Relationship between cool and hot executive function in young children: A near‐infrared spectroscopy study

A theoretical distinction exists between the cool and hot aspects of executive function (EF). At the neural level, cool EF may be associated with activation in the lateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, whereas the orbitofrontal cortex may play a key role in hot EF. However, so...

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Published in:Developmental science Vol. 25; no. 2; pp. e13165 - n/a
Main Author: Moriguchi, Yusuke
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: England Wiley 01.03.2022
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Subjects:
Brain Hemisphere Functions
Child Behavior
Child, Preschool
Children
cool executive function
Correlation
Cortex (cingulate)
Delay of Gratification
Executive Function
Executive Function - physiology
fNIRS
hot executive function
Humans
Infrared spectroscopy
Neuroimaging
Neurological Organization
Prefrontal Cortex
Preschool Children
Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
Spectrum analysis
Variance analysis
cool executive function
fNIRS
children
hot executive function
prefrontal cortex
ISSN:1363-755X, 1467-7687, 1467-7687
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:A theoretical distinction exists between the cool and hot aspects of executive function (EF). At the neural level, cool EF may be associated with activation in the lateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, whereas the orbitofrontal cortex may play a key role in hot EF. However, some recent studies have shown that young children show activity in the lateral prefrontal regions during hot EF tasks, suggesting that the distinction between hot and cool EF may not be as marked. Nevertheless, few neuroimaging studies have directly examined the relationship between cool and hot EF. In this study, preschool children (N = 46, mean age = 66.1 months) were given both cool (Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) and Stroop‐like tasks) and hot (delay of gratification) EF tasks, and neural activation during these tasks was measured using functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Correlational analyses and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were conducted to assess the relationship between cool and hot EF. At the behavioral level, a moderate correlation was found between DCCS and Stroop‐like tasks, but no correlation emerged between cool and hot EF tasks. At the neural level, prefrontal activations during the cool EF tasks did not correlate with those during the hot EF task. Further, children showed stronger prefrontal activations during the DCCS tasks compared to the delay of gratification tasks. The results suggest that the neural basis of hot and cool EF may differ during early childhood.
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ISSN:1363-755X
1467-7687
1467-7687
DOI:10.1111/desc.13165