Dependency Grammar Approach to the Syntactic Complexity in the Discourse of Alzheimer Patients
This study aims to investigate the syntactic complexity in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by conducting a comprehensive analysis that incorporates mean dependency distance (MDD), fine-grained grammatical metrics, and dependency network structures. A total of 150 adults with AD and 150 hea...
Saved in:
| Published in: | Behavioral sciences Vol. 15; no. 10; p. 1334 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Switzerland
MDPI AG
29.09.2025
|
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 2076-328X, 2076-328X |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Abstract | This study aims to investigate the syntactic complexity in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by conducting a comprehensive analysis that incorporates mean dependency distance (MDD), fine-grained grammatical metrics, and dependency network structures. A total of 150 adults with AD and 150 healthy controls (HC) responded in English to interview prompts based on the Cookie Theft picture description task, and the results were compared. The key findings are as follows: (1) The primary syntactic change is a strategic shift from hierarchical, clause-based constructions to linear, phrase-based ones, a direct consequence of working memory deficits designed to minimize cognitive load. (2) This shift is executed via a resource reallocation, where costly, long-distance clausal dependencies are systematically avoided in favor of a compensatory reliance on local dependencies, such as intra-phrasal modification and simple predicate structures. (3) This strategic reallocation leads to a systemic reorganization of the syntactic network, transforming it from a flexible, distributed system into a rigid, centralized one that becomes critically dependent on the over-leveraged structural role of function words to maintain basic connectivity. (4) The overall syntactic profile is the result of a functional balance governed by the principle of cognitive economy, where expressive richness and grammatical depth are sacrificed to preserve core communicative functions. These findings suggest that the syntactic signature of AD is not a random degradation of linguistic competence but a profound and systematic grammatical adaptation, where the entire linguistic system restructures itself to function under the severe constraints of diminished cognitive resources. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | This study aims to investigate the syntactic complexity in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) by conducting a comprehensive analysis that incorporates mean dependency distance (MDD), fine-grained grammatical metrics, and dependency network structures. A total of 150 adults with AD and 150 healthy controls (HC) responded in English to interview prompts based on the Cookie Theft picture description task, and the results were compared. The key findings are as follows: (1) The primary syntactic change is a strategic shift from hierarchical, clause-based constructions to linear, phrase-based ones, a direct consequence of working memory deficits designed to minimize cognitive load. (2) This shift is executed via a resource reallocation, where costly, long-distance clausal dependencies are systematically avoided in favor of a compensatory reliance on local dependencies, such as intra-phrasal modification and simple predicate structures. (3) This strategic reallocation leads to a systemic reorganization of the syntactic network, transforming it from a flexible, distributed system into a rigid, centralized one that becomes critically dependent on the over-leveraged structural role of function words to maintain basic connectivity. (4) The overall syntactic profile is the result of a functional balance governed by the principle of cognitive economy, where expressive richness and grammatical depth are sacrificed to preserve core communicative functions. These findings suggest that the syntactic signature of AD is not a random degradation of linguistic competence but a profound and systematic grammatical adaptation, where the entire linguistic system restructures itself to function under the severe constraints of diminished cognitive resources. This study aims to investigate the syntactic complexity in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) by conducting a comprehensive analysis that incorporates mean dependency distance (MDD), fine-grained grammatical metrics, and dependency network structures. A total of 150 adults with AD and 150 healthy controls (HC) responded in English to interview prompts based on the Cookie Theft picture description task, and the results were compared. The key findings are as follows: (1) The primary syntactic change is a strategic shift from hierarchical, clause-based constructions to linear, phrase-based ones, a direct consequence of working memory deficits designed to minimize cognitive load. (2) This shift is executed via a resource reallocation, where costly, long-distance clausal dependencies are systematically avoided in favor of a compensatory reliance on local dependencies, such as intra-phrasal modification and simple predicate structures. (3) This strategic reallocation leads to a systemic reorganization of the syntactic network, transforming it from a flexible, distributed system into a rigid, centralized one that becomes critically dependent on the over-leveraged structural role of function words to maintain basic connectivity. (4) The overall syntactic profile is the result of a functional balance governed by the principle of cognitive economy, where expressive richness and grammatical depth are sacrificed to preserve core communicative functions. These findings suggest that the syntactic signature of AD is not a random degradation of linguistic competence but a profound and systematic grammatical adaptation, where the entire linguistic system restructures itself to function under the severe constraints of diminished cognitive resources.This study aims to investigate the syntactic complexity in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) by conducting a comprehensive analysis that incorporates mean dependency distance (MDD), fine-grained grammatical metrics, and dependency network structures. A total of 150 adults with AD and 150 healthy controls (HC) responded in English to interview prompts based on the Cookie Theft picture description task, and the results were compared. The key findings are as follows: (1) The primary syntactic change is a strategic shift from hierarchical, clause-based constructions to linear, phrase-based ones, a direct consequence of working memory deficits designed to minimize cognitive load. (2) This shift is executed via a resource reallocation, where costly, long-distance clausal dependencies are systematically avoided in favor of a compensatory reliance on local dependencies, such as intra-phrasal modification and simple predicate structures. (3) This strategic reallocation leads to a systemic reorganization of the syntactic network, transforming it from a flexible, distributed system into a rigid, centralized one that becomes critically dependent on the over-leveraged structural role of function words to maintain basic connectivity. (4) The overall syntactic profile is the result of a functional balance governed by the principle of cognitive economy, where expressive richness and grammatical depth are sacrificed to preserve core communicative functions. These findings suggest that the syntactic signature of AD is not a random degradation of linguistic competence but a profound and systematic grammatical adaptation, where the entire linguistic system restructures itself to function under the severe constraints of diminished cognitive resources. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Lian, Zhangjun Wang, Zeyu |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Zhangjun orcidid: 0009-0008-6338-3199 surname: Lian fullname: Lian, Zhangjun – sequence: 2 givenname: Zeyu orcidid: 0009-0004-3084-6688 surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Zeyu |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41153125$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNptkt9rFDEQx4NUbK198Q-QBV9EuJrf2X08rloLBQUVfDJkk9lejt1kTXLg-deb69VWxeQhYfKZmXxn5ik6CjEAQs8JPmesw2_6TATBhDH-CJ1QrOSC0fbr0R_3Y3SW8wbXJTGhDD9Bx5wQwQgVJ-jbBcwQHAS7ay6TmSaTmuU8p2jsuimxKWtoPu1CMbZ426ziNI_ww5dd48Pt24XPNm5ThiYOzXL8uQY_QWo-muIhlPwMPR7MmOHs7jxFX969_bx6v7j-cHm1Wl4vLOeiLJizPSZcOSXIoCSzignFW6MMltJhMfTQUmUYc4A7Swboe0kkp4yAAMmBnaKrQ1wXzUbPyVcdOx2N17eGmG60SVXBCFp24DrFOmGY5Jx3rSGdqRV0vSAt7WiN9eoQq1bh-xZy0VMVCeNoAsRt1ozK6qjqFyv68h90U4sRqtI9JVpGCeYP1I2p-X0YYknG7oPqZSspV5xwWanz_1B1O5i8rU0ffLX_5fDiLvm2n8Ddq_7d3Aq8PgA2xZwTDPcIwXo_PPpheNgv1NmxYw |
| Cites_doi | 10.1111/modl.12468 10.1353/lan.1981.0048 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2009.03.004 10.1016/j.physa.2008.01.069 10.1093/oso/9780199267309.001.0001 10.1371/journal.pone.0288556 10.1016/0911-6044(92)90021-N 10.1016/S0021-9924(03)00020-0 10.1177/21582440231198408 10.1006/brln.1999.2055 10.1017/9781108565691 10.2190/X09P-N7AU-UCHA-VW08 10.1017/CBO9780511781964 10.17791/jcs.2008.9.2.159 10.1097/00002093-200007000-00009 10.1590/S1980-57642014DN83000010 10.1515/9783110573565-009 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00185 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ed9c6b 10.1371/journal.pone.0266552 10.1001/archneur.1993.00540010075021 10.1016/S0911-6044(03)00048-4 10.1073/pnas.1502134112 10.1016/0271-5309(94)90025-6 10.1016/S0010-0277(87)80011-2 10.1177/009365096023004007 10.1016/0021-9924(90)90019-U 10.1080/02687038.2017.1303441 10.1186/s12859-016-1456-0 10.1055/s-2000-13177 10.1016/0093-934X(85)90124-5 10.3389/fnagi.2021.707628 10.2307/2529786 10.1006/brln.1996.0033 10.1044/jshr.2803.405 10.1044/1092-4388(2003/027) 10.1037/0882-7974.16.4.600 10.1080/09602011.2020.1789479 10.1080/13825589408256581 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2022.101069 10.1016/S0010-0277(98)00034-1 10.1057/s41599-024-03509-0 10.1016/0093-934X(82)90006-2 10.1080/14640748608401616 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2025 MDPI AG 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: COPYRIGHT 2025 MDPI AG – notice: 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION NPM 3V. 7XB 88I 8FK ABUWG AFKRA AZQEC BENPR CCPQU DWQXO GNUQQ HCIFZ M2P PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PKEHL PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS PSYQQ Q9U 7X8 DOA |
| DOI | 10.3390/bs15101334 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef PubMed ProQuest Central (Corporate) ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016) Science Database (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest Central UK/Ireland ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Central ProQuest One ProQuest Central Korea ProQuest Central Student SciTech Premium Collection Science Database Proquest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest - Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Academic (retired) ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China ProQuest One Psychology ProQuest Central Basic MEDLINE - Academic DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef PubMed Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest One Psychology ProQuest Science Journals (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central Student ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Central Basic ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Science Journals ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central China ProQuest Central ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central Korea ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest Central (Alumni) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | PubMed MEDLINE - Academic Publicly Available Content Database CrossRef |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website – sequence: 2 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 3 dbid: PIMPY name: ProQuest - Publicly Available Content Database url: http://search.proquest.com/publiccontent sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Psychology Architecture |
| EISSN | 2076-328X |
| ExternalDocumentID | oai_doaj_org_article_69ed97395a3644498a19a101db518292 A862474146 41153125 10_3390_bs15101334 |
| Genre | Journal Article |
| GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: China National Social Science Fund grantid: 23BYY144 – fundername: Research Project of Philosophy and Social Sciences of Shaanxi Province grantid: 2024HZ1080 |
| GroupedDBID | 53G 5VS 88I AADQD AAFWJ AAYXX ABDBF ABUWG ACUHS ADBBV AFFHD AFKRA AFPKN AFZYC ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AOIJS AZQEC BAWUL BCNDV BENPR BPHCQ CCPQU CITATION DIK DWQXO EAD EAP EAS EMK EPL ESX GNUQQ GROUPED_DOAJ HCIFZ HYE IAO IHR IPY ITC KQ8 M2P MODMG M~E OK1 PGMZT PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PQQKQ PROAC PSYQQ RPM NPM 3V. 7XB 8FK M48 PKEHL PQEST PQUKI PRINS Q9U 7X8 |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c445t-3dcb0147d751f763c735748a7a066d05fbe827a33de09c1febb6164231e5e64e3 |
| IEDL.DBID | DOA |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 0 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=001601828000001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 2076-328X |
| IngestDate | Mon Nov 03 22:01:09 EST 2025 Wed Oct 29 17:11:03 EDT 2025 Tue Oct 28 21:33:51 EDT 2025 Wed Nov 12 17:02:22 EST 2025 Tue Nov 11 03:51:58 EST 2025 Mon Nov 03 01:49:30 EST 2025 Sat Nov 29 07:23:14 EST 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 10 |
| Keywords | dependency grammar Alzheimer’s disease fine-grained grammatical indices dependency network syntactic complexity |
| Language | English |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c445t-3dcb0147d751f763c735748a7a066d05fbe827a33de09c1febb6164231e5e64e3 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 |
| ORCID | 0009-0008-6338-3199 0009-0004-3084-6688 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://doaj.org/article/69ed97395a3644498a19a101db518292 |
| PMID | 41153125 |
| PQID | 3265832104 |
| PQPubID | 2032428 |
| ParticipantIDs | doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_69ed97395a3644498a19a101db518292 proquest_miscellaneous_3266447735 proquest_journals_3265832104 gale_infotracmisc_A862474146 gale_infotracacademiconefile_A862474146 pubmed_primary_41153125 crossref_primary_10_3390_bs15101334 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2025-09-29 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2025-09-29 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 09 year: 2025 text: 2025-09-29 day: 29 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | Switzerland |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Switzerland – name: Basel |
| PublicationTitle | Behavioral sciences |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Behav Sci (Basel) |
| PublicationYear | 2025 |
| Publisher | MDPI AG |
| Publisher_xml | – name: MDPI AG |
| References | ref_50 Tomoeda (ref_54) 1990; 23 Croisile (ref_11) 1996; 53 Dassa (ref_28) 2018; 32 ref_13 ref_56 ref_53 ref_52 Liu (ref_41) 2014; 37 Dijkstra (ref_14) 2004; 17 Liu (ref_39) 2008b; 387 Gibson (ref_20) 1998; 68 Lee (ref_37) 2021; 31 Gao (ref_19) 2024; 11 Bayles (ref_6) 2000; 14 Emery (ref_16) 2000; 30 Kemper (ref_31) 2001; 16 Hier (ref_23) 1985; 25 ref_25 ref_24 Almor (ref_2) 1999; 67 Blanken (ref_7) 1987; 27 ref_22 ref_21 Mortensen (ref_44) 1992; 7 Rohrer (ref_49) 2010; 75 Futrell (ref_17) 2015; 112 Zhou (ref_57) 2012; 35 ref_27 ref_26 Baddeley (ref_4) 1986; 38 Liu (ref_38) 2008a; 9 Wang (ref_55) 2007; 3 Kramer (ref_32) 2000; 20 Nicholas (ref_46) 1985; 28 ref_33 Ellis (ref_15) 1996; 23 Chapin (ref_10) 2022; 63 Appell (ref_3) 1982; 17 Lyons (ref_43) 1994; 1 Kemper (ref_30) 1993; 50 Kyle (ref_34) 2018; 102 Breivik (ref_9) 1981; 57 ref_47 Bayles (ref_5) 2003; 36 Gao (ref_18) 2023; 13 Levy (ref_29) 2003; 46 Landis (ref_36) 1977; 33 ref_45 Liu (ref_42) 2019; 21 Lai (ref_35) 2009; 22 ref_40 Sabat (ref_51) 1994; 14 ref_1 ref_48 ref_8 Minett (ref_12) 2014; 8 |
| References_xml | – volume: 102 start-page: 333 year: 2018 ident: ref_34 article-title: Measuring syntactic complexity in L2 writing using fine-grained clausal and phrasal indices publication-title: Modern Language Journal doi: 10.1111/modl.12468 – volume: 57 start-page: 1 year: 1981 ident: ref_9 article-title: On the interpretation of existential there publication-title: Language doi: 10.1353/lan.1981.0048 – volume: 22 start-page: 465 year: 2009 ident: ref_35 article-title: To be semantically-impaired or to be syntactically-impaired: Linguistic patterns in Chinese-speaking persons with or without dementia publication-title: Journal of Neurolinguistics doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2009.03.004 – volume: 387 start-page: 3048 year: 2008b ident: ref_39 article-title: The complexity of Chinese syntactic dependency networks publication-title: Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications doi: 10.1016/j.physa.2008.01.069 – ident: ref_26 – volume: 21 start-page: 602 year: 2019 ident: ref_42 article-title: Loss of non-nominal resources in the discourses of Alzheimer Patients publication-title: Contemporary Linguistics – ident: ref_25 doi: 10.1093/oso/9780199267309.001.0001 – ident: ref_56 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288556 – volume: 7 start-page: 309 year: 1992 ident: ref_44 article-title: A transitivity analysis of discourse in dementia of the Alzheimer’s type publication-title: Journal of Neurolinguistics doi: 10.1016/0911-6044(92)90021-N – volume: 36 start-page: 209 year: 2003 ident: ref_5 article-title: Effects of working memory deficits on the communicative functioning of Alzheimer’s dementia patients publication-title: Journal of Communication Disorders doi: 10.1016/S0021-9924(03)00020-0 – volume: 13 start-page: 1 year: 2023 ident: ref_18 article-title: A corpus-based study of the dependency distance differences in English academic writing publication-title: SAGE Open doi: 10.1177/21582440231198408 – volume: 67 start-page: 202 year: 1999 ident: ref_2 article-title: Why do Alzheimer patients have difficulty with pronouns? Working memory, semantics, and reference in comprehension and production in Alzheimer’s disease publication-title: Brain and Language doi: 10.1006/brln.1999.2055 – ident: ref_13 doi: 10.1017/9781108565691 – volume: 30 start-page: 145 year: 2000 ident: ref_16 article-title: Language impairment in dementia of the Alzheimer type: A hierarchical decline? publication-title: The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine doi: 10.2190/X09P-N7AU-UCHA-VW08 – ident: ref_24 doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511781964 – volume: 9 start-page: 159 year: 2008a ident: ref_38 article-title: Dependency distance as a metric of language comprehension difficulty publication-title: Journal of Cognitive Science doi: 10.17791/jcs.2008.9.2.159 – volume: 14 start-page: 176 year: 2000 ident: ref_6 article-title: Communication abilities of individuals with late-stage Alzheimer disease publication-title: Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders doi: 10.1097/00002093-200007000-00009 – volume: 8 start-page: 260 year: 2014 ident: ref_12 article-title: Analysis of word number and content in discourse of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease publication-title: Dementia & Neuropsychologia doi: 10.1590/S1980-57642014DN83000010 – ident: ref_27 doi: 10.1515/9783110573565-009 – ident: ref_52 – ident: ref_1 doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00185 – volume: 75 start-page: 603 year: 2010 ident: ref_49 article-title: Syndromes of nonfluent primary progressive aphasia: A clinical and neurolinguistic analysis publication-title: Neurology doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ed9c6b – ident: ref_45 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266552 – volume: 50 start-page: 81 year: 1993 ident: ref_30 article-title: On the preservation of syntax in Alzheimer’s disease: Evidence from written sentences publication-title: Archives of Neurology doi: 10.1001/archneur.1993.00540010075021 – volume: 17 start-page: 263 year: 2004 ident: ref_14 article-title: Conversational coherence: Discourse analysis of older adults with and without dementia publication-title: Journal of Neurolinguistics doi: 10.1016/S0911-6044(03)00048-4 – volume: 112 start-page: 10336 year: 2015 ident: ref_17 article-title: Large-scale evidence of dependency length minimization in 37 languages publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences doi: 10.1073/pnas.1502134112 – volume: 14 start-page: 331 year: 1994 ident: ref_51 article-title: Language function in Alzheimer’s disease: A critical review of selected literature publication-title: Language and Communication doi: 10.1016/0271-5309(94)90025-6 – volume: 3 start-page: 65 year: 2007 ident: ref_55 article-title: A systemic functional linguistic approach to existential there publication-title: Foreign Language Research – ident: ref_53 – volume: 27 start-page: 247 year: 1987 ident: ref_7 article-title: Spontaneous speech in senile dementia and aphasia: Implications for a neurolinguistic model of language production publication-title: Cognition doi: 10.1016/S0010-0277(87)80011-2 – volume: 23 start-page: 472 year: 1996 ident: ref_15 article-title: Coherence patterns in Alzheimer’s discourse publication-title: Communication Research doi: 10.1177/009365096023004007 – volume: 23 start-page: 151 year: 1990 ident: ref_54 article-title: Speech rate and syntactic complexity effects on the auditory comprehension of Alzheimer patients publication-title: Journal of Communication Disorders doi: 10.1016/0021-9924(90)90019-U – ident: ref_47 – volume: 32 start-page: 27 year: 2018 ident: ref_28 article-title: Severity of Alzheimer’s disease and language features in picture descriptions publication-title: Aphasiology doi: 10.1080/02687038.2017.1303441 – ident: ref_48 doi: 10.1186/s12859-016-1456-0 – volume: 35 start-page: 59 year: 2012 ident: ref_57 article-title: Towards a typology of the existential clause publication-title: Journal of Foreign Languages – volume: 20 start-page: 447 year: 2000 ident: ref_32 article-title: Alzheimer’s disease and its focal variants publication-title: Seminars in Neurology doi: 10.1055/s-2000-13177 – volume: 25 start-page: 117 year: 1985 ident: ref_23 article-title: Language disintegration in dementia: Effects of etiology and severity publication-title: Brain and Language doi: 10.1016/0093-934X(85)90124-5 – ident: ref_40 – ident: ref_8 doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.707628 – volume: 33 start-page: 363 year: 1977 ident: ref_36 article-title: An application of hierarchical kappa-type statistics in the assessment of majority agreement among multiple observers publication-title: Biometrics doi: 10.2307/2529786 – volume: 53 start-page: 1 year: 1996 ident: ref_11 article-title: Comparative study of oral and written picture description in patients with Alzheimer’s disease publication-title: Brain and Language doi: 10.1006/brln.1996.0033 – volume: 37 start-page: 42 year: 2014 ident: ref_41 article-title: A corpus-based analysis of Alzheimer’s patients’ word-retrieving difficulties publication-title: Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages – ident: ref_21 – volume: 28 start-page: 405 year: 1985 ident: ref_46 article-title: Empty speech in Alzheimer’s disease and fluent aphasia publication-title: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research doi: 10.1044/jshr.2803.405 – volume: 46 start-page: 341 year: 2003 ident: ref_29 article-title: Morphology in picture descriptions provided by persons with Alzheimer’s disease publication-title: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2003/027) – volume: 16 start-page: 600 year: 2001 ident: ref_31 article-title: Longitudinal change in language production: Effects of aging and dementia on grammatical complexity and propositional content publication-title: Psychology and Aging doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.16.4.600 – volume: 31 start-page: 1557 year: 2021 ident: ref_37 article-title: Effects of working memory intervention on language production by individuals with dementia publication-title: Neuropsychological Rehabilitation doi: 10.1080/09602011.2020.1789479 – volume: 1 start-page: 271 year: 1994 ident: ref_43 article-title: Oral language and Alzheimer’s disease: A reduction in syntactic complexity publication-title: Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition doi: 10.1080/13825589408256581 – ident: ref_50 – ident: ref_33 – volume: 63 start-page: 101069 year: 2022 ident: ref_10 article-title: A finer-grained linguistic profile of Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment publication-title: Journal of Neurolinguistics doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2022.101069 – volume: 68 start-page: 1 year: 1998 ident: ref_20 article-title: Linguistic complexity: Locality of syntactic dependencies publication-title: Cognition doi: 10.1016/S0010-0277(98)00034-1 – volume: 11 start-page: 1 year: 2024 ident: ref_19 article-title: A dependency distance approach to the syntactic complexity variation in the connected speech of Alzheimer’s disease publication-title: Humanities and Social Sciences Communications doi: 10.1057/s41599-024-03509-0 – volume: 17 start-page: 73 year: 1982 ident: ref_3 article-title: A study of language functioning in Alzheimer patients publication-title: Brain and Language doi: 10.1016/0093-934X(82)90006-2 – volume: 38 start-page: 603 year: 1986 ident: ref_4 article-title: Dementia and working memory publication-title: The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A doi: 10.1080/14640748608401616 – ident: ref_22 |
| SSID | ssj0000601230 |
| Score | 2.3046916 |
| Snippet | This study aims to investigate the syntactic complexity in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by conducting a comprehensive analysis that incorporates... This study aims to investigate the syntactic complexity in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) by conducting a comprehensive analysis that incorporates... |
| SourceID | doaj proquest gale pubmed crossref |
| SourceType | Open Website Aggregation Database Index Database |
| StartPage | 1334 |
| SubjectTerms | Advertising executives Alzheimer's disease Analysis Architecture Cognitive load Computational linguistics Criminal investigations Dementia dependency grammar dependency network fine-grained grammatical indices Grammar Language processing Linguistics Memory Natural language interfaces Semantics syntactic complexity Syntax |
| SummonAdditionalLinks | – databaseName: Science Database dbid: M2P link: http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV3fb5UwFD7R6cOyxOl0ik5To4lPZJQWSp8Mc05fXG6iJnuSlLboTSZswEyuf73nAJd5NfHFV1qgcH70a0_PdwBeGo5rhixyYZxVaShLqgZoyyi0QhsXa2tiUw7FJtTpaXZ2phfThls3Hatc-8TBUbvG0h75IcKMhKrqRPL1xWVIVaMoujqV0LgJtxDZcDrS9SFezHssxDWCEHtkJRW4uj8sO05KKITcmIcGuv6_nfIfUHOYck52_3ewd-HOBDZZPmrHPbjh6z3YyX-LHezB9uwCV_fhy_FUE9eu2LvWUF4byyfWcdY3DNEi-7iq-yGzipEvIT7NfsWW9dB2vOxsQ8dCWFOx_PznN7_87lu2GMlbuwfw-eTtpzfvw6kCQ2ilTPpQOJQbl8qphFfoiawSiZKZUQaRiouSqvRZrIwQzkfa8sqXZYrrL8SMPvGp9GIftuqm9o-AGaUs9zqLdMVl4rgxqDs2tZlPHGKqOIAXa3kUFyPRRoELFJJacS21AI5IVHMPIsceLjTt12KytSLV3mkKQBqBaE_qzHCNOsldiSoSa3zVKxJ0QSbctwaHMWYi4ECJDKvIKWkGkZZMAzjY6ImmZzeb1-IvJtPvimvZB_B8bqY76Thb7ZuroQ-OTOHfDODhqGLzJ0nUZIGw8_G_H_4EtmMqRUwBMn0AW3175Z_CbfujX3bts8EOfgHP_Q-r priority: 102 providerName: ProQuest |
| Title | Dependency Grammar Approach to the Syntactic Complexity in the Discourse of Alzheimer Patients |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41153125 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3265832104 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3266447735 https://doaj.org/article/69ed97395a3644498a19a101db518292 |
| Volume | 15 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos001601828000001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVAON databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals customDbUrl: eissn: 2076-328X dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000601230 issn: 2076-328X databaseCode: DOA dateStart: 20110101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/ providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – providerCode: PRVHPJ databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources customDbUrl: eissn: 2076-328X dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000601230 issn: 2076-328X databaseCode: M~E dateStart: 20110101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org providerName: ISSN International Centre – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest - Publicly Available Content Database customDbUrl: eissn: 2076-328X dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000601230 issn: 2076-328X databaseCode: PIMPY dateStart: 20110101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com/publiccontent providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Central customDbUrl: eissn: 2076-328X dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000601230 issn: 2076-328X databaseCode: BENPR dateStart: 20110101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Science Database customDbUrl: eissn: 2076-328X dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000601230 issn: 2076-328X databaseCode: M2P dateStart: 20110101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/sciencejournals providerName: ProQuest |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1Lb9QwEB5B4dAL4k2gXRmBxClqHDtxfNw-4dBVxENaLkSO7YiV2gQlKdLy65lJ0qVbDly45BA7ynjGHn8je74BeGs4xgxZ5MI4q9JQllQN0JZRaIU2LtbWxKYcik2oxSJbLnV-o9QX3Qkb6YFHxR2k2jtNp0lG4NYtdWa4xh9wVyYIjfXgfSOlbwRTow8mrBCNfKQC4_qDsuM0_YSQWzvQQNT_tzu-BTKHzeb0ITyYUCKbj9I9gju-fgy7G2e1fgLfjqfqtXbNzlpDGWhsPvGDs75hiOvYp3XdDzlQjFY9MV_2a7aqh7bjVWcbusDBmorNL35996tL37J8pFntnsKX05PPR-_DqVZCaKVM-lA41DCXyqmEV-gzrBKJkplRBjGFi5Kq9FmsjBDOR9ryypdlipESojuf-FR68Qx26qb2L4AZpSz3Oot0xWXiuDFoZZvazCcO0U8cwJtr_RU_RkqMAkMJ0nLxR8sBHJJqNz2Ixnp4gcYtJuMW_zJuAO_IMAUttr41KMaYM4CCEm1VMaf0FsREMg1gb6snLhK73Xxt2mJapF2ByDWhQk0RCvt600xf0sWz2jdXQx-UTKE2A3g-TonNkCSiaYEA8eX_GOor2I2ptDAdeOk92OnbK78P9-3PftW1M7irltkM7h2eLPKPs2Gu4_M8zvFd_uE8__obwa8ALA |
| linkProvider | Directory of Open Access Journals |
| linkToHtml | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Lb9QwEB6VgkSFxKO8AgWMAHGKmsTOwweEAktp1bJaiSL1RHBsB1aCpCQpKPwofiMzSXbLgsStB66xk9jJ5_E3tucbgMfKR58h8YwbJEXkipyyAercczWXygRSq0DlfbKJeDpNjo7kbA1-LmJh6Fjlwib2htpUmtbIt5FmhJRVxxPPj7-6lDWKdlcXKTQGWOzb7ju6bM2zvQn-3ydBsPPq8OWuO2YVcLUQYetyg23xRWzi0C9wdOmYh7FIVKxw9jVeWOQ2CWLFubGe1H5h8zxCnwJ5kA1tJCzH556D84KUxeioYDBbrumQtglS-kEFlXPpbeeNT6DnXKzMe316gL8ngT-obT_F7Vz53z7OVbg8kmmWDui_Bmu23IRL6W97I5uwsTTx3XV4Pxlz_uqOva4Vxe2xdFRVZ23FkA2zt13Z9pFjjGwl6YW2HZuXfdlk3uiKjr2wqmDp5x-f7PyLrdlsEKdtbsC7M-nuTVgvq9LeBqbiWPtWJp4sfBEaXykcGzrSiQ0NcsbAgUeL_58dD0IiGTpghJLsFCUOvCBoLGuQ-Hd_oao_ZqMtySJpjaQNVsWRzQqZKF_imPNNHqK3KPFVTwlYGZmotlbYjCHSAhtKYl9ZSkFByCRF5MDWSk00LXq1eAG3bDRtTXaKNQceLovpTjquV9rqpK-DLYvxazpwa4D0sksCfRCOtPrOvx_-AC7uHr45yA72pvt3YSOgtMu0GSi3YL2tT-w9uKC_tfOmvt-PQQYfzhrXvwBfmmus |
| linkToPdf | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Lj9MwEB4tXYRWSDyWV2EBI0Ccoiax8_ABoUIpVAtVJUDavRAc24FKkCxJFhR-Gr-OmSTtUpC47YFr7CRO8s34m9gzH8AD5WHMELvG8eMsdERKaoA6dR3NpTK-1MpXaSs2Ec3n8cGBXGzBz1UuDG2rXPnE1lGbQtM_8hHSjIBUdVwxyvptEYvJ9MnRV4cUpGildSWn0UFk3zbfMXyrHs8m-K0f-v70-dtnL51eYcDRQgS1ww2OyxORiQIvQ0vTEQ8iEatI4Uxs3CBLbexHinNjXam9zKZpiPEFciIb2FBYjtc9A9tIyYU_gO3F7PXicP2HhyqdIMHvaqJyLt1RWnlkApyLjVmwFQv4e0r4g-i2E9704v_8qi7BhZ5ms3FnF5dhy-a7cH7826rJLuysnX9zBd5PejVg3bAXpaKMPjbu662zumDIk9mbJq_bnDJGXpQqidYNW-Zt22RZ6YI2xLAiY-PPPz7Z5RdbskVXtra6Cu9O5XGvwSAvcnsDmIoi7VkZuzLzRGA8pdBqdKhjGxhkk_4Q7q-wkBx1JUYSDM0IMckJYobwlGCy7kFlwdsDRfkx6b1MEkprJC29Ko48V8hYeRKt0TNpgHGkxFs9IpAl5LzqUuEwuhwMHCiVAUvGlC6EHFOEQ9jb6IlOR282r6CX9E6vSk5wN4R762Y6kzby5bY4bvvgyCJ8m0O43sF7_UgCoxOOhPvmvy9-F84hnJNXs_n-LdjxSY-ZVgnlHgzq8tjehrP6W72syju9QTL4cNrA_gXg93X1 |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dependency+Grammar+Approach+to+the+Syntactic+Complexity+in+the+Discourse+of+Alzheimer+Patients&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+sciences&rft.au=Zhangjun+Lian&rft.au=Zeyu+Wang&rft.date=2025-09-29&rft.pub=MDPI+AG&rft.eissn=2076-328X&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=10&rft.spage=1334&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fbs15101334&rft.externalDBID=DOA&rft.externalDocID=oai_doaj_org_article_69ed97395a3644498a19a101db518292 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2076-328X&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2076-328X&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2076-328X&client=summon |