Estimating the spectrum in computed tomography via Kullback–Leibler divergence constrained optimization

Purpose We study the problem of spectrum estimation from transmission data of a known phantom. The goal is to reconstruct an x‐ray spectrum that can accurately model the x‐ray transmission curves and reflects a realistic shape of the typical energy spectra of the CT system. Methods Spectrum estimati...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Medical physics (Lancaster) Vol. 46; no. 1; pp. 81 - 92
Main Authors: Ha, Wooseok, Sidky, Emil Y., Barber, Rina Foygel, Schmidt, Taly Gilat, Pan, Xiaochuan
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: United States 01.01.2019
Subjects:
Algorithms
exponentiated‐gradient algorithm
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
KL divergence
Models, Theoretical
spectral calibration
Tomography, X-Ray Computed - methods
x‐ray spectrum
EM
KL divergence
spectral calibration
exponentiated-gradient algorithm
x-ray spectrum
ISSN:0094-2405, 2473-4209, 2473-4209
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Purpose We study the problem of spectrum estimation from transmission data of a known phantom. The goal is to reconstruct an x‐ray spectrum that can accurately model the x‐ray transmission curves and reflects a realistic shape of the typical energy spectra of the CT system. Methods Spectrum estimation is posed as an optimization problem with x‐ray spectrum as unknown variables, and a Kullback–Leibler (KL)‐divergence constraint is employed to incorporate prior knowledge of the spectrum and enhance numerical stability of the estimation process. The formulated constrained optimization problem is convex and can be solved efficiently by use of the exponentiated‐gradient (EG) algorithm. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach on the simulated and experimental data. The comparison to the expectation–maximization (EM) method is also discussed. Results In simulations, the proposed algorithm is seen to yield x‐ray spectra that closely match the ground truth and represent the attenuation process of x‐ray photons in materials, both included and not included in the estimation process. In experiments, the calculated transmission curve is in good agreement with the measured transmission curve, and the estimated spectra exhibits physically realistic looking shapes. The results further show the comparable performance between the proposed optimization‐based approach and EM. Conclusions Our formulation of a constrained optimization provides an interpretable and flexible framework for spectrum estimation. Moreover, a KL‐divergence constraint can include a prior spectrum and appears to capture important features of x‐ray spectrum, allowing accurate and robust estimation of x‐ray spectrum in CT imaging.
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ISSN:0094-2405
2473-4209
2473-4209
DOI:10.1002/mp.13257