Algorithm development strategies for retrieving the downwelling longwave flux at the Earth's surface

Algorithm development strategies for retrieving the surface downwelling longwave flux (SDLW) have been formulated on the basis of detailed studies with radiative transfer models and observational data. The model sensitivity studies were conducted with the column radiation model from the National Cen...

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Published in:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 106; no. D12; pp. 12477 - 12488
Main Authors: Zhou, Yaping, Cess, Robert D.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Washington, DC Blackwell Publishing Ltd 27.06.2001
American Geophysical Union
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ISSN:0148-0227, 2156-2202
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Abstract Algorithm development strategies for retrieving the surface downwelling longwave flux (SDLW) have been formulated on the basis of detailed studies with radiative transfer models and observational data. The model sensitivity studies were conducted with the column radiation model from the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model Version 3 and the Moderate‐Resolution Transmittance radiation model. The studies show the clear‐sky SDLW can be largely determined from only two parameters: the surface upwelling longwave flux and the column precipitable water vapor. Cloudy‐sky sensitivity tests show that, as would be expected, cloud base height is an important factor in determining the SDLW, especially for low clouds. However, when considering broken clouds as occur in reality, there is no way of logically defining an average cloud base height. Instead, cloud liquid water path is shown to be a preferable parameter for use in an all‐sky algorithm, not because it serves as a direct cloud input parameter, but rather that it serves as a useful surrogate for cloud base height. Observational data from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurements Program at the U.S. Southern Great Plains (SGP) Oklahoma Central Facility and the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) Manus Island were used in deriving and validating an illustrative algorithm. The observations show similar relations as found in the model sensitivity tests and suggest that a single algorithm could be applicable for both clear and cloudy conditions as well as for diverse geographical locations. For example, when applied to the TWP data, an algorithm based on a regression of SGP all‐sky data produces a relative bias error in SDLW of only 1.4% under all‐sky conditions and −0.2% for clear skies.
AbstractList Algorithm development strategies for retrieving the surface downwelling longwave flux (SDLW) have been formulated on the basis of detailed studies with radiative transfer models and observational data. The model sensitivity studies were conducted with the column radiation model from the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model Version 3 and the Moderate‐Resolution Transmittance radiation model. The studies show the clear‐sky SDLW can be largely determined from only two parameters: the surface upwelling longwave flux and the column precipitable water vapor. Cloudy‐sky sensitivity tests show that, as would be expected, cloud base height is an important factor in determining the SDLW, especially for low clouds. However, when considering broken clouds as occur in reality, there is no way of logically defining an average cloud base height. Instead, cloud liquid water path is shown to be a preferable parameter for use in an all‐sky algorithm, not because it serves as a direct cloud input parameter, but rather that it serves as a useful surrogate for cloud base height. Observational data from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurements Program at the U.S. Southern Great Plains (SGP) Oklahoma Central Facility and the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) Manus Island were used in deriving and validating an illustrative algorithm. The observations show similar relations as found in the model sensitivity tests and suggest that a single algorithm could be applicable for both clear and cloudy conditions as well as for diverse geographical locations. For example, when applied to the TWP data, an algorithm based on a regression of SGP all‐sky data produces a relative bias error in SDLW of only 1.4% under all‐sky conditions and −0.2% for clear skies.
Author Zhou, Yaping
Cess, Robert D.
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  givenname: Robert D.
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Issue D12
Keywords Sensitivity analysis
Long wave
Model study
Earth surface
Water vapor
Algorithm
Transmittance
Downward radiation
Liquid water path
Clear sky
Cloudy sky
Precipitable water
Observation data
Radiative transfer
Atmospheric radiation
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References_xml – reference: Berliand, M. E., T. G. Berliand, Determining the net long-wave radiation of the Earth with consideration of the effect of cloudiness, Isv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geofis., 1, 1952.
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– reference: Cess, R. D., T. Qian, M. Sun, Consistency tests applied to the measurements of total, direct, and diffuse shortwave radiation at the surface, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24881-24887, 2000.
– reference: Prata, A. J., A new long-wave formula for estimating downward clear-sky radiation at the surface, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 122, 1127-1151, 1996.
– reference: Han, D., R. G. Ellingson, An experimental technique for testing the validity of cumulus cloud parameterizations for longwave radiation calculations, J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 1147-1159, 2000.
– reference: Idso, S. B., A set of equation for full spectrum and 8- to 14-μm and 10.5- to 12.5-μm thermal radiation from cloudless skies, Water Resour. Res., 17, 295-304, 1981.
– reference: Fung, I., D. E. Harrison, A. A. Lacis, On the variability of the net longwave radiation at the ocean surface, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 177-193, 1984.
– reference: Frouin, R., C. Gautier, J. J. Morcrette, Downward longwave irradiance at the ocean surface from satellite data: Methodology and in-situ validation, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 597-619, 1988.
– reference: Idso, S. B., R. D. Jackson, Thermal radiation from the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 74, 5397-5403, 1969.
– reference: Manabe, S., R. T. Wetherald, Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a given distribution of relative humidity, J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 241-259, 1967.
– reference: Harshvardhan, D. A. Randall, D. A. Dazlich, Relationship between the longwave cloud radiative forcing at the surface and the top of the atmosphere, J. Clim., 3, 1435-1443, 1990.
– reference: Gupta, S. K., W. L. Darnell, A. C. Wilber, A parameterization for longwave surface radiation from satellite data: Recent improvements, J. Applied Meteorol., 31, 1361-1367, 1992.
– reference: Hack, J. J., Sensitivity of the simulated climate to a diagnostic formulation for cloud liquid water, J. Clim., 11, 1497-1515, 1998.
– reference: Satterlund, D. R., An improved equation for estimating long-wave radiation from the atmosphere, Water Resour. Res., 15, 1649-1650, 1979.
– reference: Stephens, G. L., A. Slingo, M. J. Webb, P. J. Minnet, P. H. Daun, L. Kleinman, I. Wittmeyer, D. A. Randall, Observations of the Earth's Radiation Budget in relation to atmospheric hydrology, 4, Atmospheric column radiative cooling over the world's oceans, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18585-18604, 1994.
– reference: Rothman, L. S., et al., The HITRAN molecular database: Edition of 1991 and 1992, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 48, 469-507, 1992.
– reference: Swinbank, W. C., Longwave radiation from dear skies, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 89, 339-348, 1963.
– reference: Ramanathan, V., P. Downey, A nonisothermal emissivity and absorptivity formulation for water vapor, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 8649-8666, 1986.
– reference: Sun, D. Z., A. H. Oort, Humidity-temperature relationships in the tropical troposphere, J. Clim., 8, 1974-1987, 1995.
– reference: Breon, F.-M., R. Frouin, C. Gautier, Downwelling longwave irradiance at the ocean surface: An assessment of in situ measurements and parameterizations, J. Appl. Meteorol., 30, 17-31, 1991.
– reference: Gupta, S. K., A parameterization for longwave surface radiation from sun-synchronous satellite data, J. Clim., 2, 305-320, 1989.
– reference: Stokes, G. M., S. Schwartz, The atmospheric radiation measurement (ARM) program: Programmatic background and design of the cloud and radiation test bed, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 75, 1201-1221, 1994.
– reference: Schmetz, P., J. Schemtz, E. Raschke, Estimation of daytime downward longwave radiation at the surface from satellite and grid point data, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 37, 136-149, 1986.
– volume: 91
  start-page: 8649
  year: 1986
  end-page: 8666
  article-title: A nonisothermal emissivity and absorptivity formulation for water vapor
  publication-title: J. Geophys. Res.
– year: 1983
– volume: 31
  start-page: 1361
  year: 1992
  end-page: 1367
  article-title: A parameterization for longwave surface radiation from satellite data: Recent improvements
  publication-title: J. Applied Meteorol.
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  start-page: 1201
  year: 1994
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  article-title: The atmospheric radiation measurement (ARM) program: Programmatic background and design of the cloud and radiation test bed
  publication-title: Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.
– volume: 93
  start-page: 597
  year: 1988
  end-page: 619
  article-title: Downward longwave irradiance at the ocean surface from satellite data: Methodology and in‐situ validation
  publication-title: J. Geophys. Res.
– year: 1996
– volume: 30
  start-page: 17
  year: 1991
  end-page: 31
  article-title: Downwelling longwave irradiance at the ocean surface: An assessment of in situ measurements and parameterizations
  publication-title: J. Appl. Meteorol.
– volume: 3
  start-page: 1435
  year: 1990
  end-page: 1443
  article-title: Relationship between the longwave cloud radiative forcing at the surface and the top of the atmosphere
  publication-title: J. Clim.
– volume: 89
  start-page: 177
  year: 1984
  end-page: 193
  article-title: On the variability of the net longwave radiation at the ocean surface
  publication-title: J. Geophys. Res.
– volume: 2
  start-page: 305
  year: 1989
  end-page: 320
  article-title: A parameterization for longwave surface radiation from sun‐synchronous satellite data
  publication-title: J. Clim.
– volume: 39
  start-page: 1147
  year: 2000
  end-page: 1159
  article-title: An experimental technique for testing the validity of cumulus cloud parameterizations for longwave radiation calculations
  publication-title: J. Appl. Meteorol.
– volume: 105
  start-page: 24881
  year: 2000
  end-page: 24887
  article-title: Consistency tests applied to the measurements of total, direct, and diffuse shortwave radiation at the surface
  publication-title: J. Geophys. Res.
– volume: 8
  start-page: 1974
  year: 1995
  end-page: 1987
  article-title: Humidity‐temperature relationships in the tropical troposphere
  publication-title: J. Clim.
– volume: 24
  start-page: 241
  year: 1967
  end-page: 259
  article-title: Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a given distribution of relative humidity
  publication-title: J. Atmos. Sci.
– year: 1998
– volume: 17
  start-page: 295
  year: 1981
  end-page: 304
  article-title: A set of equation for full spectrum and 8‐ to 14‐μm and 10.5‐ to 12.5‐μm thermal radiation from cloudless skies
  publication-title: Water Resour. Res.
– volume: 122
  start-page: 1127
  year: 1996
  end-page: 1151
  article-title: A new long‐wave formula for estimating downward clear‐sky radiation at the surface
  publication-title: Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.
– volume: 15
  start-page: 1649
  year: 1979
  end-page: 1650
  article-title: An improved equation for estimating long‐wave radiation from the atmosphere
  publication-title: Water Resour. Res.
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Snippet Algorithm development strategies for retrieving the surface downwelling longwave flux (SDLW) have been formulated on the basis of detailed studies with...
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SubjectTerms Earth, ocean, space
Exact sciences and technology
External geophysics
Meteorology
Radiative transfer. Solar radiation
Title Algorithm development strategies for retrieving the downwelling longwave flux at the Earth's surface
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