Deconstructing Photospheric Spectral Lines in Solar and Stellar Flares

During solar flares, spectral lines formed in the photosphere have been shown to exhibit changes to their profiles despite the challenges of energy transfer to these depths. Recent work has shown that deep-forming spectral lines are subject to significant contributions from regions above the photosp...

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Published in:The Astrophysical journal Vol. 963; no. 1; pp. 40 - 55
Main Authors: Monson, Aaron J., Mathioudakis, Mihalis, Kowalski, Adam F.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Philadelphia The American Astronomical Society 01.03.2024
IOP Publishing
Subjects:
Atmosphere
Chromosphere
Doppler effect
Electron beam heating
Energy transfer
Flow velocity
Line spectra
Photosphere
Radiative transfer
Radiative transfer calculations
Radiative transfer simulations
Solar activity
Solar flares
Solar photosphere
Stellar activity
Stellar atmospheres
Stellar flares
Stellar photospheres
Tertiary
Velocity distribution
ISSN:0004-637X, 1538-4357
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Abstract During solar flares, spectral lines formed in the photosphere have been shown to exhibit changes to their profiles despite the challenges of energy transfer to these depths. Recent work has shown that deep-forming spectral lines are subject to significant contributions from regions above the photosphere throughout the flaring period, resulting in a composite emergent intensity profile from multiple layers of the atmosphere. We employ radiative–hydrodynamic and radiative transfer calculations to simulate the response of the solar/stellar atmosphere to electron beam heating and synthesize spectral lines of Fe i to investigate the line-of-sight velocity fields information available from Doppler shifts of the emergent intensity profile. By utilizing the contribution function to deconstruct the line profile shape into its constituent sources, we show that variations in the line profiles are primarily caused by changes in the chromosphere. Up-flows in this region were found to create blueshifts or false redshifts in the line core dependent on the relative contribution of the chromosphere compared to the photosphere. In extreme solar and stellar flare scenarios featuring explosive chromospheric condensations, redshifted transient components can dominate the temporal evolution of the profile shape, requiring a tertiary component consideration to fully characterize. We conclude that deep-forming lines require a multicomponent understanding and treatment, with different regions of the spectral line being useful for probing individual regions of the atmosphere’s velocity flows.
AbstractList During solar flares, spectral lines formed in the photosphere have been shown to exhibit changes to their profiles despite the challenges of energy transfer to these depths. Recent work has shown that deep-forming spectral lines are subject to significant contributions from regions above the photosphere throughout the flaring period, resulting in a composite emergent intensity profile from multiple layers of the atmosphere. We employ radiative–hydrodynamic and radiative transfer calculations to simulate the response of the solar/stellar atmosphere to electron beam heating and synthesize spectral lines of Fe i to investigate the line-of-sight velocity fields information available from Doppler shifts of the emergent intensity profile. By utilizing the contribution function to deconstruct the line profile shape into its constituent sources, we show that variations in the line profiles are primarily caused by changes in the chromosphere. Up-flows in this region were found to create blueshifts or false redshifts in the line core dependent on the relative contribution of the chromosphere compared to the photosphere. In extreme solar and stellar flare scenarios featuring explosive chromospheric condensations, redshifted transient components can dominate the temporal evolution of the profile shape, requiring a tertiary component consideration to fully characterize. We conclude that deep-forming lines require a multicomponent understanding and treatment, with different regions of the spectral line being useful for probing individual regions of the atmosphere’s velocity flows.
During solar flares, spectral lines formed in the photosphere have been shown to exhibit changes to their profiles despite the challenges of energy transfer to these depths. Recent work has shown that deep-forming spectral lines are subject to significant contributions from regions above the photosphere throughout the flaring period, resulting in a composite emergent intensity profile from multiple layers of the atmosphere. We employ radiative–hydrodynamic and radiative transfer calculations to simulate the response of the solar/stellar atmosphere to electron beam heating and synthesize spectral lines of Fe i to investigate the line-of-sight velocity fields information available from Doppler shifts of the emergent intensity profile. By utilizing the contribution function to deconstruct the line profile shape into its constituent sources, we show that variations in the line profiles are primarily caused by changes in the chromosphere. Up-flows in this region were found to create blueshifts or false redshifts in the line core dependent on the relative contribution of the chromosphere compared to the photosphere. In extreme solar and stellar flare scenarios featuring explosive chromospheric condensations, redshifted transient components can dominate the temporal evolution of the profile shape, requiring a tertiary component consideration to fully characterize. We conclude that deep-forming lines require a multicomponent understanding and treatment, with different regions of the spectral line being useful for probing individual regions of the atmosphere’s velocity flows.
Author Monson, Aaron J.
Kowalski, Adam F.
Mathioudakis, Mihalis
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Aaron J.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-3305-748X
  surname: Monson
  fullname: Monson, Aaron J.
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  surname: Kowalski
  fullname: Kowalski, Adam F.
  organization: University of Colorado Boulder Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, 3665 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
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SubjectTerms Atmosphere
Chromosphere
Doppler effect
Electron beam heating
Energy transfer
Flow velocity
Line spectra
Photosphere
Radiative transfer
Radiative transfer calculations
Radiative transfer simulations
Solar activity
Solar flares
Solar photosphere
Stellar activity
Stellar atmospheres
Stellar flares
Stellar photospheres
Tertiary
Velocity distribution
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Title Deconstructing Photospheric Spectral Lines in Solar and Stellar Flares
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