Fire refugia are robust across Western US forested ecoregions, 1986–2021
In the Western US, area burned and fire size have increased due to the influences of climate change, long-term fire suppression leading to higher fuel loads, and increased ignitions. However, evidence is less conclusive about increases in fire severity within these growing wildfire extents. Fires bu...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental research letters Jg. 19; H. 1; S. 14044 - 14053 |
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| Abstract | In the Western US, area burned and fire size have increased due to the influences of climate change, long-term fire suppression leading to higher fuel loads, and increased ignitions. However, evidence is less conclusive about increases in fire severity within these growing wildfire extents. Fires burn unevenly across landscapes, leaving islands of unburned or less impacted areas, known as fire refugia. Fire refugia may enhance post-fire ecosystem function and biodiversity by providing refuge to species and functioning as seed sources after fires. In this study, we evaluated whether the proportion and pattern of fire refugia within fire events have changed over time and across ecoregions. To do so, we processed all available Landsat 4–9 satellite imagery to identify fire refugia within the boundaries of large wildfires (405 ha+) in 16 forested ecoregions of the Western US. We found a significant change in % refugia from 1986–2021 only in one ecoregion—% refugia increased within fires in the Arizona/New Mexico Mountain ecoregion (AZ/NM). Excluding AZ/NM, we found no significant change in % refugia across the study area. Furthermore, we found no significant change in mean refugia patch size, patch density, or mean distance to refugia. As fire size increased, the amount of refugia increased proportionally. Evidence suggests that fires in AZ/NM had a higher proportion of reburns and, unlike the 15 other ecoregions, fires did not occur at higher elevation or within greener areas. We suggest several possibilities for why, with the exception of AZ/NM, ecoregions did not experience a significant change in the proportion and pattern of refugia. In summary, while area burned has increased over the past four decades, there are substantial and consistent patterns of refugia that could support post-fire recovery dependent on their spatial patterns and ability to function as seeds sources for neighboring burned patches. |
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| AbstractList | In the Western US, area burned and fire size have increased due to the influences of climate change, long-term fire suppression leading to higher fuel loads, and increased ignitions. However, evidence is less conclusive about increases in fire severity within these growing wildfire extents. Fires burn unevenly across landscapes, leaving islands of unburned or less impacted areas, known as fire refugia. Fire refugia may enhance post-fire ecosystem function and biodiversity by providing refuge to species and functioning as seed sources after fires. In this study, we evaluated whether the proportion and pattern of fire refugia within fire events have changed over time and across ecoregions. To do so, we processed all available Landsat 4–9 satellite imagery to identify fire refugia within the boundaries of large wildfires (405 ha+) in 16 forested ecoregions of the Western US. We found a significant change in % refugia from 1986–2021 only in one ecoregion—% refugia increased within fires in the Arizona/New Mexico Mountain ecoregion (AZ/NM). Excluding AZ/NM, we found no significant change in % refugia across the study area. Furthermore, we found no significant change in mean refugia patch size, patch density, or mean distance to refugia. As fire size increased, the amount of refugia increased proportionally. Evidence suggests that fires in AZ/NM had a higher proportion of reburns and, unlike the 15 other ecoregions, fires did not occur at higher elevation or within greener areas. We suggest several possibilities for why, with the exception of AZ/NM, ecoregions did not experience a significant change in the proportion and pattern of refugia. In summary, while area burned has increased over the past four decades, there are substantial and consistent patterns of refugia that could support post-fire recovery dependent on their spatial patterns and ability to function as seeds sources for neighboring burned patches. |
| Author | Platt, Rutherford Vance Balch, Jennifer K Chapman, Teresa B |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Rutherford Vance surname: Platt fullname: Platt, Rutherford Vance organization: Gettysburg College, Department of Environmental Studies , 300 N. Washington St, Gettysburg, PA 17325, United States of America – sequence: 2 givenname: Teresa B surname: Chapman fullname: Chapman, Teresa B organization: The Nature Conservancy , 2424 Spruce St, Boulder, CO 80302, United States of America – sequence: 3 givenname: Jennifer K surname: Balch fullname: Balch, Jennifer K organization: Earth Lab, University of Colorado, Department of Geography, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1093/biosci/biaa061 10.1002/fee.2190 10.1890/07-1755.1 10.2737/RDS-2013-0009.6 10.1029/2020GL089858 10.1186/s42408-020-00076-y 10.1088/1748-9326/ac2e88 10.1016/j.foreco.2018.10.038 10.1002/ecs2.1632 10.1002/ecs2.2809 10.1016/j.rse.2005.01.005 10.1111/gcb.14735 10.1007/s00267-014-0364-1 10.1890/15-0775 10.1073/pnas.1815107116 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02263.x 10.1016/j.rse.2016.08.023 10.1038/s43247-021-00299-0 10.1371/journal.pone.0226926 10.4996/fireecology.0301003 10.3389/frsen.2022.825190 10.3390/rs12213498 10.1007/s10980-018-0665-5 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.08.020 10.1139/cjfr-2019-0406 10.1071/WF15039 10.3390/rs11141735 10.1088/1748-9326/aab791 10.1080/01621459.1968.10480934 10.1098/rstb.2015.0178 10.1126/sciadv.abc0020 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.08.051 10.3390/fire1010004 10.3390/f9050243 10.1890/13-1077.1 10.1016/j.rse.2006.12.006 10.1111/geb.13529 10.1111/geb.12440 10.3390/f8100400 10.1073/pnas.1617394114 10.1111/geb.12443 10.1016/j.rse.2017.09.029 10.1093/biosci/biy103 10.1088/1748-9326/ac60d6 10.1002/ecs2.2029 10.3390/f10090782 10.1073/pnas.2208120120 10.1111/ele.12889 10.1111/gcb.15655 10.1038/s41586-021-04325-1 |
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| SubjectTerms | Biodiversity Climate change composite burn index Ecological function ecoregion Forest & brush fires forests Landsat Landsat satellites Refugia Remote sensing Satellite imagery Seeds Western US wildfire Wildfires |
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| Title | Fire refugia are robust across Western US forested ecoregions, 1986–2021 |
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