Thermal noise variance of a receive radiofrequency coil as a respiratory motion sensor

Purpose Development of a passive respiratory motion sensor based on the noise variance of the receive coil array. Methods Respiratory motion alters the body resistance. The noise variance of an RF coil depends on the body resistance and, thus, is also modulated by respiration. For the noise variance...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Magnetic resonance in medicine Jg. 77; H. 1; S. 221 - 228
Hauptverfasser:	Andreychenko, A., Raaijmakers, A.J.E., Sbrizzi, A., Crijns, S.P.M., Lagendijk, J.J.W., Luijten, P.R., van den Berg, C.A.T.
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.01.2017
Schlagworte:	Algorithms Diaphragm Diaphragm - diagnostic imaging Diaphragm - physiology Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods Modulation motion correction motion monitoring motion sensor Motion sensors Motional resistance Movement - physiology Noise Noise monitoring Radio frequency Radio Waves receive RF coil Respiration Scanners Sensor arrays Sensors Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted Signal-To-Noise Ratio Thermal noise noise motion sensor motion correction motion monitoring receive RF coil
ISSN:	0740-3194, 1522-2594
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Abstract	Purpose Development of a passive respiratory motion sensor based on the noise variance of the receive coil array. Methods Respiratory motion alters the body resistance. The noise variance of an RF coil depends on the body resistance and, thus, is also modulated by respiration. For the noise variance monitoring, the noise samples were acquired without and with MR signal excitation on clinical 1.5/3 T MR scanners. The performance of the noise sensor was compared with the respiratory bellow and with the diaphragm displacement visible on MR images. Several breathing patterns were tested. Results The noise variance demonstrated a periodic, temporal modulation that was synchronized with the respiratory bellow signal. The modulation depth of the noise variance resulting from the respiration varied between the channels of the array and depended on the channel's location with respect to the body. The noise sensor combined with MR acquisition was able to detect the respiratory motion for every k‐space read‐out line. Conclusion Within clinical MR systems, the respiratory motion can be detected by the noise in receive array. The noise sensor does not require careful positioning unlike the bellow, any additional hardware, and/or MR acquisition. Magn Reson Med 77:221–228, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
AbstractList	Purpose Development of a passive respiratory motion sensor based on the noise variance of the receive coil array. Methods Respiratory motion alters the body resistance. The noise variance of an RF coil depends on the body resistance and, thus, is also modulated by respiration. For the noise variance monitoring, the noise samples were acquired without and with MR signal excitation on clinical 1.5/3 T MR scanners. The performance of the noise sensor was compared with the respiratory bellow and with the diaphragm displacement visible on MR images. Several breathing patterns were tested. Results The noise variance demonstrated a periodic, temporal modulation that was synchronized with the respiratory bellow signal. The modulation depth of the noise variance resulting from the respiration varied between the channels of the array and depended on the channel's location with respect to the body. The noise sensor combined with MR acquisition was able to detect the respiratory motion for every k-space read-out line. Conclusion Within clinical MR systems, the respiratory motion can be detected by the noise in receive array. The noise sensor does not require careful positioning unlike the bellow, any additional hardware, and/or MR acquisition. Magn Reson Med 77:221-228, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. PURPOSEDevelopment of a passive respiratory motion sensor based on the noise variance of the receive coil array.METHODSRespiratory motion alters the body resistance. The noise variance of an RF coil depends on the body resistance and, thus, is also modulated by respiration. For the noise variance monitoring, the noise samples were acquired without and with MR signal excitation on clinical 1.5/3 T MR scanners. The performance of the noise sensor was compared with the respiratory bellow and with the diaphragm displacement visible on MR images. Several breathing patterns were tested.RESULTSThe noise variance demonstrated a periodic, temporal modulation that was synchronized with the respiratory bellow signal. The modulation depth of the noise variance resulting from the respiration varied between the channels of the array and depended on the channel's location with respect to the body. The noise sensor combined with MR acquisition was able to detect the respiratory motion for every k-space read-out line.CONCLUSIONWithin clinical MR systems, the respiratory motion can be detected by the noise in receive array. The noise sensor does not require careful positioning unlike the bellow, any additional hardware, and/or MR acquisition. Magn Reson Med 77:221-228, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Purpose Development of a passive respiratory motion sensor based on the noise variance of the receive coil array. Methods Respiratory motion alters the body resistance. The noise variance of an RF coil depends on the body resistance and, thus, is also modulated by respiration. For the noise variance monitoring, the noise samples were acquired without and with MR signal excitation on clinical 1.5/3 T MR scanners. The performance of the noise sensor was compared with the respiratory bellow and with the diaphragm displacement visible on MR images. Several breathing patterns were tested. Results The noise variance demonstrated a periodic, temporal modulation that was synchronized with the respiratory bellow signal. The modulation depth of the noise variance resulting from the respiration varied between the channels of the array and depended on the channel's location with respect to the body. The noise sensor combined with MR acquisition was able to detect the respiratory motion for every k-space read-out line. Conclusion Within clinical MR systems, the respiratory motion can be detected by the noise in receive array. The noise sensor does not require careful positioning unlike the bellow, any additional hardware, and/or MR acquisition. Magn Reson Med 77:221-228, 2017. Development of a passive respiratory motion sensor based on the noise variance of the receive coil array. Respiratory motion alters the body resistance. The noise variance of an RF coil depends on the body resistance and, thus, is also modulated by respiration. For the noise variance monitoring, the noise samples were acquired without and with MR signal excitation on clinical 1.5/3 T MR scanners. The performance of the noise sensor was compared with the respiratory bellow and with the diaphragm displacement visible on MR images. Several breathing patterns were tested. The noise variance demonstrated a periodic, temporal modulation that was synchronized with the respiratory bellow signal. The modulation depth of the noise variance resulting from the respiration varied between the channels of the array and depended on the channel's location with respect to the body. The noise sensor combined with MR acquisition was able to detect the respiratory motion for every k-space read-out line. Within clinical MR systems, the respiratory motion can be detected by the noise in receive array. The noise sensor does not require careful positioning unlike the bellow, any additional hardware, and/or MR acquisition. Magn Reson Med 77:221-228, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Purpose Development of a passive respiratory motion sensor based on the noise variance of the receive coil array. Methods Respiratory motion alters the body resistance. The noise variance of an RF coil depends on the body resistance and, thus, is also modulated by respiration. For the noise variance monitoring, the noise samples were acquired without and with MR signal excitation on clinical 1.5/3 T MR scanners. The performance of the noise sensor was compared with the respiratory bellow and with the diaphragm displacement visible on MR images. Several breathing patterns were tested. Results The noise variance demonstrated a periodic, temporal modulation that was synchronized with the respiratory bellow signal. The modulation depth of the noise variance resulting from the respiration varied between the channels of the array and depended on the channel's location with respect to the body. The noise sensor combined with MR acquisition was able to detect the respiratory motion for every k‐space read‐out line. Conclusion Within clinical MR systems, the respiratory motion can be detected by the noise in receive array. The noise sensor does not require careful positioning unlike the bellow, any additional hardware, and/or MR acquisition. Magn Reson Med 77:221–228, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Author	Luijten, P.R. Raaijmakers, A.J.E. Andreychenko, A. van den Berg, C.A.T. Crijns, S.P.M. Lagendijk, J.J.W. Sbrizzi, A.
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SubjectTerms	Algorithms Diaphragm Diaphragm - diagnostic imaging Diaphragm - physiology Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods Modulation motion correction motion monitoring motion sensor Motion sensors Motional resistance Movement - physiology Noise Noise monitoring Radio frequency Radio Waves receive RF coil Respiration Scanners Sensor arrays Sensors Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted Signal-To-Noise Ratio Thermal noise
Title	Thermal noise variance of a receive radiofrequency coil as a respiratory motion sensor
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