Risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 in a car cabin assessed through 3D CFD simulations

In this study, the risk of infection from SARS‐CoV‐2 Delta variant of passengers sharing a car cabin with an infected subject for a 30‐min journey is estimated through an integrated approach combining a recently developed predictive emission‐to‐risk approach and a validated CFD numerical model numer...

Celý popis

Uložené v:
Podrobná bibliografia
Vydané v:Indoor air Ročník 32; číslo 3; s. e13012 - n/a
Hlavní autori: Arpino, Fausto, Grossi, Giorgio, Cortellessa, Gino, Mikszewski, Alex, Morawska, Lidia, Buonanno, Giorgio, Stabile, Luca
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:English
Vydavateľské údaje: England John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.03.2022
John Wiley and Sons Inc
Predmet:
Air flow
Automobiles
car cabin
CFD analysis
Computational fluid dynamics
Computer Simulation
Confined spaces
COVID-19 - etiology
Evaluation
Flow distribution
Flow pattern
Flow rates
Flow velocity
Fluid dynamics
Health risks
Humans
HVAC
HVAC equipment
Hydrodynamics
Indoor environments
Infections
Mathematical models
Numerical models
respiratory particles
Review
Risk
risk of infection
SARS-CoV-2
Seats
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Ventilation
virus transmission
risk of infection
SARS-CoV-2
CFD analysis
respiratory particles
car cabin
virus transmission
ISSN:0905-6947, 1600-0668, 1600-0668
On-line prístup:Získať plný text
Tagy: Pridať tag
Žiadne tagy, Buďte prvý, kto otaguje tento záznam!
Abstract In this study, the risk of infection from SARS‐CoV‐2 Delta variant of passengers sharing a car cabin with an infected subject for a 30‐min journey is estimated through an integrated approach combining a recently developed predictive emission‐to‐risk approach and a validated CFD numerical model numerically solved using the open‐source OpenFOAM software. Different scenarios were investigated to evaluate the effect of the infected subject position within the car cabin, the airflow rate of the HVAC system, the HVAC ventilation mode, and the expiratory activity (breathing vs. speaking). The numerical simulations here performed reveal that the risk of infection is strongly influenced by several key parameters: As an example, under the same ventilation mode and emitting scenario, the risk of infection ranges from zero to roughly 50% as a function of the HVAC flow rate. The results obtained also demonstrate that (i) simplified zero‐dimensional approaches limit proper evaluation of the risk in such confined spaces, conversely, (ii) CFD approaches are needed to investigate the complex fluid dynamics in similar indoor environments, and, thus, (iii) the risk of infection in indoor environments characterized by fixed seats can be in principle controlled by properly designing the flow patterns of the environment.
AbstractList In this study, the risk of infection from SARS‐CoV‐2 Delta variant of passengers sharing a car cabin with an infected subject for a 30‐min journey is estimated through an integrated approach combining a recently developed predictive emission‐to‐risk approach and a validated CFD numerical model numerically solved using the open‐source OpenFOAM software. Different scenarios were investigated to evaluate the effect of the infected subject position within the car cabin, the airflow rate of the HVAC system, the HVAC ventilation mode, and the expiratory activity (breathing vs. speaking). The numerical simulations here performed reveal that the risk of infection is strongly influenced by several key parameters: As an example, under the same ventilation mode and emitting scenario, the risk of infection ranges from zero to roughly 50% as a function of the HVAC flow rate. The results obtained also demonstrate that (i) simplified zero‐dimensional approaches limit proper evaluation of the risk in such confined spaces, conversely, (ii) CFD approaches are needed to investigate the complex fluid dynamics in similar indoor environments, and, thus, (iii) the risk of infection in indoor environments characterized by fixed seats can be in principle controlled by properly designing the flow patterns of the environment.
In this study, the risk of infection from SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant of passengers sharing a car cabin with an infected subject for a 30-min journey is estimated through an integrated approach combining a recently developed predictive emission-to-risk approach and a validated CFD numerical model numerically solved using the open-source OpenFOAM software. Different scenarios were investigated to evaluate the effect of the infected subject position within the car cabin, the airflow rate of the HVAC system, the HVAC ventilation mode, and the expiratory activity (breathing vs. speaking). The numerical simulations here performed reveal that the risk of infection is strongly influenced by several key parameters: As an example, under the same ventilation mode and emitting scenario, the risk of infection ranges from zero to roughly 50% as a function of the HVAC flow rate. The results obtained also demonstrate that (i) simplified zero-dimensional approaches limit proper evaluation of the risk in such confined spaces, conversely, (ii) CFD approaches are needed to investigate the complex fluid dynamics in similar indoor environments, and, thus, (iii) the risk of infection in indoor environments characterized by fixed seats can be in principle controlled by properly designing the flow patterns of the environment.In this study, the risk of infection from SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant of passengers sharing a car cabin with an infected subject for a 30-min journey is estimated through an integrated approach combining a recently developed predictive emission-to-risk approach and a validated CFD numerical model numerically solved using the open-source OpenFOAM software. Different scenarios were investigated to evaluate the effect of the infected subject position within the car cabin, the airflow rate of the HVAC system, the HVAC ventilation mode, and the expiratory activity (breathing vs. speaking). The numerical simulations here performed reveal that the risk of infection is strongly influenced by several key parameters: As an example, under the same ventilation mode and emitting scenario, the risk of infection ranges from zero to roughly 50% as a function of the HVAC flow rate. The results obtained also demonstrate that (i) simplified zero-dimensional approaches limit proper evaluation of the risk in such confined spaces, conversely, (ii) CFD approaches are needed to investigate the complex fluid dynamics in similar indoor environments, and, thus, (iii) the risk of infection in indoor environments characterized by fixed seats can be in principle controlled by properly designing the flow patterns of the environment.
Author Morawska, Lidia
Arpino, Fausto
Cortellessa, Gino
Grossi, Giorgio
Buonanno, Giorgio
Stabile, Luca
Mikszewski, Alex
AuthorAffiliation 1 Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering University of Cassino and Southern Lazio Cassino FR Italy
2 International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 2 International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia
– name: 1 Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering University of Cassino and Southern Lazio Cassino FR Italy
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Fausto
  surname: Arpino
  fullname: Arpino, Fausto
  organization: University of Cassino and Southern Lazio
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Giorgio
  surname: Grossi
  fullname: Grossi, Giorgio
  organization: University of Cassino and Southern Lazio
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Gino
  surname: Cortellessa
  fullname: Cortellessa, Gino
  organization: University of Cassino and Southern Lazio
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Alex
  orcidid: 0000-0003-4126-4590
  surname: Mikszewski
  fullname: Mikszewski, Alex
  organization: Queensland University of Technology
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Lidia
  orcidid: 0000-0002-0594-9683
  surname: Morawska
  fullname: Morawska, Lidia
  organization: Queensland University of Technology
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Giorgio
  surname: Buonanno
  fullname: Buonanno, Giorgio
  organization: Queensland University of Technology
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Luca
  orcidid: 0000-0003-2454-0389
  surname: Stabile
  fullname: Stabile, Luca
  email: l.stabile@unicas.it
  organization: University of Cassino and Southern Lazio
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35347787$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNp1kctOGzEUhq0KBAG66AtUlrppFwO-O95UikKhkRBI3LaWx_EQ04lN7RkQuz5Cn5EnqUkCKgh8t_ydX7_P2QJrIQYHwCeMdnFpez6YXUwRJh_AAAuEKiTEcA0MkEK8EorJTbCV8zVCWFJFN8Am5ZRJOZQDMDn1-ReMDTwbnZ49_Pk7jpdlJdAHaKA1qcz68ZyzK2MKu1mK_dUM0n04PtiH2c_71nQ-hrwD1hvTZvdxtW-Di4Mf5-Of1dHJ4WQ8OqosY5RUHHFjHMc1J6K2teHMSGvIlBBVS-SULZ0IzJm02JWrs42TzbARjDhBbE23wfel7k1fz93UutAl0-qb5Ocm3etovH75EvxMX8VbrUqqiKJF4OtKIMXfvcudnvtsXdua4GKfNRGMKcaYRAX98gq9jn0K5XsLijDOuSrU5_8dPVt5ynIB9paATTHn5BptfbfIWjHoW42RfqyjLnXUizqWiG-vIp5E32JX6ne-dffvg3pyPFpG_AOJ5KxS
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2022_1087087
crossref_primary_10_3390_atmos15111316
crossref_primary_10_3390_atmos16020116
crossref_primary_10_1177_11786302221148274
crossref_primary_10_1177_01436244231204450
crossref_primary_10_3390_atmos13030389
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_buildenv_2023_110257
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_enbuild_2023_113033
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_seppur_2024_128028
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_buildenv_2023_110099
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_buildenv_2023_110074
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_buildenv_2023_111065
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2023_166099
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psep_2025_107619
crossref_primary_10_1111_ina_13123
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_buildenv_2025_113153
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jth_2024_101829
crossref_primary_10_1155_2024_6685891
crossref_primary_10_1088_1742_6596_2509_1_012024
crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2220882120
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaerosci_2023_106285
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apr_2024_102155
crossref_primary_10_1177_1420326X241267888
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_buildenv_2023_110222
crossref_primary_10_1615_ComputThermalScien_2025058350
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11357_024_01379_7
Cites_doi 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148749
10.5094/APR.2015.039
10.1186/s12931-021-01637-8
10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.5225
10.1016/j.gsf.2022.101398
10.1073/pnas.2012156117
10.1016/j.envint.2020.105730
10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01427.x
10.1038/s41598-020-69286-3
10.1073/pnas.2019324117
10.1371/journal.pone.0235943
10.3201/eid2612.203910
10.3201/eid1003.030683
10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.023
10.1056/NEJMoa2019375
10.1007/978-3-030-25253-3_44
10.1128/mBio.02527-21
10.1016/j.envint.2020.105794
10.1063/5.0061219
10.1126/sciadv.abe0166
10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00869-2
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151499
10.1111/ina.12720
10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108648
10.4271/2008-01-0732
10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2019.11.006
10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30323-4
10.1056/NEJMc2004973
10.1016/j.jinf.2021.08.027
10.1002/0470014164
10.1111/ina.12751
10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108042
10.1016/j.envint.2020.106112
10.1038/s42004-021-00548-5
10.1016/j.energy.2020.119751
10.1093/jtm/taab161
10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.063
10.1016/j.energy.2021.121685
10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.025
10.1371/journal.pone.0021481
10.1007/s10973-019-09001-1
10.3390/su13126799
10.1016/j.culher.2019.02.017
10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.50.2101147
10.1016/j.mran.2021.100198
10.1016/j.envint.2020.105832
10.1016/j.envint.2020.106326
10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.11.002
10.7554/eLife.63537
10.1101/2021.04.27.441510
10.1007/BF03181954
10.1016/j.mran.2020.100140
10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101285
10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00469.x
10.1101/2021.10.14.21264988
10.1093/ofid/ofaa430
10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30833-1
10.1017/S0950268811000835
10.1186/s12879-021-06884-0
10.1093/cid/ciaa1675
10.1111/ina.12187
10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215091
10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2020.103439
10.5603/MH.2020.0003
10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.07.009
10.1016/j.camwa.2020.03.007
10.1038/s41586-020-2271-3
10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00621.x
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2022 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Copyright © 2022 John Wiley & Sons A/S
Copyright_xml – notice: 2022 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
– notice: Copyright © 2022 John Wiley & Sons A/S
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
7ST
8FD
C1K
FR3
KR7
SOI
7X8
5PM
DOI 10.1111/ina.13012
DatabaseName CrossRef
Medline
MEDLINE
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE
MEDLINE
PubMed
Environment Abstracts
Technology Research Database
Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management
Engineering Research Database
Civil Engineering Abstracts
Environment Abstracts
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
MEDLINE
Medline Complete
MEDLINE with Full Text
PubMed
MEDLINE (Ovid)
Civil Engineering Abstracts
Engineering Research Database
Technology Research Database
Environment Abstracts
Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList Civil Engineering Abstracts
MEDLINE - Academic

MEDLINE
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 2
  dbid: 7X8
  name: MEDLINE - Academic
  url: https://search.proquest.com/medline
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Engineering
DocumentTitleAlternate ARPINO et al
EISSN 1600-0668
EndPage n/a
ExternalDocumentID PMC9111293
35347787
10_1111_ina_13012
INA13012
Genre reviewArticle
Journal Article
Review
GroupedDBID ---
.3N
.GA
.Y3
05W
0R~
10A
1OB
1OC
24P
29I
31~
33P
36B
3SF
4.4
4P2
50Y
50Z
51W
51X
52M
52N
52O
52P
52R
52S
52T
52U
52V
52W
52X
53G
5GY
5HH
5LA
5VS
66C
702
7PT
8-0
8-1
8-3
8-4
8-5
8C1
8UM
930
A01
A03
AAESR
AAEVG
AAHHS
AAJEY
AAKAS
AANHP
AAONW
AASGY
AAXRX
AAZKR
ABCQN
ABCUV
ABDBF
ABEML
ABJNI
ABPVW
ABUWG
ABXGK
ACAHQ
ACBWZ
ACCFJ
ACCMX
ACCZN
ACGFS
ACIWK
ACMXC
ACPOU
ACRPL
ACSCC
ACUHS
ACXBN
ACXQS
ACYXJ
ADBBV
ADEOM
ADIZJ
ADKYN
ADMGS
ADNMO
ADOZA
ADXAS
ADZCM
ADZMN
ADZOD
AEEZP
AEIMD
AENEX
AEQDE
AEUQT
AEUYN
AFBPY
AFEBI
AFGKR
AFKRA
AFPWT
AFRAH
AFZJQ
AHEFC
AIACR
AIURR
AIWBW
AJBDE
ALAGY
ALIPV
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
ALUQN
AMBMR
AMYDB
AOETA
ASPBG
ATCPS
ATUGU
AVWKF
AZBYB
AZFZN
AZVAB
BAFTC
BDRZF
BENPR
BFHJK
BHBCM
BHPHI
BMXJE
BROTX
BRXPI
BY8
C45
CAG
CCPQU
COF
CS3
D-6
D-7
D-E
D-F
DC6
DCZOG
DPXWK
DR2
DRFUL
DRMAN
DRSTM
DU5
EAD
EAP
EBC
EBD
EBS
EDH
EJD
EMB
EMK
EMOBN
EST
ESX
F00
F01
F04
F5P
FEDTE
FUBAC
FYUFA
FZ0
G-S
G.N
GODZA
H.X
H13
HCIFZ
HF~
HVGLF
HZI
HZ~
IHE
IX1
J0M
K48
KBYEO
LATKE
LC2
LC3
LEEKS
LH4
LITHE
LOXES
LP6
LP7
LUTES
LW6
LYRES
MK4
MRFUL
MRMAN
MRSTM
MSFUL
MSMAN
MSSTM
MXFUL
MXMAN
MXSTM
N04
N05
N9A
NF~
O66
O9-
OIG
OVD
P2W
P2X
P2Z
P4B
P4D
PALCI
PATMY
PIMPY
PQQKQ
PYCSY
Q.N
Q11
QB0
R.K
RHX
RIWAO
RJQFR
ROL
RX1
SAMSI
SUPJJ
SV3
TEORI
UB1
UKHRP
W8V
W99
WBKPD
WIH
WIJ
WIK
WLBEL
WOHZO
WQJ
WRC
WUP
WXI
WXSBR
WYISQ
XG1
YFH
ZZTAW
~IA
~WT
AAMMB
AAYXX
AEFGJ
AFFHD
AGQPQ
AGXDD
AIDQK
AIDYY
AIQQE
BANNL
CITATION
O8X
PHGZM
PHGZT
PJZUB
PPXIY
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
7ST
8FD
C1K
FR3
KR7
SOI
7X8
5PM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c4432-505aae51b526bcba54a7ca2d229b70e9c9c9261547c1ee9cecfe7f8f642e62cb3
IEDL.DBID DRFUL
ISICitedReferencesCount 30
ISICitedReferencesURI http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000773567500001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN 0905-6947
1600-0668
IngestDate Tue Nov 04 01:46:37 EST 2025
Sun Nov 09 10:47:18 EST 2025
Fri Jul 25 21:00:21 EDT 2025
Mon Jul 21 06:03:47 EDT 2025
Tue Nov 18 22:43:22 EST 2025
Sat Nov 29 03:40:14 EST 2025
Wed Jan 22 16:25:40 EST 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 3
Keywords risk of infection
SARS-CoV-2
CFD analysis
respiratory particles
car cabin
virus transmission
Language English
License 2022 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c4432-505aae51b526bcba54a7ca2d229b70e9c9c9261547c1ee9cecfe7f8f642e62cb3
Notes Funding information
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not‐for‐profit sectors
ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
ObjectType-Review-3
content type line 23
ORCID 0000-0002-0594-9683
0000-0003-4126-4590
0000-0003-2454-0389
OpenAccessLink https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9111293
PMID 35347787
PQID 2644245559
PQPubID 105551
PageCount 20
ParticipantIDs pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_9111293
proquest_miscellaneous_2644944470
proquest_journals_2644245559
pubmed_primary_35347787
crossref_citationtrail_10_1111_ina_13012
crossref_primary_10_1111_ina_13012
wiley_primary_10_1111_ina_13012_INA13012
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate March 2022
2022-03-00
20220301
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2022-03-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 03
  year: 2022
  text: March 2022
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace England
PublicationPlace_xml – name: England
– name: Malden
– name: Hoboken
PublicationTitle Indoor air
PublicationTitleAlternate Indoor Air
PublicationYear 2022
Publisher John Wiley & Sons, Inc
John Wiley and Sons Inc
Publisher_xml – name: John Wiley & Sons, Inc
– name: John Wiley and Sons Inc
References 2021; 209
2021; 26
2021; 21
2009; 40
2021; 22
2021; 202
2021; 28
2020; 16
2019; 127
2020; 15
1994; 24
2020; 10
2008; 1
2021; 73
1994; 2012
2009; 12
2020; 8
2020; 7
2010; 20
2021; 31
2020; 52
2021; 794
2020; 132
2007; Method
2020; 139
2021; 397
2021; 83
2010; 30
2007; 17
2012; 140
2021; 7
2015; 6
2021; 4
2020; 383
2020; 140
2012
2020; 382
2020; 141
2020; 142
2020; 582
2021; 147
2020; 180
2021; 108
2020; 80
2019; 39
2020; 100
2020; 145
2004
1993
2021; 220
2022; 238
2011; 6
2004; 10
2021; 13
2021; 816
2015; 25
2021; 10
2021; 12
2021; 11
2020; 75
2021
2020; 110
2020; 71
2018; 156
2011; 42
2020; 26
2020; 117
2009; 6
e_1_2_8_28_1
Pasaoglu Kilanc G (e_1_2_8_48_1) 2012
e_1_2_8_24_1
e_1_2_8_47_1
e_1_2_8_26_1
e_1_2_8_68_1
International Commission on Radiological Protection (e_1_2_8_71_1) 1994; 24
Te Lindert BHW (e_1_2_8_52_1) 2018
e_1_2_8_3_1
e_1_2_8_5_1
e_1_2_8_7_1
e_1_2_8_20_1
e_1_2_8_43_1
e_1_2_8_66_1
e_1_2_8_22_1
e_1_2_8_45_1
e_1_2_8_64_1
e_1_2_8_62_1
e_1_2_8_41_1
e_1_2_8_60_1
e_1_2_8_17_1
e_1_2_8_19_1
e_1_2_8_13_1
e_1_2_8_59_1
e_1_2_8_15_1
e_1_2_8_38_1
e_1_2_8_57_1
Yang N (e_1_2_8_9_1) 2020; 52
e_1_2_8_70_1
e_1_2_8_55_1
e_1_2_8_11_1
e_1_2_8_34_1
e_1_2_8_53_1
e_1_2_8_76_1
e_1_2_8_51_1
e_1_2_8_74_1
e_1_2_8_30_1
e_1_2_8_72_1
e_1_2_8_29_1
e_1_2_8_25_1
e_1_2_8_46_1
e_1_2_8_27_1
e_1_2_8_69_1
Hudda N (e_1_2_8_36_1) 1994; 2012
e_1_2_8_2_1
e_1_2_8_4_1
Versteeg HK (e_1_2_8_49_1) 2007
e_1_2_8_6_1
e_1_2_8_8_1
e_1_2_8_21_1
e_1_2_8_42_1
e_1_2_8_67_1
e_1_2_8_23_1
e_1_2_8_44_1
e_1_2_8_65_1
e_1_2_8_63_1
e_1_2_8_40_1
e_1_2_8_61_1
e_1_2_8_18_1
e_1_2_8_39_1
e_1_2_8_14_1
e_1_2_8_35_1
e_1_2_8_16_1
e_1_2_8_37_1
e_1_2_8_58_1
Noakes CJ (e_1_2_8_32_1) 2009; 6
e_1_2_8_10_1
e_1_2_8_31_1
e_1_2_8_56_1
e_1_2_8_77_1
e_1_2_8_12_1
e_1_2_8_33_1
e_1_2_8_54_1
e_1_2_8_75_1
e_1_2_8_73_1
e_1_2_8_50_1
References_xml – volume: 127
  start-page: 773
  year: 2019
  end-page: 784
  article-title: Exploring the effects of ventilation practices in mitigating in‐vehicle exposure to traffic‐related air pollutants in China
  publication-title: Environ Int
– volume: 202
  start-page: 108042
  year: 2021
  article-title: Ventilation procedures to minimize the airborne transmission of viruses in classrooms
  publication-title: Build Environ
– volume: 397
  start-page: 1603
  year: 2021
  end-page: 1605
  article-title: Ten scientific reasons in support of airborne transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2
  publication-title: Lancet
– year: 2021
– volume: 110
  start-page: 248
  year: 2020
  end-page: 261
  article-title: Improvement of the wet steam ejector performance in a refrigeration cycle via changing the ejector geometry by a novel EEC (Entropy generation, Entrainment ratio, and Coefficient of performance) method
  publication-title: Int J Refrig
– start-page: 100198
  year: 2021
  article-title: Using thermodynamic equilibrium models to predict the effect of antiviral agents on infectivity: theoretical application to SARS‐CoV‐2 and other viruses
  publication-title: Microb Risk Anal
– volume: 26
  start-page: 2101147
  year: 2021
  article-title: Outbreak caused by the SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron variant in Norway, November to December 2021
  publication-title: Eurosurveillance
– volume: 75
  start-page: 693
  year: 2020
  article-title: COVID‐19: in the footsteps of Ernest Shackleton
  publication-title: Thorax
– volume: 8
  start-page: 914
  year: 2020
  end-page: 924
  article-title: Particle sizes of infectious aerosols: implications for infection control
  publication-title: Lancet Respir. Med
– volume: 180
  start-page: 1665
  year: 2020
  end-page: 1671
  article-title: Community outbreak investigation of SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission among bus riders in Eastern China
  publication-title: JAMA Intern Med
– start-page: 101285
  year: 2021
  article-title: The airborne contagiousness of respiratory viruses: a comparative analysis and implications for mitigation
  publication-title: Geosci Front
– volume: 26
  start-page: 2872
  year: 2020
  article-title: Flight‐associated transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 corroborated by whole‐genome sequencing
  publication-title: Emerging Infectious Disease Journal
– volume: 209
  start-page: 108648
  year: 2021
  article-title: A Eulerian‐Lagrangian approach for the non‐isothermal and transient CFD analysis of the aerosol airborne dispersion in a car cabin
  publication-title: Build Environ
– volume: 816
  start-page: 151499
  year: 2021
  article-title: Increased close proximity airborne transmission of the SARS‐CoV‐2 Delta variant
  publication-title: Sci Total Environ
– volume: 83
  start-page: e1
  year: 2021
  end-page: e3
  article-title: The Delta SARS‐CoV‐2 variant has a higher viral load than the Beta and the historical variants in nasopharyngeal samples from newly diagnosed COVID‐19 patients
  publication-title: J Infect
– volume: 21
  start-page: 1193
  year: 2021
  article-title: The vaccination threshold for SARS‐CoV‐2 depends on the indoor setting and room ventilation
  publication-title: BMC Infect Dis
– volume: 4
  start-page: 110
  year: 2021
  article-title: Spatial and temporal scales of variability for indoor air constituents
  publication-title: Communications Chemistry
– volume: 140
  start-page: 2421
  year: 2020
  end-page: 2433
  article-title: Optimization volumetric heating in condensing steam flow by a novel method
  publication-title: J Therm Anal Calorim
– volume: 794
  start-page: 148749
  year: 2021
  article-title: Close proximity risk assessment for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
  publication-title: Sci Total Environ
– volume: 52
  start-page: 891
  year: 2020
  end-page: 901
  article-title: In‐flight transmission cluster of COVID‐19: a retrospective case series
  publication-title: Null
– volume: 7
  start-page: ofaa430
  year: 2020
  article-title: Transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 in public transportation vehicles: a case study in hunan province, China
  publication-title: Open Forum Infect Dis
– volume: 25
  start-page: 683
  year: 2015
  end-page: 693
  article-title: Effectiveness of a personalized ventilation system in reducing personal exposure against directly released simulated cough droplets
  publication-title: Indoor Air
– volume: 21
  start-page: 333
  year: 2021
  end-page: 343
  article-title: SARS‐CoV‐2 seroprevalence and transmission risk factors among high‐risk close contacts: a retrospective cohort study
  publication-title: Lancet Infect Dis
– volume: 28
  issue: 8
  year: 2021
  article-title: A SARS‐CoV‐2 Delta variant outbreak on airplane: vaccinated air passengers are more protected than unvaccinated
  publication-title: Journal of Travel Medicine
– volume: 6
  year: 2011
  article-title: Dynamics of airborne influenza a viruses indoors and dependence on humidity
  publication-title: PLoS One
– year: 2004
– volume: 12
  start-page: 119
  year: 2009
  end-page: 130
  article-title: Measurement of airflow of air‐conditioning in a car with PIV
  publication-title: J vis
– volume: 117
  start-page: 25237
  year: 2020
  end-page: 25245
  article-title: Speech can produce jet‐like transport relevant to asymptomatic spreading of virus
  publication-title: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
– volume: 17
  start-page: 211
  year: 2007
  end-page: 225
  article-title: How far droplets can move in indoor environments? revisiting the Wells evaporation? falling curve
  publication-title: Indoor Air
– volume: 30
  start-page: 1129
  year: 2010
  end-page: 1138
  article-title: Development of a dose‐response model for SARS coronavirus
  publication-title: Risk Anal
– volume: 22
  start-page: 73
  year: 2021
  article-title: Characterization of hospital airborne SARS‐CoV‐2
  publication-title: Respir Res
– volume: 382
  start-page: 1564
  year: 2020
  end-page: 1567
  article-title: Aerosol and surface stability of SARS‐CoV‐2 as compared with SARS‐CoV‐1
  publication-title: N Engl J Med
– volume: 141
  start-page: 105794
  year: 2020
  article-title: Estimation of airborne viral emission: Quanta emission rate of SARS‐CoV‐2 for infection risk assessment
  publication-title: Environ Int
– volume: 16
  start-page: 100140
  year: 2020
  article-title: Thermodynamic equilibrium dose‐response models for MERS‐CoV infection reveal a potential protective role of human lung mucus but not for SARS‐CoV‐2
  publication-title: Microb Risk Anal
– volume: 10
  start-page: 12732
  year: 2020
  article-title: Aerosol and surface contamination of SARS‐CoV‐2 observed in quarantine and isolation care
  publication-title: Sci Rep
– volume: 140
  start-page: 474
  year: 2012
  end-page: 478
  article-title: The risk of airborne influenza transmission in passenger cars
  publication-title: Epidemiol Infect
– year: 1993
– volume: 147
  start-page: 106326
  year: 2021
  article-title: Tracing surface and airborne SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA inside public buses and subway trains
  publication-title: Environ Int
– volume: 71
  start-page: 5
  year: 2020
  end-page: 8
  article-title: Coronavirus (Covid‐19) outbreak on the cruise ship diamond princess
  publication-title: Int Marit Health
– volume: 31
  start-page: 314
  issue: 2
  year: 2021
  end-page: 323
  article-title: Transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 by inhalation of respiratory aerosol in the Skagit Valley Chorale superspreading event
  publication-title: Indoor Air
– volume: 39
  start-page: 221
  year: 2019
  end-page: 228
  article-title: Assessment of the impact of particulate dry deposition on soiling of indoor cultural heritage objects found in churches and museums/libraries
  publication-title: Journal of Cultural Heritage
– volume: 15
  year: 2020
  article-title: Air and surface measurements of SARS‐CoV‐2 inside a bus during normal operation
  publication-title: PLoS One
– volume: 145
  start-page: 106112
  year: 2020
  article-title: Quantitative assessment of the risk of airborne transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: prospective and retrospective applications
  publication-title: Environ Int
– volume: 1
  start-page: 631
  year: 2008
  end-page: 639
  article-title: Ventilation characteristics of modeled compact car part 1 airflow velocity measurement with PIV
  publication-title: SAE Int J Passeng Cars – Mech Syst
– volume: 100
  start-page: 476
  year: 2020
  end-page: 482
  article-title: Viable SARS‐CoV‐2 in the air of a hospital room with COVID‐19 patients
  publication-title: Int J Infect Dis
– volume: 220
  start-page: 119751
  year: 2021
  article-title: A blackbox optimization of volumetric heating rate for reducing the wetness of the steam flow through turbine blades
  publication-title: Energy
– volume: 6
  start-page: S791
  issue: Suppl 6
  year: 2009
  end-page: 800
  article-title: Mathematical models for assessing the role of airflow on the risk of airborne infection in hospital wards
  publication-title: J R Soc Interface
– volume: 156
  start-page: 353
  year: 2018
  end-page: 365
– volume: 73
  start-page: e241
  year: 2021
  end-page: e245
  article-title: Dose‐response relation deduced for coronaviruses from coronavirus disease 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and middle east respiratory syndrome: meta‐analysis results and its application for infection risk assessment of aerosol transmission
  publication-title: Clin Infect Dis
– volume: 10
  year: 2021
  article-title: Viral load and contact heterogeneity predict SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission and super‐spreading events
  publication-title: Elife
– volume: 11
  year: 2021
  article-title: On the utility of a well‐mixed model for predicting disease transmission on an urban bus
  publication-title: AIP Adv
– volume: 2012
  start-page: 578
  issue: 59
  year: 1994
  end-page: 586
  article-title: Linking in‐vehicle ultrafine particle exposures to on‐road concentrations
  publication-title: Atmos Environ
– volume: 80
  start-page: 140
  year: 2020
  end-page: 160
  article-title: Numerical simulation and passive control of condensing flow through turbine blade by NVD Method Using Eulerian‐Lagrangian Model
  publication-title: Comput Math Appl
– volume: 7
  year: 2021
  article-title: Airflows inside passenger cars and implications for airborne disease transmission
  publication-title: Sci Adv
– volume: 6
  start-page: 351
  year: 2015
  end-page: 364
  article-title: Detached eddy simulation of turbulent flow in isolated street canyons of different aspect ratios
  publication-title: Atmospheric Pollution Research
– volume: 582
  start-page: 557
  year: 2020
  end-page: 560
  article-title: Aerodynamic analysis of SARS‐CoV‐2 in two Wuhan hospitals
  publication-title: Nature
– volume: 142
  start-page: 105832
  year: 2020
  article-title: How can airborne transmission of COVID‐19 indoors be minimised?
  publication-title: Environ Int
– volume: 20
  start-page: 2
  year: 2010
  end-page: 16
  article-title: Review and comparison between the Wells‐Riley and dose‐response approaches to risk assessment of infectious respiratory diseases
  publication-title: Indoor Air
– year: 2012
– volume: 42
  start-page: 839
  year: 2011
  end-page: 851
  article-title: Modality of human expired aerosol size distributions
  publication-title: J Aerosol Sci
– volume: 132
  start-page: 103439
  year: 2020
  article-title: Host‐to‐host airborne transmission as a multiphase flow problem for science‐based social distance guidelines
  publication-title: Int J Multiph Flow
– volume: 10
  start-page: 413
  year: 2004
  end-page: 418
  article-title: Coronaviridae and SARS‐associated coronavirus strain HSR1
  publication-title: Emerg Infect Dis
– volume: 24
  start-page: 1
  year: 1994
  end-page: 482
  article-title: Human respiratory tract model for radiological protection. A report of a Task Group of the International Commission on Radiological Protection
  publication-title: Annals of the ICRP
– volume: 117
  start-page: 32038
  year: 2020
  article-title: Event‐specific interventions to minimize COVID‐19 transmission
  publication-title: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
– volume: 142
  start-page: 457
  year: 2020
  end-page: 467
– volume: 383
  start-page: 2417
  year: 2020
  end-page: 2426
  article-title: An outbreak of Covid‐19 on an aircraft carrier
  publication-title: N Engl J Med
– volume: 139
  start-page: 105730
  year: 2020
  article-title: Airborne transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2: the world should face the reality
  publication-title: Environ Int
– volume: 12
  issue: 5
  year: 2021
  article-title: Infectious SARS‐CoV‐2 is emitted in aerosol particles
  publication-title: MBio
– volume: Method
  year: 2007
– volume: 40
  start-page: 256
  year: 2009
  end-page: 269
  article-title: Size distribution and sites of origin of droplets expelled from the human respiratory tract during expiratory activities
  publication-title: J Aerosol Sci
– volume: 238
  start-page: 121685
  year: 2022
  article-title: A modified model of the suction technique of wetness reducing in wet steam flow considering power‐saving
  publication-title: Energy
– volume: 13
  start-page: 6799
  year: 2021
  article-title: CFD Investigation of Vehicle’s ventilation systems and analysis of ACH in typical airplanes, cars, and buses
  publication-title: Sustainability
– volume: 108
  start-page: 212
  year: 2021
  end-page: 216
  article-title: Isolation of SARS‐CoV‐2 from the air in a car driven by a COVID patient with mild illness
  publication-title: Int J Infect Dis
– volume: 31
  start-page: 99
  year: 2021
  end-page: 111
  article-title: Could the ductless personalized ventilation be an alternative to the regular ducted personalized ventilation?
  publication-title: Indoor Air
– ident: e_1_2_8_26_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148749
– ident: e_1_2_8_70_1
– ident: e_1_2_8_38_1
  doi: 10.5094/APR.2015.039
– ident: e_1_2_8_14_1
  doi: 10.1186/s12931-021-01637-8
– ident: e_1_2_8_3_1
  doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.5225
– ident: e_1_2_8_47_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.gsf.2022.101398
– ident: e_1_2_8_53_1
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.2012156117
– ident: e_1_2_8_12_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105730
– ident: e_1_2_8_61_1
  doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01427.x
– ident: e_1_2_8_13_1
  doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69286-3
– ident: e_1_2_8_74_1
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.2019324117
– ident: e_1_2_8_18_1
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235943
– ident: e_1_2_8_8_1
  doi: 10.3201/eid2612.203910
– ident: e_1_2_8_64_1
  doi: 10.3201/eid1003.030683
– ident: e_1_2_8_75_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.023
– ident: e_1_2_8_5_1
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019375
– ident: e_1_2_8_51_1
  doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-25253-3_44
– ident: e_1_2_8_66_1
  doi: 10.1128/mBio.02527-21
– ident: e_1_2_8_46_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105794
– ident: e_1_2_8_31_1
  doi: 10.1063/5.0061219
– ident: e_1_2_8_34_1
  doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abe0166
– ident: e_1_2_8_10_1
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00869-2
– ident: e_1_2_8_29_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151499
– start-page: 353
  volume-title: Handbook of Clinical Neurology
  year: 2018
  ident: e_1_2_8_52_1
– ident: e_1_2_8_76_1
  doi: 10.1111/ina.12720
– ident: e_1_2_8_35_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108648
– ident: e_1_2_8_45_1
  doi: 10.4271/2008-01-0732
– volume-title: Driving and parking patterns of European car drivers? A mobility survey
  year: 2012
  ident: e_1_2_8_48_1
– ident: e_1_2_8_42_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2019.11.006
– volume: 24
  start-page: 1
  year: 1994
  ident: e_1_2_8_71_1
  article-title: Human respiratory tract model for radiological protection. A report of a Task Group of the International Commission on Radiological Protection
  publication-title: Annals of the ICRP
– volume-title: Introduction to computational fluid dynamics: The finite
  year: 2007
  ident: e_1_2_8_49_1
– ident: e_1_2_8_56_1
  doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30323-4
– ident: e_1_2_8_16_1
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2004973
– ident: e_1_2_8_60_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.08.027
– ident: e_1_2_8_37_1
  doi: 10.1002/0470014164
– ident: e_1_2_8_27_1
  doi: 10.1111/ina.12751
– volume: 52
  start-page: 891
  year: 2020
  ident: e_1_2_8_9_1
  article-title: In‐flight transmission cluster of COVID‐19: a retrospective case series
  publication-title: Null
– ident: e_1_2_8_23_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108042
– ident: e_1_2_8_28_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106112
– ident: e_1_2_8_33_1
  doi: 10.1038/s42004-021-00548-5
– ident: e_1_2_8_40_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.119751
– ident: e_1_2_8_4_1
  doi: 10.1093/jtm/taab161
– ident: e_1_2_8_20_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.063
– volume: 2012
  start-page: 578
  issue: 59
  year: 1994
  ident: e_1_2_8_36_1
  article-title: Linking in‐vehicle ultrafine particle exposures to on‐road concentrations
  publication-title: Atmos Environ
– ident: e_1_2_8_39_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.121685
– ident: e_1_2_8_15_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.025
– ident: e_1_2_8_68_1
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021481
– ident: e_1_2_8_43_1
  doi: 10.1007/s10973-019-09001-1
– ident: e_1_2_8_50_1
  doi: 10.3390/su13126799
– ident: e_1_2_8_69_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.culher.2019.02.017
– ident: e_1_2_8_72_1
  doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.50.2101147
– ident: e_1_2_8_63_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.mran.2021.100198
– ident: e_1_2_8_11_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105832
– ident: e_1_2_8_19_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106326
– ident: e_1_2_8_55_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.11.002
– ident: e_1_2_8_73_1
  doi: 10.7554/eLife.63537
– volume: 6
  start-page: S791
  issue: 6
  year: 2009
  ident: e_1_2_8_32_1
  article-title: Mathematical models for assessing the role of airflow on the risk of airborne infection in hospital wards
  publication-title: J R Soc Interface
– ident: e_1_2_8_57_1
  doi: 10.1101/2021.04.27.441510
– ident: e_1_2_8_44_1
  doi: 10.1007/BF03181954
– ident: e_1_2_8_62_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.mran.2020.100140
– ident: e_1_2_8_21_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101285
– ident: e_1_2_8_59_1
  doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00469.x
– ident: e_1_2_8_67_1
  doi: 10.1101/2021.10.14.21264988
– ident: e_1_2_8_2_1
  doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa430
– ident: e_1_2_8_24_1
  doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30833-1
– ident: e_1_2_8_25_1
  doi: 10.1017/S0950268811000835
– ident: e_1_2_8_22_1
  doi: 10.1186/s12879-021-06884-0
– ident: e_1_2_8_65_1
  doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1675
– ident: e_1_2_8_77_1
  doi: 10.1111/ina.12187
– ident: e_1_2_8_7_1
  doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215091
– ident: e_1_2_8_58_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2020.103439
– ident: e_1_2_8_6_1
  doi: 10.5603/MH.2020.0003
– ident: e_1_2_8_54_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.07.009
– ident: e_1_2_8_41_1
  doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2020.03.007
– ident: e_1_2_8_17_1
  doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2271-3
– ident: e_1_2_8_30_1
  doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00621.x
SSID ssj0017393
Score 2.4831343
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet In this study, the risk of infection from SARS‐CoV‐2 Delta variant of passengers sharing a car cabin with an infected subject for a 30‐min journey is estimated...
In this study, the risk of infection from SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant of passengers sharing a car cabin with an infected subject for a 30-min journey is estimated...
SourceID pubmedcentral
proquest
pubmed
crossref
wiley
SourceType Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
Publisher
StartPage e13012
SubjectTerms Air flow
Automobiles
car cabin
CFD analysis
Computational fluid dynamics
Computer Simulation
Confined spaces
COVID-19 - etiology
Evaluation
Flow distribution
Flow pattern
Flow rates
Flow velocity
Fluid dynamics
Health risks
Humans
HVAC
HVAC equipment
Hydrodynamics
Indoor environments
Infections
Mathematical models
Numerical models
respiratory particles
Review
Risk
risk of infection
SARS-CoV-2
Seats
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Ventilation
virus transmission
Title Risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 in a car cabin assessed through 3D CFD simulations
URI https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Fina.13012
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35347787
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2644245559
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2644944470
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9111293
Volume 32
WOSCitedRecordID wos000773567500001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights – providerCode: PRVWIB
  databaseName: Wiley Online Library Full Collection 2020
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1600-0668
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0017393
  issn: 0905-6947
  databaseCode: DRFUL
  dateStart: 19970101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  providerName: Wiley-Blackwell
link http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1fT9swED9B4QEe2Pgz1q0gM_HAS6TGf-pGe6raVVRC1VQG6ltkO46ItqVTAzzzEfiMfBLOThq1gklIKErkyBflYt_Zdzn7dwCnbWpViGZykDAmAs6MCHSqUJY7KB5JGjIV-o3CF3I87k6n0c81-L7YC1PiQ9Q_3Jxm-PHaKbjSxZKSu6wFOAC7DMMbFOVWNGBjMBleXdRBBAf25qH2kJVOxGUFLOQW8tQPr05HL2zMl0sll01YPwcNP7yL-4-wU5mepFfKyi6s2XwPtpcACfdhNMmK32SWksve5PLp4bE_u8YrJVlOFDFqjqd2ZR8ptgmpsvwQNiD94YAU2d8qG1hxAFfDH7_650GVbCEwnDN0SNtCKStCLWhHG60EV9IomlAaadm2kcEDvS3BpQkt3lqTWpl2U_RfbIcazT5BI5_l9jOQSKVaWx3RhKUcDcIuEtjIRRA55WgRNuFs0eaxqZDIXUKMP_HCI8HWiX3rNOFbTfqvhN94jai16Li40sAidoYe5QIdpiac1NWoOy4gonI7uytpIs65RJYOy36u38IE4xJHsybIFQmoCRwu92pNnt14fG43f6AVhZ_pJeD_jMejcc8Xvryd9CtsUbcDwy-Da0Hjdn5nj2DT3N9mxfwY1uW0e1wpwjNw_Aqa
linkProvider Wiley-Blackwell
linkToHtml http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1fa9swED9CU9j6sHbrumZNO230oS-GWH-iGPYSkoWGZWGk7eibkWSZmq5Oids97yPsM-6T7CQ7JqErFIqxkfEZn6U76U4n_Q7guEOtCtFMDhLGRMCZEYFOFcpyF8UjSUOmQr9ReCKn097lZfS9AZ-Xe2FKfIh6ws1phu-vnYK7CekVLXdpC7AHdimGmxzFCOW7OZyNLiZ1FMGhvXmsPeSlG3FZIQu5lTz1y-vj0QMj8-FayVUb1g9Co-3nsb8Dryrjk_RLaXkNDZu_ga0VSMJdGM-y4prMU3LWn539_f1nMP-BV0qynChi1AJP7co-VmwTUuX5IWxIBqMhKbKbKh9Y8RYuRl_OB6dBlW4hMJwzdEk7QikrQi1oVxutBFfSKJpQGmnZsZHBA_0twaUJLd5ak1qZ9lL0YGyXGs32YCOf53YfSKRSra2OaMJSjiZhDwls5GKInHK0CVtwsqz02FRY5C4lxs946ZNg7cS-dlrwqSa9LQE4_kfUXrZcXOlgETtTj3KBLlMLPtaPUXtcSETldn5f0kScc4ksvSsbuv4KE4xL7M9aINdEoCZwyNzrT_LsyiN0uxEE7Sj8TS8CjzMej6d9X3j_dNIP8OL0_NsknoynXw_gJXX7MfyiuDZs3C3u7SFsml93WbE4qvThHxVgDaI
linkToPdf http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1fa9swED9KOkr3sK7t_mTtNnXsoS-GWH-iGPYSkpmFhVDSdfTNSLLEzDanxO2e-xH6GfdJdpIdk9ANBsXYyOiMz9KddOeTfgfwvketitFMjnLGRMSZEZF2CmW5j-KRu5ipOGwUnsrZbHB5mZxtwYfVXpgaH6L94eY1I4zXXsHtVe7WtNynLcAR2KcY3uY-iUwHtsfz9GLaRhE82lvA2kNe-gmXDbKQX8nTPrw5H90zMu-vlVy3YcMklO49jP2n8KQxPsmwlpZ92LLlATxegyQ8hMm8qL6ThSPnw_n579u70eIrXikpSqKIUUs8tS-HWLHNSZPnh7AxGaVjUhU_m3xg1TO4SD9-GX2KmnQLkeGcoUvaE0pZEWtB-9poJbiSRtGc0kTLnk0MHuhvCS5NbPHWGmelGzj0YGyfGs2eQ6dclPYlkEQ5ra1OaM4cR5NwgAQ28TFETjnahF04XTV6Zhoscp8S40e28kmwdbLQOl1415Je1QAcfyM6XvVc1uhglXlTj3KBLlMXTtpq1B4fElGlXdzUNAnnXCJLL-qObt_CBOMSx7MuyA0RaAk8MvdmTVl8CwjdfgZBOwo_M4jAvxnPJrNhKLz6f9K3sHM2TrPpZPb5CHap344R1sQdQ-d6eWNfwyPz67qolm8adfgDjekNHQ
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Risk+of+SARS%E2%80%90CoV%E2%80%902+in+a+car+cabin+assessed+through+3D+CFD+simulations&rft.jtitle=Indoor+air&rft.au=Arpino%2C+Fausto&rft.au=Grossi%2C+Giorgio&rft.au=Cortellessa%2C+Gino&rft.au=Mikszewski%2C+Alex&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft.issn=0905-6947&rft.eissn=1600-0668&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fina.13012&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1111_ina_13012
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0905-6947&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0905-6947&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0905-6947&client=summon