertility Wastewater wastewater irrigation water management water quality wheat |
| Title | Effects of treated wastewater irrigation on soil properties, nutrient uptakes, and crop yields of agronomic crops under different crop rotations |
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