Elucidating the 3D Structure of a Surface Membrane Antigen from Trypanosoma cruzi as a Serodiagnostic Biomarker of Chagas Disease

Chagas disease (CD) is a vector-borne parasitosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, that affects millions of people worldwide. Although endemic in South America, CD is emerging throughout the world due to climate change and increased immigratory flux of infected people to non-ende...

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Published in:	Vaccines (Basel) Vol. 10; no. 1; p. 71
Main Authors:	Di Pisa, Flavio, De Benedetti, Stefano, Fassi, Enrico Mario Alessandro, Bombaci, Mauro, Grifantini, Renata, Musicò, Angelo, Frigerio, Roberto, Pontillo, Angela, Rigo, Cinzia, Abelli, Sandra, Grande, Romualdo, Zanchetta, Nadia, Mileto, Davide, Mancon, Alessandro, Rizzo, Alberto, Gori, Alessandro, Cretich, Marina, Colombo, Giorgio, Bolognesi, Martino, Gourlay, Louise Jane
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 03.01.2022 MDPI
Subjects:	Antibodies Antigens Asymptomatic Biomarkers Chagas disease Climate change Cloning Crystal structure Crystallization Diagnostic systems Epitopes Immunogenicity Immunology in silico epitope mapping Infections Membranes neglected tropical disease Parasites Parasitic diseases Pathogens peptide microarray Peptides Polyclonal antibodies Proteins structural vaccinology Trypanosoma cruzi Vector-borne diseases United Kingdom > UK United States > US in silico epitope mapping structural vaccinology Chagas disease neglected tropical disease peptide microarray immunodiagnostics Trypanosoma cruzi
ISSN:	2076-393X, 2076-393X
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Abstract	Chagas disease (CD) is a vector-borne parasitosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, that affects millions of people worldwide. Although endemic in South America, CD is emerging throughout the world due to climate change and increased immigratory flux of infected people to non-endemic regions. Containing of the diffusion of CD is challenged by the asymptomatic nature of the disease in early infection stages and by the lack of a rapid and effective diagnostic test. With the aim of designing new serodiagnostic molecules to be implemented in a microarray-based diagnostic set-up for early screening of CD, herein, we report the recombinant production of the extracellular domain of a surface membrane antigen from T. cruzi (TcSMP) and confirm its ability to detect plasma antibodies from infected patients. Moreover, we describe its high-resolution (1.62 Å) crystal structure, to which in silico epitope predictions were applied in order to locate the most immunoreactive regions of TcSMP in order to guide the design of epitopes that may be used as an alternative to the full-length antigen for CD diagnosis. Two putative, linear epitopes, belonging to the same immunogenic region, were synthesized as free peptides, and their immunological properties were tested in vitro. Although both peptides were shown to adopt a structural conformation that allowed their recognition by polyclonal antibodies raised against the recombinant protein, they were not serodiagnostic for T. cruzi infections. Nevertheless, they represent good starting points for further iterative structure-based (re)design cycles.
AbstractList	Chagas disease (CD) is a vector-borne parasitosis, caused by the protozoan parasite , that affects millions of people worldwide. Although endemic in South America, CD is emerging throughout the world due to climate change and increased immigratory flux of infected people to non-endemic regions. Containing of the diffusion of CD is challenged by the asymptomatic nature of the disease in early infection stages and by the lack of a rapid and effective diagnostic test. With the aim of designing new serodiagnostic molecules to be implemented in a microarray-based diagnostic set-up for early screening of CD, herein, we report the recombinant production of the extracellular domain of a surface membrane antigen from ( SMP) and confirm its ability to detect plasma antibodies from infected patients. Moreover, we describe its high-resolution (1.62 Å) crystal structure, to which in silico epitope predictions were applied in order to locate the most immunoreactive regions of SMP in order to guide the design of epitopes that may be used as an alternative to the full-length antigen for CD diagnosis. Two putative, linear epitopes, belonging to the same immunogenic region, were synthesized as free peptides, and their immunological properties were tested in vitro. Although both peptides were shown to adopt a structural conformation that allowed their recognition by polyclonal antibodies raised against the recombinant protein, they were not serodiagnostic for infections. Nevertheless, they represent good starting points for further iterative structure-based (re)design cycles. Chagas disease (CD) is a vector-borne parasitosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, that affects millions of people worldwide. Although endemic in South America, CD is emerging throughout the world due to climate change and increased immigratory flux of infected people to non-endemic regions. Containing of the diffusion of CD is challenged by the asymptomatic nature of the disease in early infection stages and by the lack of a rapid and effective diagnostic test. With the aim of designing new serodiagnostic molecules to be implemented in a microarray-based diagnostic set-up for early screening of CD, herein, we report the recombinant production of the extracellular domain of a surface membrane antigen from T. cruzi (TcSMP) and confirm its ability to detect plasma antibodies from infected patients. Moreover, we describe its high-resolution (1.62 Å) crystal structure, to which in silico epitope predictions were applied in order to locate the most immunoreactive regions of TcSMP in order to guide the design of epitopes that may be used as an alternative to the full-length antigen for CD diagnosis. Two putative, linear epitopes, belonging to the same immunogenic region, were synthesized as free peptides, and their immunological properties were tested in vitro. Although both peptides were shown to adopt a structural conformation that allowed their recognition by polyclonal antibodies raised against the recombinant protein, they were not serodiagnostic for T. cruzi infections. Nevertheless, they represent good starting points for further iterative structure-based (re)design cycles.Chagas disease (CD) is a vector-borne parasitosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, that affects millions of people worldwide. Although endemic in South America, CD is emerging throughout the world due to climate change and increased immigratory flux of infected people to non-endemic regions. Containing of the diffusion of CD is challenged by the asymptomatic nature of the disease in early infection stages and by the lack of a rapid and effective diagnostic test. With the aim of designing new serodiagnostic molecules to be implemented in a microarray-based diagnostic set-up for early screening of CD, herein, we report the recombinant production of the extracellular domain of a surface membrane antigen from T. cruzi (TcSMP) and confirm its ability to detect plasma antibodies from infected patients. Moreover, we describe its high-resolution (1.62 Å) crystal structure, to which in silico epitope predictions were applied in order to locate the most immunoreactive regions of TcSMP in order to guide the design of epitopes that may be used as an alternative to the full-length antigen for CD diagnosis. Two putative, linear epitopes, belonging to the same immunogenic region, were synthesized as free peptides, and their immunological properties were tested in vitro. Although both peptides were shown to adopt a structural conformation that allowed their recognition by polyclonal antibodies raised against the recombinant protein, they were not serodiagnostic for T. cruzi infections. Nevertheless, they represent good starting points for further iterative structure-based (re)design cycles. Chagas disease (CD) is a vector-borne parasitosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, that affects millions of people worldwide. Although endemic in South America, CD is emerging throughout the world due to climate change and increased immigratory flux of infected people to non-endemic regions. Containing of the diffusion of CD is challenged by the asymptomatic nature of the disease in early infection stages and by the lack of a rapid and effective diagnostic test. With the aim of designing new serodiagnostic molecules to be implemented in a microarray-based diagnostic set-up for early screening of CD, herein, we report the recombinant production of the extracellular domain of a surface membrane antigen from T. cruzi (TcSMP) and confirm its ability to detect plasma antibodies from infected patients. Moreover, we describe its high-resolution (1.62 Å) crystal structure, to which in silico epitope predictions were applied in order to locate the most immunoreactive regions of TcSMP in order to guide the design of epitopes that may be used as an alternative to the full-length antigen for CD diagnosis. Two putative, linear epitopes, belonging to the same immunogenic region, were synthesized as free peptides, and their immunological properties were tested in vitro. Although both peptides were shown to adopt a structural conformation that allowed their recognition by polyclonal antibodies raised against the recombinant protein, they were not serodiagnostic for T. cruzi infections. Nevertheless, they represent good starting points for further iterative structure-based (re)design cycles.
Author	Musicò, Angelo Grifantini, Renata De Benedetti, Stefano Rigo, Cinzia Frigerio, Roberto Zanchetta, Nadia Gourlay, Louise Jane Bombaci, Mauro Gori, Alessandro Bolognesi, Martino Cretich, Marina Mileto, Davide Abelli, Sandra Colombo, Giorgio Pontillo, Angela Grande, Romualdo Rizzo, Alberto Fassi, Enrico Mario Alessandro Di Pisa, Flavio Mancon, Alessandro
AuthorAffiliation	2 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy; enrico.fassi@unimi.it (E.M.A.F.); angelo.musico94@gmail.com (A.M.); roberto.frigerio94@gmail.com (R.F.); alessandro.gori@cnr.it (A.G.); marina.cretich@cnr.it (M.C.); g.colombo@unipv.it (G.C.) 8 Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, V.le Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy 1 Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; DiPisa.Flavio@hsr.it (F.D.P.); stefano.debenedetti@unimi.it (S.D.B.); martino.bolognesi@unimi.it (M.B.) 4 Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Padiglione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; bombaci@ingm.org (M.B.); grifantini@ingm.org (R.G.) 5 PRIMM S.r.l., Via Fatebenefratelli 15, 20121 Milano, Italy; angela.pontillo@primm.it 7 UOC Microbiologia Clinica, Virologia e Diagnostica delle Bioemergenze, ASST FBF Sacco, Via G.B Gr
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 4 Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Padiglione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; bombaci@ingm.org (M.B.); grifantini@ingm.org (R.G.) – name: 8 Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, V.le Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy – name: 5 PRIMM S.r.l., Via Fatebenefratelli 15, 20121 Milano, Italy; angela.pontillo@primm.it – name: 1 Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; DiPisa.Flavio@hsr.it (F.D.P.); stefano.debenedetti@unimi.it (S.D.B.); martino.bolognesi@unimi.it (M.B.) – name: 2 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy; enrico.fassi@unimi.it (E.M.A.F.); angelo.musico94@gmail.com (A.M.); roberto.frigerio94@gmail.com (R.F.); alessandro.gori@cnr.it (A.G.); marina.cretich@cnr.it (M.C.); g.colombo@unipv.it (G.C.) – name: 9 Centro di Ricerca Pediatrica Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy – name: 7 UOC Microbiologia Clinica, Virologia e Diagnostica delle Bioemergenze, ASST FBF Sacco, Via G.B Grassi, 74, 20157 Milano, Italy; grande.romualdo@asst-fbf-sacco.it (R.G.); nadia.zanchetta@asst-fbf-sacco.it (N.Z.); davide.mileto@unimi.it (D.M.); alessandro.mancon@unimi.it (A.M.); alberto.rizzo@asst-fbf-sacco.it (A.R.) – name: 3 Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy – name: 6 PRIMM S.r.l., Via dell’Artigianato 2, Dosson di Casier, 31030 Treviso, Italy; rigocinzia4@gmail.com (C.R.); sa.esse.sa@gmail.com (S.A.)
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Keywords	in silico epitope mapping structural vaccinology Chagas disease neglected tropical disease peptide microarray immunodiagnostics Trypanosoma cruzi
Language	English
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Snippet	Chagas disease (CD) is a vector-borne parasitosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, that affects millions of people worldwide. Although... Chagas disease (CD) is a vector-borne parasitosis, caused by the protozoan parasite , that affects millions of people worldwide. Although endemic in South...
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SubjectTerms	Antibodies Antigens Asymptomatic Biomarkers Chagas disease Climate change Cloning Crystal structure Crystallization Diagnostic systems Epitopes Immunogenicity Immunology in silico epitope mapping Infections Membranes neglected tropical disease Parasites Parasitic diseases Pathogens peptide microarray Peptides Polyclonal antibodies Proteins structural vaccinology Trypanosoma cruzi Vector-borne diseases
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