Energy scheduling of a smart microgrid with shared photovoltaic panels and storage: The case of the Ballen marina in Samsø

This paper focuses on the Model Predictive Control (MPC) based energy scheduling of a smart microgrid equipped with non-controllable (i.e., with fixed power profile) and controllable (i.e., with flexible and programmable operation) electrical appliances, as well as photovoltaic (PV) panels, and a ba...

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Published in:	Energy (Oxford) Vol. 198; p. 117188
Main Authors:	Carli, Raffaele, Dotoli, Mariagrazia, Jantzen, Jan, Kristensen, Michael, Ben Othman, Sarah
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01.05.2020 Elsevier BV Elsevier
Subjects:	algorithms batteries boats Computer Science data collection Demand side management Denmark Distributed generation energy costs Energy management Energy storage energy transfer heat pumps Information engineering linear programming Microgrid Model predictive control Modeling and Simulation On-line scheduling Optimization algorithm Photovoltaics planning prices Renewable energy solar collectors solar energy solar farms time series analysis wastewater Italy Denmark Model predictive control Demand side management Optimization algorithm Microgrid Renewable energy On-line scheduling Energy management Energy storage model predictive control renewable energy on-line scheduling energy storage microgrid energy management optimization algorithm demand side management
ISSN:	0360-5442, 1873-6785
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Abstract	This paper focuses on the Model Predictive Control (MPC) based energy scheduling of a smart microgrid equipped with non-controllable (i.e., with fixed power profile) and controllable (i.e., with flexible and programmable operation) electrical appliances, as well as photovoltaic (PV) panels, and a battery energy storage system (BESS). The proposed control strategy aims at a simultaneous optimal planning of the controllable loads, the shared resources (i.e., the storage system charge/discharge and renewable energy usage), and the energy exchange with the grid. The control scheme relies on an iterative finite horizon on-line optimization, implementing a mixed integer linear programming energy scheduling algorithm to maximize the self-supply with solar energy and/or minimize the daily cost of energy bought from the grid under time-varying energy pricing. At each time step, the resulting optimization problem is solved providing the optimal operations of controllable loads, the optimal amount of energy to be bought/sold from/to the grid, and the optimal charging/discharging profile for the BESS. The proposed energy scheduling approach is applied to the demand side management control of the marina of Ballen, Samsø (Denmark), where a smart microgrid is currently being implemented as a demonstrator in the Horizon2020 European research project SMILE. Simulations considering the marina electric consumption (340 boat sockets, a service building equipped with a sauna and a wastewater pumping station, and the harbour master’s office equipped with a heat pump), PV production (60kWp), and the BESS (237 kWh capacity) based on a public real dataset are carried out on a one year time series with a 1 h resolution. Simulations indicate that the proposed approach allows 90% exploitation of the production of the PV plant. Furthermore, results are compared to a naïve control approach. The MPC based energy scheduling improves the self-supply by 1.6% compared to the naïve control. Optimization of the business economy using the MPC approach, instead, yields to 8.2% savings in the yearly energy cost with respect to the naïve approach. •A new framework for the smart energy management of a marina is proposed.•Controllable loads, shared resources, and demand-supply balance are considered.•A model predictive control approach for the optimal energy scheduling is detailed.•Energy cost and self reliance are analyzed extensively using a public real dataset.•The proposed approach effectively improves profit and sustainability.
AbstractList	This paper focuses on the Model Predictive Control (MPC) based energy scheduling of a smart microgrid equipped with non-controllable (i.e., with fixed power profile) and controllable (i.e., with flexible and programmable operation) electrical appliances, as well as photovoltaic (PV) panels, and a battery energy storage system (BESS). The proposed control strategy aims at a simultaneous optimal planning of the controllable loads, the shared resources (i.e., the storage system charge/discharge and renewable energy usage), and the energy exchange with the grid. The control scheme relies on an iterative finite horizon on-line optimization, implementing a mixed integer linear programming energy scheduling algorithm to maximize the self-supply with solar energy and/or minimize the daily cost of energy bought from the grid under time-varying energy pricing. At each time step, the resulting optimization problem is solved providing the optimal operations of controllable loads, the optimal amount of energy to be bought/sold from/to the grid, and the optimal charging/discharging profile for the BESS. The proposed energy scheduling approach is applied to the demand side management control of the marina of Ballen, Samsø (Denmark), where a smart microgrid is currently being implemented as a demonstrator in the Horizon2020 European research project SMILE. Simulations considering the marina electric consumption (340 boat sockets, a service building equipped with a sauna and a wastewater pumping station, and the harbour master’s office equipped with a heat pump), PV production (60kWp), and the BESS (237 kWh capacity) based on a public real dataset are carried out on a one year time series with a 1 h resolution. Simulations indicate that the proposed approach allows 90% exploitation of the production of the PV plant. Furthermore, results are compared to a naïve control approach. The MPC based energy scheduling improves the self-supply by 1.6% compared to the naïve control. Optimization of the business economy using the MPC approach, instead, yields to 8.2% savings in the yearly energy cost with respect to the naïve approach. •A new framework for the smart energy management of a marina is proposed.•Controllable loads, shared resources, and demand-supply balance are considered.•A model predictive control approach for the optimal energy scheduling is detailed.•Energy cost and self reliance are analyzed extensively using a public real dataset.•The proposed approach effectively improves profit and sustainability. This paper focuses on the Model Predictive Control (MPC) based energy scheduling of a smart microgrid equipped with non-controllable (i.e., with fixed power profile) and controllable (i.e., with flexible and programmable operation) electrical appliances, as well as photovoltaic (PV) panels, and a battery energy storage system (BESS). The proposed control strategy aims at a simultaneous optimal planning of the controllable loads, the shared resources (i.e., the storage system charge/discharge and renewable energy usage), and the energy exchange with the grid. The control scheme relies on an iterative finite horizon on-line optimization, implementing a mixed integer linear programming energy scheduling algorithm to maximize the self-supply with solar energy and/or minimize the daily cost of energy bought from the grid under time-varying energy pricing. At each time step, the resulting optimization problem is solved providing the optimal operations of controllable loads, the optimal amount of energy to be bought/sold from/to the grid, and the optimal charging/discharging profile for the BESS. The proposed energy scheduling approach is applied to the demand side management control of the marina of Ballen, Samsø (Denmark), where a smart microgrid is currently being implemented as a demonstrator in the Horizon2020 European research project SMILE. Simulations considering the marina electric consumption (340 boat sockets, a service building equipped with a sauna and a wastewater pumping station, and the harbour master's office equipped with a heat pump), PV production (60kWp), and the BESS (237kWh capacity) based on a public real dataset are carried out on a one year time series with a 1 hour resolution. Simulations indicate that the proposed approach allows 90% exploitation of the production of the PV plant. Furthermore, results are compared to a naïve control approach. The MPC based energy scheduling improves the self-supply by 1.6% compared to the naïve control. Optimization of the business economy using the MPC approach, instead, yields to 8.2% savings in the yearly energy cost with respect to the naïve approach. This paper focuses on the Model Predictive Control (MPC) based energy scheduling of a smart microgrid equipped with non-controllable (i.e., with fixed power profile) and controllable (i.e., with flexible and programmable operation) electrical appliances, as well as photovoltaic (PV) panels, and a battery energy storage system (BESS). The proposed control strategy aims at a simultaneous optimal planning of the controllable loads, the shared resources (i.e., the storage system charge/discharge and renewable energy usage), and the energy exchange with the grid. The control scheme relies on an iterative finite horizon on-line optimization, implementing a mixed integer linear programming energy scheduling algorithm to maximize the self-supply with solar energy and/or minimize the daily cost of energy bought from the grid under time-varying energy pricing. At each time step, the resulting optimization problem is solved providing the optimal operations of controllable loads, the optimal amount of energy to be bought/sold from/to the grid, and the optimal charging/discharging profile for the BESS.The proposed energy scheduling approach is applied to the demand side management control of the marina of Ballen, Samsø (Denmark), where a smart microgrid is currently being implemented as a demonstrator in the Horizon2020 European research project SMILE. Simulations considering the marina electric consumption (340 boat sockets, a service building equipped with a sauna and a wastewater pumping station, and the harbour master’s office equipped with a heat pump), PV production (60kWp), and the BESS (237 kWh capacity) based on a public real dataset are carried out on a one year time series with a 1 h resolution. Simulations indicate that the proposed approach allows 90% exploitation of the production of the PV plant. Furthermore, results are compared to a naïve control approach. The MPC based energy scheduling improves the self-supply by 1.6% compared to the naïve control. Optimization of the business economy using the MPC approach, instead, yields to 8.2% savings in the yearly energy cost with respect to the naïve approach. Electrical and Information Engineering Dept., Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy\|Electrical and Information Engineering Dept., Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy\|
ArticleNumber	117188
Author	Carli, Raffaele Dotoli, Mariagrazia Jantzen, Jan Ben Othman, Sarah Kristensen, Michael
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Raffaele surname: Carli fullname: Carli, Raffaele email: raffaele.carli@poliba.it organization: Electrical and Information Engineering Dept., Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy – sequence: 2 givenname: Mariagrazia surname: Dotoli fullname: Dotoli, Mariagrazia organization: Electrical and Information Engineering Dept., Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy – sequence: 3 givenname: Jan surname: Jantzen fullname: Jantzen, Jan organization: Dept. of Financial and Management Engineering, University of the Aegean, Chios, Greece – sequence: 4 givenname: Michael surname: Kristensen fullname: Kristensen, Michael organization: Samso Energy Academy, Samsø, Denmark – sequence: 5 givenname: Sarah surname: Ben Othman fullname: Ben Othman, Sarah organization: CRIStAL Laboratory, Ecole-Central of Lille, Lille, France
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Copyright	2020 Elsevier Ltd Copyright Elsevier BV May 1, 2020 Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
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Keywords	Model predictive control Demand side management Optimization algorithm Microgrid Renewable energy On-line scheduling Energy management Energy storage model predictive control renewable energy on-line scheduling energy storage microgrid energy management optimization algorithm demand side management
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Snippet	This paper focuses on the Model Predictive Control (MPC) based energy scheduling of a smart microgrid equipped with non-controllable (i.e., with fixed power... Electrical and Information Engineering Dept., Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy\|Electrical and Information Engineering Dept., Politecnico...
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SubjectTerms	algorithms batteries boats Computer Science data collection Demand side management Denmark Distributed generation energy costs Energy management Energy storage energy transfer heat pumps Information engineering linear programming Microgrid Model predictive control Modeling and Simulation On-line scheduling Optimization algorithm Photovoltaics planning prices Renewable energy solar collectors solar energy solar farms time series analysis wastewater
Title	Energy scheduling of a smart microgrid with shared photovoltaic panels and storage: The case of the Ballen marina in Samsø
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