HDV RNA assays: Performance characteristics, clinical utility, and challenges

Coinfection with HBV and HDV results in hepatitis D, the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis, frequently leading to liver decompensation and HCC. Pegylated interferon alpha, the only treatment option for chronic hepatitis D for many years, has limited efficacy. New treatments are in advanced...

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Published in:	Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Vol. 81; no. 2; pp. 637 - 650
Main Authors:	Wedemeyer, Heiner, Leus, Mitchell, Battersby, Thomas R., Glenn, Jeffrey, Gordien, Emmanuel, Kamili, Saleem, Kapoor, Hema, Kessler, Harald H., Lenz, Oliver, Lütgehetmann, Marc, Mixson-Hayden, Tonya, Simon, Christian O., Thomson, Michael, Westman, Gabriel, Miller, Veronica, Terrault, Norah, Lampertico, Pietro
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 01.02.2025
Subjects:	Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use Coinfection Hepatitis D - diagnosis Hepatitis D - drug therapy Hepatitis D - virology Hepatitis D, Chronic - diagnosis Hepatitis D, Chronic - drug therapy Hepatitis D, Chronic - virology Hepatitis Delta Virus - genetics Hepatitis Delta Virus - isolation & purification Humans Reviews RNA, Viral - analysis
ISSN:	0270-9139, 1527-3350, 1527-3350
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Abstract	Coinfection with HBV and HDV results in hepatitis D, the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis, frequently leading to liver decompensation and HCC. Pegylated interferon alpha, the only treatment option for chronic hepatitis D for many years, has limited efficacy. New treatments are in advanced clinical development, with one recent approval. Diagnosis and antiviral treatment response monitoring are based on detection and quantification of HDV RNA. However, the development of reliable HDV RNA assays is challenged by viral heterogeneity (at least 8 different genotypes and several subgenotypes), intrahost viral diversity, rapid viral evolution, and distinct secondary structure features of HDV RNA. Different RNA extraction methodologies, primer/probe design for nucleic acid tests, lack of automation, and overall dearth of standardization across testing laboratories contribute to substantial variability in performance characteristics of research-based and commercial HDV RNA assays. A World Health Organization (WHO) standard for HDV RNA, available for about 10 years, has been used by many laboratories to determine the limit of detection of their assays and facilitates comparisons of RNA levels across study centers. Here we review challenges for robust pan genotype HDV RNA quantification, discuss particular clinical needs and the importance of reliable HDV RNA quantification in the context of drug development and patient monitoring. We summarize distinct technical features and performance characteristics of available HDV RNA assays. Finally, we provide considerations for the use of HDV RNA assays in the context of drug development and patient monitoring.
AbstractList	Coinfection with HBV and HDV results in hepatitis D, the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis, frequently leading to liver decompensation and HCC. Pegylated interferon alpha, the only treatment option for chronic hepatitis D for many years, has limited efficacy. New treatments are in advanced clinical development, with one recent approval. Diagnosis and antiviral treatment response monitoring are based on detection and quantification of HDV RNA. However, the development of reliable HDV RNA assays is challenged by viral heterogeneity (at least 8 different genotypes and several subgenotypes), intrahost viral diversity, rapid viral evolution, and distinct secondary structure features of HDV RNA. Different RNA extraction methodologies, primer/probe design for nucleic acid tests, lack of automation, and overall dearth of standardization across testing laboratories contribute to substantial variability in performance characteristics of research-based and commercial HDV RNA assays. A World Health Organization (WHO) standard for HDV RNA, available for about 10 years, has been used by many laboratories to determine the limit of detection of their assays and facilitates comparisons of RNA levels across study centers. Here we review challenges for robust pan genotype HDV RNA quantification, discuss particular clinical needs and the importance of reliable HDV RNA quantification in the context of drug development and patient monitoring. We summarize distinct technical features and performance characteristics of available HDV RNA assays. Finally, we provide considerations for the use of HDV RNA assays in the context of drug development and patient monitoring. Coinfection with HBV and HDV results in hepatitis D, the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis, frequently leading to liver decompensation and HCC. Pegylated interferon alpha, the only treatment option for chronic hepatitis D for many years, has limited efficacy. New treatments are in advanced clinical development, with one recent approval. Diagnosis and antiviral treatment response monitoring are based on detection and quantification of HDV RNA. However, the development of reliable HDV RNA assays is challenged by viral heterogeneity (at least 8 different genotypes and several subgenotypes), intrahost viral diversity, rapid viral evolution, and distinct secondary structure features of HDV RNA. Different RNA extraction methodologies, primer/probe design for nucleic acid tests, lack of automation, and overall dearth of standardization across testing laboratories contribute to substantial variability in performance characteristics of research-based and commercial HDV RNA assays. A World Health Organization (WHO) standard for HDV RNA, available for about 10 years, has been used by many laboratories to determine the limit of detection of their assays and facilitates comparisons of RNA levels across study centers. Here we review challenges for robust pan genotype HDV RNA quantification, discuss particular clinical needs and the importance of reliable HDV RNA quantification in the context of drug development and patient monitoring. We summarize distinct technical features and performance characteristics of available HDV RNA assays. Finally, we provide considerations for the use of HDV RNA assays in the context of drug development and patient monitoring.Coinfection with HBV and HDV results in hepatitis D, the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis, frequently leading to liver decompensation and HCC. Pegylated interferon alpha, the only treatment option for chronic hepatitis D for many years, has limited efficacy. New treatments are in advanced clinical development, with one recent approval. Diagnosis and antiviral treatment response monitoring are based on detection and quantification of HDV RNA. However, the development of reliable HDV RNA assays is challenged by viral heterogeneity (at least 8 different genotypes and several subgenotypes), intrahost viral diversity, rapid viral evolution, and distinct secondary structure features of HDV RNA. Different RNA extraction methodologies, primer/probe design for nucleic acid tests, lack of automation, and overall dearth of standardization across testing laboratories contribute to substantial variability in performance characteristics of research-based and commercial HDV RNA assays. A World Health Organization (WHO) standard for HDV RNA, available for about 10 years, has been used by many laboratories to determine the limit of detection of their assays and facilitates comparisons of RNA levels across study centers. Here we review challenges for robust pan genotype HDV RNA quantification, discuss particular clinical needs and the importance of reliable HDV RNA quantification in the context of drug development and patient monitoring. We summarize distinct technical features and performance characteristics of available HDV RNA assays. Finally, we provide considerations for the use of HDV RNA assays in the context of drug development and patient monitoring.
Author	Lenz, Oliver Thomson, Michael Miller, Veronica Kessler, Harald H. Wedemeyer, Heiner Westman, Gabriel Glenn, Jeffrey Gordien, Emmanuel Lampertico, Pietro Battersby, Thomas R. Leus, Mitchell Lütgehetmann, Marc Mixson-Hayden, Tonya Kamili, Saleem Terrault, Norah Kapoor, Hema Simon, Christian O.
AuthorAffiliation	20 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy 8 Laboratoire de microbiologie clinique, Centre National de Référence pour les virus des hépatites B, C et Delta, Hôpital Avicenne Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France 9 Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA 17 Swedish Medical Products Agency, Uppsala, Sweden 11 Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria 13 Institute for Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany 10 Ex Quest Diagnostics, HK Healthcare Consultant LLC, Secaucus, New Jersey, USA 4 German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany 6 Biomarker-IVD, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA 12 Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse
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Copyright	Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. 2025
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Snippet	Coinfection with HBV and HDV results in hepatitis D, the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis, frequently leading to liver decompensation and HCC....
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SubjectTerms	Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use Coinfection Hepatitis D - diagnosis Hepatitis D - drug therapy Hepatitis D - virology Hepatitis D, Chronic - diagnosis Hepatitis D, Chronic - drug therapy Hepatitis D, Chronic - virology Hepatitis Delta Virus - genetics Hepatitis Delta Virus - isolation & purification Humans Reviews RNA, Viral - analysis
Title	HDV RNA assays: Performance characteristics, clinical utility, and challenges
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