Supporting measurements or more averages? How to quantify cerebral blood flow most reliably in 5 minutes by arterial spin labeling

Purpose To determine whether sacrificing part of the scan time of pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) for measurement of the labeling efficiency and blood T1 is beneficial in terms of CBF quantification reliability. Methods In a simulation framework, 5‐minute scan protocols with differe...

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Vydané v:	Magnetic resonance in medicine Ročník 84; číslo 5; s. 2523 - 2536
Hlavní autori:	Bladt, Piet, van Osch, Matthias J. P., Clement, Patricia, Achten, Eric, Sijbers, Jan, den Dekker, Arnold J.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.11.2020 John Wiley and Sons Inc
Predmet:	absolute quantification Arteries Blood flow Brain - diagnostic imaging Cerebral blood flow Cerebrovascular Circulation Data acquisition Efficiency Full Papers—Imaging Methodology Ground truth Humans Labeling labeling efficiency longitudinal relaxation time of blood Magnetic Resonance Angiography Population (statistical) Population distribution Population statistics pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling Reproducibility of Results Spin labeling Spin Labels Variability labeling efficiency cerebral blood flow absolute quantification pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling longitudinal relaxation time of blood
ISSN:	0740-3194, 1522-2594, 1522-2594
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Abstract	Purpose To determine whether sacrificing part of the scan time of pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) for measurement of the labeling efficiency and blood T1 is beneficial in terms of CBF quantification reliability. Methods In a simulation framework, 5‐minute scan protocols with different scan time divisions between PCASL data acquisition and supporting measurements were evaluated in terms of CBF estimation variability across both noise and ground truth parameter realizations taken from the general population distribution. The entire simulation experiment was repeated for a single‐post‐labeling delay (PLD), multi‐PLD, and free‐lunch time‐encoded (te‐FL) PCASL acquisition strategy. Furthermore, a real data study was designed for preliminary validation. Results For the considered population statistics, measuring the labeling efficiency and the blood T1 proved beneficial in terms of CBF estimation variability for any distribution of the 5‐minute scan time compared to only acquiring ASL data. Compared to single‐PLD PCASL without support measurements as recommended in the consensus statement, a 26%, 33%, and 42% reduction in relative CBF estimation variability was found for optimal combinations of supporting measurements with single‐PLD, free‐lunch, and multi‐PLD PCASL data acquisition, respectively. The benefit of taking the individual variation of blood T1 into account was also demonstrated in the real data experiment. Conclusions Spending time to measure the labeling efficiency and the blood T1 instead of acquiring more averages of the PCASL data proves to be advisable for robust CBF quantification in the general population.
AbstractList	To determine whether sacrificing part of the scan time of pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) for measurement of the labeling efficiency and blood is beneficial in terms of CBF quantification reliability. In a simulation framework, 5-minute scan protocols with different scan time divisions between PCASL data acquisition and supporting measurements were evaluated in terms of CBF estimation variability across both noise and ground truth parameter realizations taken from the general population distribution. The entire simulation experiment was repeated for a single-post-labeling delay (PLD), multi-PLD, and free-lunch time-encoded (te-FL) PCASL acquisition strategy. Furthermore, a real data study was designed for preliminary validation. For the considered population statistics, measuring the labeling efficiency and the blood proved beneficial in terms of CBF estimation variability for any distribution of the 5-minute scan time compared to only acquiring ASL data. Compared to single-PLD PCASL without support measurements as recommended in the consensus statement, a 26%, 33%, and 42% reduction in relative CBF estimation variability was found for optimal combinations of supporting measurements with single-PLD, free-lunch, and multi-PLD PCASL data acquisition, respectively. The benefit of taking the individual variation of blood into account was also demonstrated in the real data experiment. Spending time to measure the labeling efficiency and the blood instead of acquiring more averages of the PCASL data proves to be advisable for robust CBF quantification in the general population. To determine whether sacrificing part of the scan time of pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) for measurement of the labeling efficiency and blood T1 is beneficial in terms of CBF quantification reliability.PURPOSETo determine whether sacrificing part of the scan time of pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) for measurement of the labeling efficiency and blood T1 is beneficial in terms of CBF quantification reliability.In a simulation framework, 5-minute scan protocols with different scan time divisions between PCASL data acquisition and supporting measurements were evaluated in terms of CBF estimation variability across both noise and ground truth parameter realizations taken from the general population distribution. The entire simulation experiment was repeated for a single-post-labeling delay (PLD), multi-PLD, and free-lunch time-encoded (te-FL) PCASL acquisition strategy. Furthermore, a real data study was designed for preliminary validation.METHODSIn a simulation framework, 5-minute scan protocols with different scan time divisions between PCASL data acquisition and supporting measurements were evaluated in terms of CBF estimation variability across both noise and ground truth parameter realizations taken from the general population distribution. The entire simulation experiment was repeated for a single-post-labeling delay (PLD), multi-PLD, and free-lunch time-encoded (te-FL) PCASL acquisition strategy. Furthermore, a real data study was designed for preliminary validation.For the considered population statistics, measuring the labeling efficiency and the blood T1 proved beneficial in terms of CBF estimation variability for any distribution of the 5-minute scan time compared to only acquiring ASL data. Compared to single-PLD PCASL without support measurements as recommended in the consensus statement, a 26%, 33%, and 42% reduction in relative CBF estimation variability was found for optimal combinations of supporting measurements with single-PLD, free-lunch, and multi-PLD PCASL data acquisition, respectively. The benefit of taking the individual variation of blood T1 into account was also demonstrated in the real data experiment.RESULTSFor the considered population statistics, measuring the labeling efficiency and the blood T1 proved beneficial in terms of CBF estimation variability for any distribution of the 5-minute scan time compared to only acquiring ASL data. Compared to single-PLD PCASL without support measurements as recommended in the consensus statement, a 26%, 33%, and 42% reduction in relative CBF estimation variability was found for optimal combinations of supporting measurements with single-PLD, free-lunch, and multi-PLD PCASL data acquisition, respectively. The benefit of taking the individual variation of blood T1 into account was also demonstrated in the real data experiment.Spending time to measure the labeling efficiency and the blood T1 instead of acquiring more averages of the PCASL data proves to be advisable for robust CBF quantification in the general population.CONCLUSIONSSpending time to measure the labeling efficiency and the blood T1 instead of acquiring more averages of the PCASL data proves to be advisable for robust CBF quantification in the general population. PurposeTo determine whether sacrificing part of the scan time of pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) for measurement of the labeling efficiency and blood T1 is beneficial in terms of CBF quantification reliability.MethodsIn a simulation framework, 5‐minute scan protocols with different scan time divisions between PCASL data acquisition and supporting measurements were evaluated in terms of CBF estimation variability across both noise and ground truth parameter realizations taken from the general population distribution. The entire simulation experiment was repeated for a single‐post‐labeling delay (PLD), multi‐PLD, and free‐lunch time‐encoded (te‐FL) PCASL acquisition strategy. Furthermore, a real data study was designed for preliminary validation.ResultsFor the considered population statistics, measuring the labeling efficiency and the blood T1 proved beneficial in terms of CBF estimation variability for any distribution of the 5‐minute scan time compared to only acquiring ASL data. Compared to single‐PLD PCASL without support measurements as recommended in the consensus statement, a 26%, 33%, and 42% reduction in relative CBF estimation variability was found for optimal combinations of supporting measurements with single‐PLD, free‐lunch, and multi‐PLD PCASL data acquisition, respectively. The benefit of taking the individual variation of blood T1 into account was also demonstrated in the real data experiment.ConclusionsSpending time to measure the labeling efficiency and the blood T1 instead of acquiring more averages of the PCASL data proves to be advisable for robust CBF quantification in the general population. Purpose To determine whether sacrificing part of the scan time of pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) for measurement of the labeling efficiency and blood T1 is beneficial in terms of CBF quantification reliability. Methods In a simulation framework, 5‐minute scan protocols with different scan time divisions between PCASL data acquisition and supporting measurements were evaluated in terms of CBF estimation variability across both noise and ground truth parameter realizations taken from the general population distribution. The entire simulation experiment was repeated for a single‐post‐labeling delay (PLD), multi‐PLD, and free‐lunch time‐encoded (te‐FL) PCASL acquisition strategy. Furthermore, a real data study was designed for preliminary validation. Results For the considered population statistics, measuring the labeling efficiency and the blood T1 proved beneficial in terms of CBF estimation variability for any distribution of the 5‐minute scan time compared to only acquiring ASL data. Compared to single‐PLD PCASL without support measurements as recommended in the consensus statement, a 26%, 33%, and 42% reduction in relative CBF estimation variability was found for optimal combinations of supporting measurements with single‐PLD, free‐lunch, and multi‐PLD PCASL data acquisition, respectively. The benefit of taking the individual variation of blood T1 into account was also demonstrated in the real data experiment. Conclusions Spending time to measure the labeling efficiency and the blood T1 instead of acquiring more averages of the PCASL data proves to be advisable for robust CBF quantification in the general population.
Author	van Osch, Matthias J. P. Clement, Patricia den Dekker, Arnold J. Achten, Eric Sijbers, Jan Bladt, Piet
AuthorAffiliation	2 Department of Radiology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands 3 Leiden Institute of Brain and Cognition Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands 4 Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Ghent University Ghent Belgium 1 imec - Vision Lab, Department of Physics University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 4 Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Ghent University Ghent Belgium – name: 1 imec - Vision Lab, Department of Physics University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium – name: 2 Department of Radiology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands – name: 3 Leiden Institute of Brain and Cognition Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Piet orcidid: 0000-0002-1294-9948 surname: Bladt fullname: Bladt, Piet email: piet.bladt@uantwerpen.be organization: University of Antwerp – sequence: 2 givenname: Matthias J. P. orcidid: 0000-0001-7034-8959 surname: van Osch fullname: van Osch, Matthias J. P. organization: Leiden University – sequence: 3 givenname: Patricia surname: Clement fullname: Clement, Patricia organization: Ghent University – sequence: 4 givenname: Eric orcidid: 0000-0002-5148-4178 surname: Achten fullname: Achten, Eric organization: Ghent University – sequence: 5 givenname: Jan surname: Sijbers fullname: Sijbers, Jan organization: University of Antwerp – sequence: 6 givenname: Arnold J. surname: den Dekker fullname: den Dekker, Arnold J. organization: University of Antwerp
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Keywords	labeling efficiency cerebral blood flow absolute quantification pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling longitudinal relaxation time of blood
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Snippet	Purpose To determine whether sacrificing part of the scan time of pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) for measurement of the labeling efficiency... To determine whether sacrificing part of the scan time of pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) for measurement of the labeling efficiency and blood... PurposeTo determine whether sacrificing part of the scan time of pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) for measurement of the labeling efficiency...
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SubjectTerms	absolute quantification Arteries Blood flow Brain - diagnostic imaging Cerebral blood flow Cerebrovascular Circulation Data acquisition Efficiency Full Papers—Imaging Methodology Ground truth Humans Labeling labeling efficiency longitudinal relaxation time of blood Magnetic Resonance Angiography Population (statistical) Population distribution Population statistics pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling Reproducibility of Results Spin labeling Spin Labels Variability
Title	Supporting measurements or more averages? How to quantify cerebral blood flow most reliably in 5 minutes by arterial spin labeling
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