Interpreting Effect Sizes of Education Interventions
Researchers commonly interpret effect sizes by applying benchmarks proposed by Jacob Cohen over a half century ago. However, effects that are small by Cohen’s standards are large relative to the impacts of most field-based interventions. These benchmarks also fail to consider important differences i...
Saved in:
| Published in: | Educational researcher Vol. 49; no. 4; pp. 241 - 253 |
|---|---|
| Main Author: | |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Los Angeles, CA
SAGE Publications
01.05.2020
American Educational Research Association |
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 0013-189X, 1935-102X |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Abstract | Researchers commonly interpret effect sizes by applying benchmarks proposed by Jacob Cohen over a half century ago. However, effects that are small by Cohen’s standards are large relative to the impacts of most field-based interventions. These benchmarks also fail to consider important differences in study features, program costs, and scalability. In this article, I present five broad guidelines for interpreting effect sizes that are applicable across the social sciences. I then propose a more structured schema with new empirical benchmarks for interpreting a specific class of studies: causal research on education interventions with standardized achievement outcomes. Together, these tools provide a practical approach for incorporating study features, costs, and scalability into the process of interpreting the policy importance of effect sizes. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Researchers commonly interpret effect sizes by applying benchmarks proposed by Jacob Cohen over a half century ago. However, effects that are small by Cohen’s standards are large relative to the impacts of most field-based interventions. These benchmarks also fail to consider important differences in study features, program costs, and scalability. In this article, I present five broad guidelines for interpreting effect sizes that are applicable across the social sciences. I then propose a more structured schema with new empirical benchmarks for interpreting a specific class of studies: causal research on education interventions with standardized achievement outcomes. Together, these tools provide a practical approach for incorporating study features, costs, and scalability into the process of interpreting the policy importance of effect sizes. |
| Author | Kraft, Matthew A. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Matthew A. surname: Kraft fullname: Kraft, Matthew A. email: mkraft@brown.edu |
| BackLink | http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ1254972$$DView record in ERIC |
| BookMark | eNp9kEtLAzEURoNUsK3u3QgDrkdz82gmSyljrRRcqNDdEPMoKXWmJqmgv96ZjigUdBVuzvluwjdCg7qpLULngK8oYHKNMVAo5JJgCUTI4ggNQVKet2w5QMMO5x0_QaMY1xhjzkgxRGxeJxu2wSZfr7LSOatT9ug_bcwal5Vmp1XyTZ3ttXdbd0M8RcdObaI9-z7H6Pm2fJre5YuH2Xx6s8g1ozLl0gkHQkjQRtKJwKooBHaUURAw4S9CakOwddRxrjgzRhOQheFSGdveU6BjdNnv3YbmbWdjqtbNLtTtkxVhmAPjjJLWuugtG7yutsG_qvBRlfdAOJOi47jnOjQxBut-HMBV11112F0bmRxEtE_7IlJQfvNfMO-DUa3s72__9L8AXZF-PQ |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1177_23780231231180387 crossref_primary_10_1177_09567976211057507 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10615_023_00917_8 crossref_primary_10_3390_jintelligence12040046 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_leaqua_2024_101855 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41562_022_01449_w crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2024_2417283 crossref_primary_10_1080_09645292_2023_2206594 crossref_primary_10_1002_pits_22777 crossref_primary_10_3102_00028312231208687 crossref_primary_10_1080_10888691_2023_2297026 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10648_023_09843_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecresq_2022_01_001 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_appdev_2023_101512 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_83528_8 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_learninstruc_2024_102003 crossref_primary_10_1177_10526846251374239 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevPhysEducRes_17_013103 crossref_primary_10_1177_15210251221117126 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10964_024_01942_7 crossref_primary_10_1097_TLD_0000000000000312 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ssresearch_2022_102815 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compedu_2022_104705 crossref_primary_10_1111_pai_14101 crossref_primary_10_1080_10573569_2024_2420943 crossref_primary_10_3102_00346543241310184 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2115649119 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_3797725 crossref_primary_10_1177_1521025121996282 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_actpsy_2025_104872 crossref_primary_10_1080_02702711_2023_2179146 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijedudev_2024_103095 crossref_primary_10_1086_737989 crossref_primary_10_1080_00220671_2025_2496313 crossref_primary_10_3102_00346543251346792 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compedu_2021_104316 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaac_2022_07_004 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neubiorev_2021_11_003 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2022_960327 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cogdev_2023_101363 crossref_primary_10_1111_ijcs_70031 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12671_022_01925_4 crossref_primary_10_1177_23328584211071112 crossref_primary_10_3390_su13179995 crossref_primary_10_1002_icd_2445 crossref_primary_10_1080_02699931_2023_2258589 crossref_primary_10_1177_0013161X241286527 crossref_primary_10_1177_07417136231165007 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41586_022_04907_7 crossref_primary_10_3102_0013189X251333775 crossref_primary_10_1080_0163853X_2023_2190278 crossref_primary_10_1007_s41979_024_00137_w crossref_primary_10_3389_feduc_2023_1287259 crossref_primary_10_3102_01623737211008919 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lindif_2024_102579 crossref_primary_10_1111_jcpp_14157 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10639_022_10903_1 crossref_primary_10_3390_educsci12100686 crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_jchemed_0c01497 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijedudev_2025_103339 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10648_024_09929_3 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13063_025_09047_7 crossref_primary_10_3390_educsci14090957 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2022_990196 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph17249560 crossref_primary_10_1177_02711214251358817 crossref_primary_10_3102_00028312221129247 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11292_023_09561_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jbtep_2024_101985 crossref_primary_10_1111_joca_12592 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_acap_2022_10_007 crossref_primary_10_1080_10503307_2025_2541710 crossref_primary_10_1145_3729537 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_devpsych_010923_103044 crossref_primary_10_1177_10986111221113975 crossref_primary_10_1186_s40594_021_00287_y crossref_primary_10_1007_s10964_020_01377_w crossref_primary_10_3390_app15063323 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2021_1875526 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijintrel_2025_102240 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10648_025_10060_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jarmac_2021_09_004 crossref_primary_10_1177_2332858421989707 crossref_primary_10_20396_etd_v27i00_8675807 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41539_022_00148_5 crossref_primary_10_1080_13670050_2025_2531246 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2025_2499808 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_labeco_2024_102535 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2024_2419396 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_learninstruc_2023_101805 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10578_022_01363_2 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cedpsych_2023_102182 crossref_primary_10_1002_pam_22517 crossref_primary_10_1187_cbe_24_09_0229 crossref_primary_10_3102_01623737241286524 crossref_primary_10_1080_09645292_2023_2176826 crossref_primary_10_3102_01623737211036463 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12310_023_09571_4 crossref_primary_10_1080_10852352_2021_1924591 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2024_2342850 crossref_primary_10_1080_14794802_2024_2306633 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tate_2022_103999 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_learninstruc_2021_101482 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10648_024_09982_y crossref_primary_10_1080_0020739X_2022_2128458 crossref_primary_10_1111_cdev_14235 crossref_primary_10_3102_00346543211060871 crossref_primary_10_1186_s40359_021_00548_z crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2025_2480563 crossref_primary_10_1177_01614681251318876 crossref_primary_10_1080_09645292_2025_2491536 crossref_primary_10_3102_10769986241251419 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_econedurev_2022_102316 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_5241666 crossref_primary_10_3102_00346543251360775 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijedudev_2025_103300 crossref_primary_10_1080_0163853X_2025_2516387 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_labeco_2024_102570 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2023_2186291 crossref_primary_10_3102_01623737241239677 crossref_primary_10_1111_cdev_14225 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11218_023_09789_9 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_edurev_2023_100511 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2025_2518995 crossref_primary_10_3390_math10132360 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11125_025_09736_w crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2024_2361467 crossref_primary_10_1002_pam_22619 crossref_primary_10_1017_bpp_2022_24 crossref_primary_10_3102_0013189X221137899 crossref_primary_10_1093_biosci_biae001 crossref_primary_10_1080_02702711_2022_2141397 crossref_primary_10_3389_feduc_2023_1199617 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12144_025_07677_3 crossref_primary_10_1177_00144029221112290 crossref_primary_10_3389_feduc_2025_1514895 crossref_primary_10_3102_0013189X21999043 crossref_primary_10_1057_s41599_023_02238_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mex_2024_103023 crossref_primary_10_1080_10573569_2025_2493623 crossref_primary_10_1080_15582159_2021_1958058 crossref_primary_10_1080_15700763_2022_2131581 crossref_primary_10_1080_09243453_2025_2482574 crossref_primary_10_1080_09243453_2025_2482575 crossref_primary_10_1111_1471_0528_17404 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_edurev_2025_100678 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41562_022_01381_z crossref_primary_10_1007_s10648_024_09981_z crossref_primary_10_1016_j_econedurev_2025_102663 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0323352 crossref_primary_10_1080_08993408_2023_2195758 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11145_023_10502_7 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2024_2358824 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2019_035968 crossref_primary_10_1177_08959048231153597 crossref_primary_10_1002_pits_22931 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_edurev_2022_100484 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2023_1156962 crossref_primary_10_1089_jicm_2023_0586 crossref_primary_10_3102_00028312211060855 crossref_primary_10_5964_meth_15773 crossref_primary_10_1007_s43477_022_00039_2 crossref_primary_10_3390_mti6020013 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12564_025_10084_9 crossref_primary_10_1187_cbe_23_06_0122 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevPhysEducRes_17_010116 crossref_primary_10_3102_0013189X20987856 crossref_primary_10_1002_soej_12614 crossref_primary_10_1002_tea_22000 crossref_primary_10_3102_0013189X20985448 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cedpsych_2024_102284 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_edurev_2022_100475 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2023_2175753 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_learninstruc_2022_101667 crossref_primary_10_3102_0013189X241282419 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jdeveco_2022_103041 crossref_primary_10_3102_01623737241313470 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ridd_2025_105028 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecresq_2023_01_010 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2023_2290544 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecresq_2023_01_015 crossref_primary_10_3389_feduc_2022_941410 crossref_primary_10_1111_jorc_12450 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecresq_2022_07_005 crossref_primary_10_1186_s40594_022_00331_5 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10763_024_10504_z crossref_primary_10_1007_s10956_022_09985_w crossref_primary_10_1016_j_econedurev_2022_102268 crossref_primary_10_3102_00028312241251857 crossref_primary_10_3102_0013189X211040054 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13644_021_00446_1 crossref_primary_10_1177_01626434251379818 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijer_2025_102700 crossref_primary_10_1177_23733799241311840 crossref_primary_10_1111_bjep_12614 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_econedurev_2023_102439 crossref_primary_10_1177_00380407251349165 crossref_primary_10_2147_JMDH_S361212 crossref_primary_10_3102_01623737231200234 crossref_primary_10_1187_cbe_24_02_0086 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_econedurev_2021_102195 crossref_primary_10_1002_ajs4_341 crossref_primary_10_1177_0042085921998745 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42010_022_00150_1 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10212_024_00933_3 crossref_primary_10_1111_bjep_12629 crossref_primary_10_1111_cdev_13575 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41539_025_00310_9 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12528_025_09431_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jdeveco_2024_103382 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10212_022_00666_1 crossref_primary_10_1002_rev3_70009 crossref_primary_10_1177_1529100620915848 crossref_primary_10_1080_00131911_2023_2184329 crossref_primary_10_1002_sce_21679 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_econedurev_2024_102607 crossref_primary_10_1177_10731911221100995 crossref_primary_10_1177_23328584241281286 crossref_primary_10_1086_719956 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_edurev_2023_100569 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psicoe_2025_500171 crossref_primary_10_1080_0047231X_2025_2493680 crossref_primary_10_1002_jrsm_1752 crossref_primary_10_1080_10824669_2022_2084740 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_edurev_2025_100729 crossref_primary_10_1111_sipr_12070 crossref_primary_10_1080_0163853X_2022_2085477 crossref_primary_10_1080_2331186X_2023_2172930 crossref_primary_10_1080_10888438_2024_2309386 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2023_e14878 crossref_primary_10_1093_jae_ejaa013 crossref_primary_10_1177_10983007251335351 crossref_primary_10_1093_jae_ejaa009 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10864_022_09500_6 crossref_primary_10_3102_0013189X211000749 crossref_primary_10_3390_educsci15081011 crossref_primary_10_3390_educsci15091177 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11218_024_09952_w crossref_primary_10_1007_s40299_022_00707_9 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41390_023_02945_z crossref_primary_10_1080_2331186X_2025_2523110 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cpr_2023_102321 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11218_021_09660_9 crossref_primary_10_1080_10888438_2021_1954005 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2025_2469035 crossref_primary_10_1080_15391523_2025_2536571 crossref_primary_10_7821_naer_2022_7_930 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chiabu_2024_106845 crossref_primary_10_1080_0969594X_2022_2037508 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijnurstu_2023_104505 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2025_1525077 crossref_primary_10_1080_00220671_2021_1902254 crossref_primary_10_1177_10659129241304096 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2022_2090470 crossref_primary_10_1177_08884064221079813 crossref_primary_10_1001_jamaophthalmol_2021_3544 crossref_primary_10_1080_09500693_2024_2375459 crossref_primary_10_1177_10598405221096802 crossref_primary_10_1186_s40594_024_00511_5 crossref_primary_10_3138_jehr_2023_0040 crossref_primary_10_1002_tea_21696 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cedpsych_2025_102376 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_learninstruc_2023_101770 crossref_primary_10_1111_1475_6773_14188 crossref_primary_10_1111_jcpp_14084 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rmal_2023_100059 crossref_primary_10_3102_0013189X251346128 crossref_primary_10_3390_educsci12050312 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2024_2333734 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_edurev_2023_100590 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_learninstruc_2024_101968 crossref_primary_10_1111_bjep_12705 crossref_primary_10_1177_00986283231206487 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2023_e23576 crossref_primary_10_1177_02614294211054361 crossref_primary_10_3389_fdpys_2023_1279691 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecresq_2021_07_005 crossref_primary_10_3102_00346543241261732 crossref_primary_10_3390_su14159725 crossref_primary_10_1080_2372966X_2025_2549243 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10508_023_02596_5 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_econedurev_2024_102524 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_learninstruc_2023_101781 crossref_primary_10_1111_famp_12748 crossref_primary_10_1177_09567976211028984 crossref_primary_10_1002_jrsm_1554 crossref_primary_10_3102_00346543231217480 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_econedurev_2023_102383 crossref_primary_10_1080_1045988X_2023_2252761 crossref_primary_10_1177_08959048241288504 crossref_primary_10_1111_bjet_13579 crossref_primary_10_1002_cl2_1368 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_childyouth_2023_107388 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10603_022_09528_1 crossref_primary_10_1080_10409289_2022_2105625 crossref_primary_10_1080_00313831_2022_2042733 crossref_primary_10_1002_jrsm_1673 crossref_primary_10_3102_0013189X231198827 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2024_2427762 crossref_primary_10_1187_cbe_21_12_0331 crossref_primary_10_3390_educsci14060648 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_econedurev_2024_102536 crossref_primary_10_1111_ejed_12784 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpubeco_2022_104773 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecresq_2024_01_001 crossref_primary_10_1080_09297049_2023_2172150 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_labeco_2021_102074 crossref_primary_10_1111_cdev_13968 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10648_024_09933_7 crossref_primary_10_1080_19439342_2022_2034915 crossref_primary_10_1177_09567976211028978 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0274380 crossref_primary_10_1080_02635143_2022_2116419 crossref_primary_10_1002_rev3_3342 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11251_022_09599_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_econedurev_2023_102492 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_econedurev_2023_102370 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10864_022_09480_7 crossref_primary_10_1111_jedm_12396 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12564_024_09955_4 crossref_primary_10_1080_00098655_2025_2540859 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jfineco_2021_09_022 crossref_primary_10_1002_rev3_3465 crossref_primary_10_1111_jcal_12538 crossref_primary_10_1177_23328584221128035 crossref_primary_10_3102_00028312221078018 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10834_021_09782_4 crossref_primary_10_1002_jcad_12394 crossref_primary_10_1177_08959048251318626 crossref_primary_10_1080_13670050_2024_2446987 crossref_primary_10_1177_23328584231177616 crossref_primary_10_1177_19485506241284806 crossref_primary_10_1080_17482798_2023_2187426 crossref_primary_10_1187_cbe_20_05_0105 crossref_primary_10_3389_feduc_2024_1389574 crossref_primary_10_1001_jamainternmed_2025_3888 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11251_025_09709_8 crossref_primary_10_1177_10982140211071017 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12564_024_09942_9 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41539_021_00110_x crossref_primary_10_1177_08862605241286028 crossref_primary_10_18261_npt_107_4_7 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10639_022_11557_9 crossref_primary_10_1002_cl2_1152 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpubeco_2025_105328 crossref_primary_10_1002_rrq_338 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_worlddev_2025_107140 crossref_primary_10_1177_23328584211053324 crossref_primary_10_1080_2372966X_2020_1870869 crossref_primary_10_1177_09567976211061109 crossref_primary_10_1111_ssm_12524 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_learninstruc_2025_102184 crossref_primary_10_23887_jipp_v7i3_58391 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12960_023_00804_w crossref_primary_10_3102_00346543241297668 crossref_primary_10_1109_TLT_2023_3328913 crossref_primary_10_1080_15582159_2023_2169813 crossref_primary_10_1080_07380569_2025_2520787 crossref_primary_10_1080_09500693_2023_2262729 crossref_primary_10_1080_15391523_2021_1920520 crossref_primary_10_1080_00221546_2021_1876480 crossref_primary_10_1002_tesj_893 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2024_2344011 crossref_primary_10_1044_2025_JSLHR_24_00456 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jdeveco_2025_103604 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijer_2024_102365 crossref_primary_10_1080_15700763_2022_2160359 crossref_primary_10_3390_educsci13040397 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2210704120 crossref_primary_10_1177_23328584221131530 crossref_primary_10_1007_s43545_022_00452_2 crossref_primary_10_3102_01623737221079646 crossref_primary_10_3390_educsci14070778 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11162_024_09784_9 crossref_primary_10_1111_jcal_12621 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecresq_2022_12_009 crossref_primary_10_1080_10824669_2025_2468701 crossref_primary_10_1002_jrsm_1592 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecresq_2022_12_006 crossref_primary_10_1007_s44217_025_00577_5 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_alcr_2023_100557 crossref_primary_10_3102_0013189X211060357 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42321_024_00196_7 crossref_primary_10_1177_21582440251320052 crossref_primary_10_1002_rrq_513 crossref_primary_10_1186_s40594_021_00300_4 crossref_primary_10_3390_systems11010031 crossref_primary_10_1177_2332858420954401 crossref_primary_10_3390_educsci14060600 crossref_primary_10_1111_ajps_12587 crossref_primary_10_1080_03050068_2025_2545659 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecresq_2021_04_008 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11218_025_10097_7 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_teln_2025_04_026 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compedu_2022_104694 crossref_primary_10_1111_jcal_12618 crossref_primary_10_1177_1745691620984483 crossref_primary_10_1111_ejed_12606 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecresq_2025_02_014 crossref_primary_10_1002_smi_3154 crossref_primary_10_3102_00346543251339131 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecresq_2020_10_008 crossref_primary_10_1177_23727322231218906 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_caeo_2025_100282 crossref_primary_10_1186_s40723_023_00112_9 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10671_023_09346_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_sel_2025_100114 crossref_primary_10_1177_23328584211052049 crossref_primary_10_1187_cbe_20_01_0008 crossref_primary_10_1177_23328584241292072 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_learninstruc_2025_102179 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psicod_2025_500171 crossref_primary_10_1257_aer_20230971 crossref_primary_10_3102_0013189X221105873 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13384_021_00498_w crossref_primary_10_1111_cfs_13096 crossref_primary_10_1002_tea_21963 crossref_primary_10_1080_0161956X_2022_2109918 crossref_primary_10_1177_10888683241228328 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2022_873995 crossref_primary_10_1002_acp_70071 crossref_primary_10_1044_2021_JSLHR_21_00266 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10648_025_10033_3 crossref_primary_10_1111_jcal_70009 crossref_primary_10_1177_14697874221100465 crossref_primary_10_3102_00346543221105543 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compedu_2021_104190 crossref_primary_10_1017_bca_2022_4 crossref_primary_10_1080_03004430_2020_1860955 crossref_primary_10_1080_10503307_2023_2181114 crossref_primary_10_1080_19404158_2021_1989605 crossref_primary_10_1177_23328584211040058 crossref_primary_10_1080_03323315_2025_2523301 crossref_primary_10_1177_23780231221105378 crossref_primary_10_1080_14480220_2024_2397355 crossref_primary_10_1080_15325024_2024_2402393 crossref_primary_10_1097_IYC_0000000000000255 crossref_primary_10_1186_s40814_023_01333_y crossref_primary_10_1111_bjso_12867 crossref_primary_10_3102_00346543231186588 crossref_primary_10_1111_1467_9817_12353 crossref_primary_10_1111_jcpp_13947 crossref_primary_10_24136_eq_3328 crossref_primary_10_1002_rev3_3327 crossref_primary_10_1002_dys_1751 crossref_primary_10_1177_00144029231165505 crossref_primary_10_1093_jrsssa_qnae049 crossref_primary_10_1177_23326492241267251 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11145_021_10184_z crossref_primary_10_3102_00028312251347669 crossref_primary_10_1002_trtr_2308 crossref_primary_10_1080_19415257_2024_2306992 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecresq_2021_11_009 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpsychores_2022_110716 crossref_primary_10_1111_cdev_13816 crossref_primary_10_1111_famp_12762 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10763_025_10581_8 crossref_primary_10_12973_eu_jer_14_4_1347 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12630_022_02353_7 crossref_primary_10_1080_00220973_2025_2513246 crossref_primary_10_1108_HEED_01_2021_0002 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_intell_2022_101651 crossref_primary_10_3390_sports12120348 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12564_024_09962_5 crossref_primary_10_3390_educsci14020116 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2023_1216437 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11165_024_10213_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compedu_2023_104935 crossref_primary_10_1080_00036846_2025_2471586 crossref_primary_10_1080_10476210_2025_2520841 crossref_primary_10_1093_wbro_lkab006 crossref_primary_10_1002_pits_23345 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10578_025_01832_4 crossref_primary_10_1080_03004430_2020_1832998 crossref_primary_10_3389_feduc_2021_683142 crossref_primary_10_1002_tea_21950 crossref_primary_10_1177_14757257231220057 crossref_primary_10_1177_23328584241269825 crossref_primary_10_3390_educsci14020120 crossref_primary_10_1080_00220973_2024_2306404 crossref_primary_10_3102_00346543211051423 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2023_2269936 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2022_2051652 crossref_primary_10_1177_23328584211042858 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lindif_2025_102655 crossref_primary_10_1177_10982140241260384 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jsp_2024_101399 crossref_primary_10_3102_00346543241261073 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lindif_2025_102778 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11121_022_01361_9 crossref_primary_10_1093_qje_qjaf013 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10964_024_02046_y crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_41704_2 crossref_primary_10_1002_pits_23474 crossref_primary_10_1002_cl2_1417 crossref_primary_10_1080_00220973_2024_2364625 crossref_primary_10_1177_0193841X221121236 crossref_primary_10_3102_0013189X231155154 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2515833122 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_edurev_2020_100359 crossref_primary_10_1177_00207152241227810 crossref_primary_10_3102_00346543231156182 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10648_023_09814_5 crossref_primary_10_1080_10668926_2025_2535977 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0301301 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_economics_081624_080702 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11111_024_00472_5 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jebo_2022_03_009 crossref_primary_10_1080_13504622_2022_2120187 crossref_primary_10_3102_0013189X251345807 crossref_primary_10_1093_ej_ueaf015 crossref_primary_10_53662_esamdergisi_1266993 crossref_primary_10_1044_2022_JSLHR_22_00253 crossref_primary_10_1080_15374416_2021_2007485 crossref_primary_10_1080_10705511_2024_2308005 crossref_primary_10_1177_2158244020988684 crossref_primary_10_1080_19439342_2025_2540954 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2023_2269918 crossref_primary_10_1080_10824669_2023_2264185 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2022_2071364 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_3519845 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jsp_2025_101447 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10643_024_01680_2 crossref_primary_10_1177_01926365231170404 crossref_primary_10_3102_00346543231221499 crossref_primary_10_1177_1948550620959236 crossref_primary_10_1080_0376835X_2023_2198555 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2023_2231440 crossref_primary_10_3389_feduc_2022_953164 crossref_primary_10_3102_01623737211013782 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_025_16402_w crossref_primary_10_1093_advances_nmab020 crossref_primary_10_3390_app12031024 crossref_primary_10_4018_IJITLHE_289945 crossref_primary_10_1027_2151_2604_a000573 crossref_primary_10_1177_00131644251330851 crossref_primary_10_29333_ejmste_12421 crossref_primary_10_1111_cdev_14056 crossref_primary_10_1111_cdev_14177 crossref_primary_10_3102_00346543221081552 crossref_primary_10_1080_1743727X_2023_2182877 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_stueduc_2022_101212 crossref_primary_10_1017_S0954579421001462 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10683_023_09808_8 crossref_primary_10_1002_cl2_1207 crossref_primary_10_1187_cbe_22_08_0156 crossref_primary_10_3389_feduc_2024_1379666 crossref_primary_10_1002_cl2_1330 crossref_primary_10_1080_00461520_2024_2365628 crossref_primary_10_1017_S1368980021004870 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_learninstruc_2024_102045 crossref_primary_10_18267_j_cebr_378 crossref_primary_10_1126_science_ade4420 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10648_021_09655_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_learninstruc_2024_102042 crossref_primary_10_1080_14616734_2024_2419621 crossref_primary_10_1177_23328584241267843 crossref_primary_10_1080_09658416_2025_2522107 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jad_2021_05_003 crossref_primary_10_3102_0013189X241282296 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tsc_2024_101569 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42087_023_00383_1 crossref_primary_10_1002_tea_70005 crossref_primary_10_1177_17411432251341991 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11858_022_01446_3 crossref_primary_10_1007_s41979_022_00069_3 crossref_primary_10_7358_ecps_2025_031_cala crossref_primary_10_1017_S0140525X23000833 crossref_primary_10_1080_10409289_2023_2172674 crossref_primary_10_3389_frai_2023_1162454 crossref_primary_10_1027_2151_2604_a000596 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijedudev_2025_103274 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jcbs_2025_100886 crossref_primary_10_1093_milmed_usac373 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_edurev_2021_100423 crossref_primary_10_3102_10769986221127379 crossref_primary_10_3390_su14010394 crossref_primary_10_5565_rev_ensciencias_6337 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_iheduc_2025_100998 crossref_primary_10_1080_00131725_2023_2191665 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11145_023_10460_0 crossref_primary_10_1093_biosci_biaf040 crossref_primary_10_1080_0142159X_2021_1893678 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2023_2180464 crossref_primary_10_1080_21501378_2024_2342588 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjsem_2022_001389 crossref_primary_10_3390_healthcare11050773 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2024_2393412 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2023_1124308 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cedpsych_2020_101920 crossref_primary_10_1177_00317217231212011 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nedt_2024_106239 crossref_primary_10_1080_10888691_2023_2268327 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_edurev_2022_100505 crossref_primary_10_1080_09500693_2025_2468745 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2021_2018746 crossref_primary_10_3102_0013189X251327187 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jecp_2025_106281 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11423_023_10186_4 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2024_2360534 crossref_primary_10_1177_07319487241288823 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_learninstruc_2024_102018 crossref_primary_10_1002_pits_23578 crossref_primary_10_3102_00346543231174413 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chiabu_2023_106095 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijer_2022_101951 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_janxdis_2024_102964 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecresq_2023_06_007 crossref_primary_10_1080_10564934_2024_2394401 crossref_primary_10_3102_0091732X21990620 crossref_primary_10_1080_0161956X_2021_1942704 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0258287 crossref_primary_10_1080_19345747_2022_2142178 crossref_primary_10_1080_18117295_2022_2155771 crossref_primary_10_1111_josi_12415 crossref_primary_10_1111_josi_12417 crossref_primary_10_1177_00144029221150801 crossref_primary_10_1177_00222194211048405 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tate_2024_104469 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1037/0003-066X.48.12.1181 10.1038/s41586-019-1466-y 10.1093/oxrep/grh011 10.3102/0034654318759268 10.3102/0162373709352369 10.1037/h0045186 10.1162/EDFP_a_00152 10.3102/00346543057002175 10.1007/s11121-018-0942-1 10.1080/19345747.2016.1246632 10.1162/qjec.2010.125.1.215 10.1080/00220973.2017.1409183 10.1080/19345747.2016.1232459 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.11.001 10.1080/19345740802400072 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00813 10.1086/705882 10.1037/a0028086 10.3102/0162373719849944 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00061.x 10.1353/jhr.2009.0008 10.3102/0013189X013006004 10.1080/10438590600982236 10.1177/2515245919847202 10.1257/aer.100.2.267 10.1177/0956797615571017 10.3102/0013189X16656615 10.1515/9780791481431 10.3102/0013189X19848729 10.3102/0013189X19832850 10.3102/0013189X19874061 10.3102/0162373708327524 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00009.x 10.1080/19345747.2014.915604 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.12.003 10.3102/0162373714523831 10.3102/0162373719849044 10.1093/qje/qjv015 10.1111/1468-0297.00097 10.1162/EDFP_a_00167 10.1177/016146810811000803 10.1086/683665 10.3102/1076998606298043 10.1002/tea.10027 10.1257/aer.104.9.2633 10.3386/w18237 10.1093/qje/qjw027 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x 10.1080/02680939.2017.1280183 10.1080/09243453.2017.1297312 10.1111/1467-8624.00131 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00060.x |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2020 AERA |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2020 AERA |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION 7SW BJH BNH BNI BNJ BNO ERI PET REK WWN AHOVV |
| DOI | 10.3102/0013189X20912798 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef ERIC ERIC (Ovid) ERIC ERIC ERIC (Legacy Platform) ERIC( SilverPlatter ) ERIC ERIC PlusText (Legacy Platform) Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) ERIC Education Research Index |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef ERIC |
| DatabaseTitleList | CrossRef ERIC |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Education |
| EISSN | 1935-102X |
| ERIC | EJ1254972 |
| EndPage | 253 |
| ExternalDocumentID | EJ1254972 10_3102_0013189X20912798 10.3102_0013189X20912798 |
| GroupedDBID | -DZ -TM -~X .2G .2L 0-V 01A 09Z 0R~ 18M 1~K 29G 2WC 31S 31V 31W 31X 4.4 41~ 56W 5GY 5VS 5WV 85S 8A4 8FI 8FJ 8FW 8R4 8R5 AAAZS AABOD AACKU AADIR AADUE AAGGD AAGLT AAHSB AAJPV AAKDD AAKTJ AAMFR AANSI AAPEO AAQDB AAQXI AARIX AATAA AAWLO AAYOK ABAWP ABAWQ ABBHK ABCCA ABCJG ABDPE ABEIX ABFXH ABHQH ABIDT ABIVO ABJNI ABKRH ABLWH ABOPQ ABPNF ABPPZ ABQKF ABQPY ABQXT ABRHV ABUJY ABUWG ABXSQ ABYTW ACAEP ACDXX ACFUR ACFZE ACGFO ACGFS ACHJO ACHQT ACJER ACLZU ACNCT ACOFE ACOXC ACROE ACRPL ACSIQ ACUFS ACUIR ACZOB ADBBV ADDLC ADEBD ADEIA ADEPB ADNFJ ADNMO ADNON ADPEE ADRRZ ADSTG ADTOS ADUKH ADUKL ADULT ADYCS AEDXQ AEOBU AESMA AESZF AEUHG AEUPB AEVPJ AEWDL AEWHI AEXNY AFEET AFFNX AFKBI AFKRA AFKRG AFMOU AFQAA AFUIA AFWMB AGDVU AGKLV AGNHF AGNWV AGQPQ AGWNL AGWVZ AHDMH AHHFK AHWHD AIKWM AIMQZ AJUZI ALFTD ALIPV ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALSLI ANDLU ARALO ARTOV ARYUH ASPBG AS~ ATKJL AUTPY AUVAJ AVWKF AYPQM AZFZN AZQEC B8O B8S B8T B8Z BDZRT BENPR BMVBW BPACV BPHCQ BVXVI BYIEH C1A CAG CBRKF CCGJY CCPQU CEADM CJNVE COF CS3 DD0 DD~ DG~ DOPDO DV7 DV8 DWQXO E3Z EBS EJD FEDTE FHBDP FYUFA GENNL GNUQQ GROUPED_SAGE_PREMIER_JOURNAL_COLLECTION H13 HF~ HGD HVGLF HZ~ IPSME J8X JAAYA JAV JBMMH JBZCM JENOY JHFFW JKQEH JLEZI JLXEF JPL JST LIQON LPU M0P M2M N9A NHB O9- P.B P2P PHGZM PHGZT PMKZF PQEDU PQQKQ PROAC PSYQQ Q1R Q2X Q7O Q7P Q7X QJJ ROL RWL S01 S0X SA0 SASJQ SAUOL SCNPE SFB SFC SFF SFK SFN SFT SFX SGP SGU SGV SHB SHF SHM SJN SQCSI SSDHQ TAE TN5 TR2 UKHRP WH7 XOL XZL YR2 ZCA ZPLXX ZPPRI ~32 ~34 0SE AAEJI AAPII AAWJA AAYXX ABUAX ABUFD ACCVC AEYHP AFFHD AJGYC AJHME AJVBE AMNSR CITATION 7SW BJH BNH BNI BNJ BNO ERI PET REK WWN AHOVV |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c439t-9f7f17791cd93670a8870f34317165b79cd20ef3f55a54ddc2198d59ade20e313 |
| IEDL.DBID | AEVPJ |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 740 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000533104800001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 0013-189X |
| IngestDate | Fri Aug 29 21:50:35 EDT 2025 Tue Dec 02 16:50:13 EST 2025 Sat Nov 29 08:14:58 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 22:17:45 EST 2025 Tue Jun 17 22:29:31 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | false |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 4 |
| Keywords | evaluation experimental research program evaluation education policy education reform policy analysis effect size |
| Language | English |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c439t-9f7f17791cd93670a8870f34317165b79cd20ef3f55a54ddc2198d59ade20e313 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://doi.org/10.26300/8pjp-2z74 |
| PQID | 2405145432 |
| PQPubID | 34461 |
| PageCount | 13 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_journals_2405145432 eric_primary_EJ1254972 crossref_primary_10_3102_0013189X20912798 crossref_citationtrail_10_3102_0013189X20912798 sage_journals_10_3102_0013189X20912798 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2020-05-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2020-05-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 05 year: 2020 text: 2020-05-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | Los Angeles, CA |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Los Angeles, CA – name: Washington |
| PublicationTitle | Educational researcher |
| PublicationYear | 2020 |
| Publisher | SAGE Publications American Educational Research Association |
| Publisher_xml | – name: SAGE Publications – name: American Educational Research Association |
| References | Fryer, Levitt, List, Sadoff 2012 Hedges 2008; 2 Frisvold 2015; 124 Angrist 2004; 20 Yeager, Hanselman, Walton, Crosnoe, Muller, Tipton, Schneider, Hulleman, Hinojosa, Paunesku, Romero, Flint, Roberts, Trott, Iachan, Buontempo, Yang, Carvalho, Dweck 2019; 573 Slavin 1987; 57 Bloom, Hill, Black, Lipsey 2008; 1 Todd, Wolpin 2003; 113 Kraft, Blazar, Hogan 2018; 88 Duncan, Magnuson 2007; 1 Heckman, Moon, Pinto, Savelyev, Yavitz 2010; 94 Lee, Finn, Liu 2019; 87 Simpson 2017; 32 Levin, Belfield 2015; 8 Hedges 2007; 32 McCartney, Rosenthal 2000; 71 Hill, Bloom, Black, Lipsey 2008; 2 Bloom 1984; 13 Kelley, Preacher 2012; 17 Lynch, Hill, Gonzalez, Pollard 2019; 41 Cellini, Ferreira, Rothstein 2010; 125 Murnane, Nelson 2007; 16 Paunesku, Walton, Romero, Smith, Yeager, Dweck 2015; 26 Konstantopoulos, Hedges 2008; 110 Slavin, Smith 2009; 31 Dee, Dizon-Ross 2019; 41 Chingos, Whitehurst, Gallaher 2015; 10 Cheung, Slavin 2016; 45 Bailey, Duncan, Odgers, Yu 2017; 10 Baird, Pane 2019; 48 Goldhaber, Özek 2019; 48 Allcott 2015; 130 Hanushek, Rivkin 2010; 100 Angrist, Cohodes, Dynarski, Pathak, Walters 2016; 34 Tanner-Smith, Durlak, Marx 2018; 19 Kline, Walters 2016; 131 Cohen 1962; 65 Lortie-Forgues, Inglis 2019; 48 Jepsen, Rivkin 2009; 44 Greenberg, Abenavoli 2017; 10 Luyten, Merrell, Tymms 2017; 28 Lipsey, Wilson 1993; 48 Chetty, Friedman, Rockoff 2014; 104 Durlak, Weissberg, Dymnicki, Taylor, Schellinger 2011; 82 Grissom, Kalogrides, Loeb 2015; 37 Funder, Ozer 2019; 2 Ruiz-Primo, Shavelson, Hamilton, Klein 2002; 39 Harris 2009; 31 Kraft 2015; 10 Honig M. I. (bibr40-0013189X20912798) 2006 Cohen J. (bibr15-0013189X20912798) 1969 Boulay B. (bibr8-0013189X20912798) 2018 bibr36-0013189X20912798 bibr52-0013189X20912798 bibr5-0013189X20912798 bibr10-0013189X20912798 bibr27-0013189X20912798 bibr61-0013189X20912798 bibr18-0013189X20912798 Puma M. (bibr58-0013189X20912798) 2010 bibr53-0013189X20912798 bibr37-0013189X20912798 Boyd D. (bibr9-0013189X20912798) 2008 bibr54-0013189X20912798 bibr11-0013189X20912798 bibr6-0013189X20912798 Cook P. J. (bibr19-0013189X20912798) 2015 Lipsey M. W. (bibr51-0013189X20912798) 2012 bibr45-0013189X20912798 bibr71-0013189X20912798 bibr20-0013189X20912798 bibr25-0013189X20912798 bibr33-0013189X20912798 bibr12-0013189X20912798 Cohen J. (bibr16-0013189X20912798) 1988 bibr38-0013189X20912798 Coe R. (bibr17-0013189X20912798) 2002 bibr69-0013189X20912798 Schwartz A. E. (bibr62-0013189X20912798) bibr64-0013189X20912798 bibr7-0013189X20912798 bibr56-0013189X20912798 bibr4-0013189X20912798 bibr43-0013189X20912798 Kraft M. A. (bibr46-0013189X20912798) 2018 bibr30-0013189X20912798 bibr57-0013189X20912798 bibr14-0013189X20912798 bibr49-0013189X20912798 bibr1-0013189X20912798 bibr65-0013189X20912798 bibr22-0013189X20912798 bibr23-0013189X20912798 What Works Clearinghouse (bibr70-0013189X20912798) bibr48-0013189X20912798 bibr31-0013189X20912798 Hattie J. (bibr35-0013189X20912798) 2009 bibr67-0013189X20912798 bibr2-0013189X20912798 Konstantopoulos S. (bibr44-0013189X20912798) 2008; 110 bibr66-0013189X20912798 bibr41-0013189X20912798 Fryer R. G (bibr24-0013189X20912798) 2017; 2 bibr63-0013189X20912798 bibr50-0013189X20912798 Rosenthal R. (bibr59-0013189X20912798) 2000 bibr68-0013189X20912798 bibr3-0013189X20912798 bibr42-0013189X20912798 bibr29-0013189X20912798 bibr55-0013189X20912798 bibr13-0013189X20912798 bibr26-0013189X20912798 bibr39-0013189X20912798 bibr21-0013189X20912798 Gueron J. M. (bibr32-0013189X20912798) 2013 bibr47-0013189X20912798 bibr60-0013189X20912798 bibr34-0013189X20912798 Glass G. V. (bibr28-0013189X20912798) 1981 |
| References_xml | – volume: 31 start-page: 500 issue: 4 year: 2009 end-page: 506 article-title: The relationship between sample sizes and effect sizes in systematic reviews in education publication-title: Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis – volume: 1 start-page: 289 issue: 4 year: 2008 end-page: 328 article-title: Performance trajectories and performance gaps as achievement effect-size benchmarks for educational interventions publication-title: Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness – volume: 125 start-page: 215 issue: 1 year: 2010 end-page: 261 article-title: The value of school facility investments: Evidence from a dynamic regression discontinuity design publication-title: The Quarterly Journal of Economics – volume: 13 start-page: 4 issue: 6 year: 1984 end-page: 16 article-title: The 2 sigma problem: The search for methods of group instruction as effective as one-to-one tutoring publication-title: Educational Researcher – volume: 113 start-page: F3 issue: 485 year: 2003 end-page: F33 article-title: On the specification and estimation of the production function for cognitive achievement publication-title: The Economic Journal – volume: 48 start-page: 479 issue: 7 year: 2019 end-page: 483 article-title: How much should we rely on student test achievement as a measure of success? publication-title: Educational Researcher – volume: 48 start-page: 1181 issue: 12 year: 1993 end-page: 1209 article-title: The efficacy of psychological, educational, and behavioral treatment: Confirmation from meta-analysis publication-title: American Psychologist – volume: 31 start-page: 3 issue: 1 year: 2009 end-page: 29 article-title: Toward policy-relevant benchmarks for interpreting effect sizes: Combining effects with costs publication-title: Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis – volume: 10 start-page: 7 issue: 1 year: 2017 end-page: 39 article-title: Persistence and fadeout in the impacts of child and adolescent interventions publication-title: Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness – volume: 48 start-page: 158 issue: 3 year: 2019 end-page: 166 article-title: Rigorous large-scale RCTs are often uninformative: Should we be concerned? publication-title: Educational Researcher – volume: 16 start-page: 307 issue: 5 year: 2007 end-page: 322 article-title: Improving the performance of the education sector: The valuable, challenging, and limited role of random assignment evaluations publication-title: Economics of Innovation and New Technology – volume: 41 start-page: 260 issue: 3 year: 2019 end-page: 293 article-title: Strengthening the research base that informs STEM instructional improvement efforts: A meta-analysis publication-title: Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis – volume: 39 start-page: 369 issue: 5 year: 2002 end-page: 393 article-title: On the evaluation of systemic science education reform: Searching for instructional sensitivity publication-title: Journal of Research in Science Teaching: The Official Journal of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching – volume: 34 start-page: 275 issue: 2 year: 2016 end-page: 318 article-title: Stand and deliver: Effects of Boston’s charter high schools on college preparation, entry, and choice publication-title: Journal of Labor Economics – volume: 65 start-page: 145 issue: 3 year: 1962 end-page: 153 article-title: The statistical power of abnormal-social psychological research: A review publication-title: The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology – volume: 104 start-page: 2633 issue: 9 year: 2014 end-page: 2679 article-title: Measuring the impacts of teachers II: Teacher value-added and student outcomes in adulthood publication-title: American Economic Review – volume: 26 start-page: 784 issue: 6 year: 2015 end-page: 793 article-title: Mind-set interventions are a scalable treatment for academic underachievement publication-title: Psychological Science – volume: 10 start-page: 40 issue: 1 year: 2017 end-page: 67 article-title: Universal interventions: Fully exploring their impacts and potential to produce population-level impacts publication-title: Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness – volume: 130 start-page: 1117 issue: 3 year: 2015 end-page: 1165 article-title: Site selection bias in program evaluation publication-title: The Quarterly Journal of Economics – volume: 28 start-page: 374 issue: 3 year: 2017 end-page: 405 article-title: The contribution of schooling to learning gains of pupils in Years 1 to 6 publication-title: School Effectiveness and School Improvement – volume: 2 start-page: 156 issue: 2 year: 2019 end-page: 168 article-title: Evaluating effect size in psychological research: Sense and nonsense publication-title: Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science – volume: 48 start-page: 217 issue: 4 year: 2019 end-page: 228 article-title: Translating standardized effects of education programs into more interpretable metrics publication-title: Educational Researcher – volume: 8 start-page: 400 issue: 3 year: 2015 end-page: 418 article-title: Guiding the development and use of cost-effectiveness analysis in education publication-title: Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness – volume: 19 start-page: 1091 issue: 8 year: 2018 end-page: 1101 article-title: Empirically based mean effect size distributions for universal prevention programs targeting school-aged youth: A review of meta-analyses publication-title: Prevention Science – volume: 45 start-page: 283 issue: 5 year: 2016 end-page: 292 article-title: How methodological features affect effect sizes in education publication-title: Educational Researcher – volume: 57 start-page: 175 issue: 2 year: 1987 end-page: 213 article-title: Mastery learning reconsidered publication-title: Review of Educational Research – volume: 32 start-page: 450 issue: 4 year: 2017 end-page: 466 article-title: The misdirection of public policy: Comparing and combining standardized effect sizes publication-title: Journal of Education Policy – volume: 71 start-page: 173 issue: 1 year: 2000 end-page: 180 article-title: Effect size, practical importance, and social policy for children publication-title: Child Development – volume: 573 start-page: 364 year: 2019 end-page: 369 article-title: A national experiment reveals where a growth mindset improves achievement publication-title: Nature – volume: 20 start-page: 198 issue: 2 year: 2004 end-page: 212 article-title: American education research changes tack publication-title: Oxford Review of Economic Policy – volume: 44 start-page: 223 issue: 1 year: 2009 end-page: 250 article-title: Class size reduction and student achievement the potential tradeoff between teacher quality and class size publication-title: Journal of Human Resources – volume: 1 start-page: 46 issue: 1 year: 2007 end-page: 51 article-title: Penny wise and effect size foolish publication-title: Child Development Perspectives – year: 2012 publication-title: Enhancing the efficacy of teacher incentives through loss aversion: A field experiment – volume: 2 start-page: 167 issue: 3 year: 2008 end-page: 171 article-title: What are effect sizes and why do we need them? publication-title: Child Development Perspectives – volume: 82 start-page: 405 issue: 1 year: 2011 end-page: 432 article-title: The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions publication-title: Child Development – volume: 131 start-page: 1795 issue: 4 year: 2016 end-page: 1848 article-title: Evaluating public programs with close substitutes: The case of Head Start publication-title: The Quarterly Journal of Economics – volume: 32 start-page: 341 issue: 4 year: 2007 end-page: 370 article-title: Effect sizes in cluster-randomized designs publication-title: Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics – volume: 87 start-page: 193 issue: 2 year: 2019 end-page: 213 article-title: Time-indexed effect size for educational research and evaluation: Reinterpreting program effects and achievement gaps in K–12 reading and math publication-title: The Journal of Experimental Education – volume: 41 start-page: 316 issue: 3 year: 2019 end-page: 349 article-title: School performance, accountability, and waiver reforms: Evidence from Louisiana publication-title: Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis – volume: 10 start-page: 378 issue: 3 year: 2015 end-page: 398 article-title: School districts and student achievement publication-title: Education Finance and Policy – volume: 10 start-page: 81 issue: 1 year: 2015 end-page: 116 article-title: How to make additional time matter: Integrating individualized tutorials into an extended day publication-title: Education Finance and Policy – volume: 124 start-page: 91 year: 2015 end-page: 104 article-title: Nutrition and cognitive achievement: An evaluation of the School Breakfast Program publication-title: Journal of Public Economics – volume: 17 start-page: 137 issue: 2 year: 2012 end-page: 152 article-title: On effect size publication-title: Psychological Methods – volume: 94 start-page: 114 issue: 1–2 year: 2010 end-page: 128 article-title: The rate of return to the HighScope Perry Preschool Program publication-title: Journal of Public Economics – volume: 100 start-page: 267 issue: 2 year: 2010 end-page: 271 article-title: Generalizations about using value-added measures of teacher quality publication-title: American Economic Review – volume: 2 start-page: 172 issue: 3 year: 2008 end-page: 177 article-title: Empirical benchmarks for interpreting effect sizes in research publication-title: Child Development Perspectives – volume: 37 start-page: 3 issue: 1 year: 2015 end-page: 28 article-title: Using student test scores to measure principal performance publication-title: Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis – volume: 110 start-page: 1611 issue: 8 year: 2008 end-page: 1638 article-title: How large an effect can we expect from school reforms? publication-title: Teachers College Record – volume: 88 start-page: 547 issue: 4 year: 2018 end-page: 588 article-title: The effect of teacher coaching on instruction and achievement: A meta-analysis of the causal evidence publication-title: Review of Educational Research – volume-title: Overview of measuring effect sizes: The effect of measurement error. Brief 2 year: 2008 ident: bibr9-0013189X20912798 – ident: bibr50-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.48.12.1181 – ident: bibr67-0013189X20912798 – ident: bibr71-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1466-y – volume-title: Fighting for reliable evidence year: 2013 ident: bibr32-0013189X20912798 – volume-title: It’s the effect size, stupid: What effect size is and why it is important year: 2002 ident: bibr17-0013189X20912798 – ident: bibr2-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1093/oxrep/grh011 – ident: bibr47-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.3102/0034654318759268 – ident: bibr66-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.3102/0162373709352369 – volume-title: Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences year: 1969 ident: bibr15-0013189X20912798 – ident: bibr14-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1037/h0045186 – volume: 2 start-page: 95 volume-title: Handbook of economic field experiments year: 2017 ident: bibr24-0013189X20912798 – volume-title: Meta-analysis in social research year: 1981 ident: bibr28-0013189X20912798 – ident: bibr18-0013189X20912798 – ident: bibr45-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1162/EDFP_a_00152 – ident: bibr65-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.3102/00346543057002175 – ident: bibr68-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1007/s11121-018-0942-1 – ident: bibr29-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1080/19345747.2016.1246632 – ident: bibr10-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1162/qjec.2010.125.1.215 – volume-title: Journal of Policy Analysis and Management ident: bibr62-0013189X20912798 – ident: bibr48-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1080/00220973.2017.1409183 – ident: bibr4-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1080/19345747.2016.1232459 – ident: bibr36-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.11.001 – ident: bibr7-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1080/19345740802400072 – volume-title: Visible learning: A synthesis of 800+ meta-analyses on achievement year: 2009 ident: bibr35-0013189X20912798 – ident: bibr61-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00813 – ident: bibr26-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1086/705882 – ident: bibr42-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1037/a0028086 – ident: bibr20-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.3102/0162373719849944 – ident: bibr39-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00061.x – ident: bibr41-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1353/jhr.2009.0008 – ident: bibr6-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.3102/0013189X013006004 – ident: bibr56-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1080/10438590600982236 – ident: bibr27-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1177/2515245919847202 – ident: bibr33-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1257/aer.100.2.267 – ident: bibr57-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1177/0956797615571017 – ident: bibr12-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.3102/0013189X16656615 – volume-title: New directions in education policy implementation year: 2006 ident: bibr40-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1515/9780791481431 – ident: bibr5-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.3102/0013189X19848729 – ident: bibr52-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.3102/0013189X19832850 – ident: bibr30-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.3102/0013189X19874061 – ident: bibr34-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.3102/0162373708327524 – volume-title: Not too late: Improving academic outcomes for disadvantaged youth year: 2015 ident: bibr19-0013189X20912798 – ident: bibr21-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00009.x – ident: bibr49-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1080/19345747.2014.915604 – ident: bibr23-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.12.003 – ident: bibr31-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.3102/0162373714523831 – ident: bibr54-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.3102/0162373719849044 – ident: bibr1-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1093/qje/qjv015 – ident: bibr69-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1111/1468-0297.00097 – ident: bibr13-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1162/EDFP_a_00167 – volume-title: Head Start impact study. Final report year: 2010 ident: bibr58-0013189X20912798 – ident: bibr63-0013189X20912798 – volume: 110 start-page: 1611 issue: 8 year: 2008 ident: bibr44-0013189X20912798 publication-title: Teachers College Record doi: 10.1177/016146810811000803 – ident: bibr3-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1086/683665 – ident: bibr37-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.3102/1076998606298043 – ident: bibr60-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1002/tea.10027 – ident: bibr11-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1257/aer.104.9.2633 – ident: bibr25-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.3386/w18237 – ident: bibr43-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1093/qje/qjw027 – volume-title: Contrasts and effect sizes in behavioral research: A correlational approach year: 2000 ident: bibr59-0013189X20912798 – ident: bibr22-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x – ident: bibr64-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1080/02680939.2017.1280183 – volume-title: The Investing in Innovation Fund: Summary of 67 evaluations. Final report. NCEE 2018-4013 year: 2018 ident: bibr8-0013189X20912798 – ident: bibr53-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1080/09243453.2017.1297312 – ident: bibr55-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00131 – ident: bibr38-0013189X20912798 doi: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00060.x – volume-title: Translating the statistical representation of the effects of education interventions into more readily interpretable forms year: 2012 ident: bibr51-0013189X20912798 – volume-title: What Works Clearninghouse procedures handbook, Version 4.0 ident: bibr70-0013189X20912798 – volume-title: Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences year: 1988 ident: bibr16-0013189X20912798 – start-page: 69 volume-title: Bush-Obama school reform: Lessons learned year: 2018 ident: bibr46-0013189X20912798 |
| SSID | ssj0005428 |
| Score | 2.699707 |
| Snippet | Researchers commonly interpret effect sizes by applying benchmarks proposed by Jacob Cohen over a half century ago. However, effects that are small by Cohen’s... Researchers commonly interpret effect sizes by applying benchmarks proposed by Jacob Cohen over a half century ago. However, effects that are small by Cohen's... |
| SourceID | proquest eric crossref sage |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source Publisher |
| StartPage | 241 |
| SubjectTerms | Academic Achievement Benchmarking Benchmarks Causal Models Education policy Educational Change Educational Policy Educational Research Effect Size Intervention Policy Analysis Program Evaluation Scaling Social sciences |
| Title | Interpreting Effect Sizes of Education Interventions |
| URI | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.3102/0013189X20912798 http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ1254972 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2405145432 |
| Volume | 49 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000533104800001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVSPB databaseName: SAGE HSS 2015 customDbUrl: eissn: 1935-102X dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0005428 issn: 0013-189X databaseCode: AEVPJ dateStart: 19990101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://journals.sagepub.com/ providerName: SAGE Publications |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwvV3NS8MwFH_MzYMXv4fTKT2I4KGuTZumOcmQDR0yBn6wW2mTFAZuk3UT9K83r1_bRMWT1yQl7Xvp-0h--T2Acz-OWEi4bTJbSdOlXJmRHRHTjTyXW7EjQpmy69-zft8fDvmgApPiLkwuweQKYVX6jVJjjX837ka30hzTIq2UJcbnQ6K9HWHcv17Mx0G2210U1cAWPJ5ejPFkWyAe8t0sbrdtQI0gT0wVau3O86C3BIW4xC9qHuAE2cHmt3OuObJ1rDQGqSu4sNRVdXf--yN3YTsPao12tgr3oKIm-1gPOseOHIBbYhu1pzQyxmTjYfShEmMaG-VA424FgZkcwlO383hza-b1Gkyhw5q5yWMW24xxW0iOvHChNmBa3Rii2B6NGBeSWCp2YkpD6koptLX0JeWhVLrdsZ06VCfTiToCw_KVzoM4lZby3Ih6PtOWyLOUUMiQxmUDWoXwA5GTmWNNjZdAJzUoveCr9BpwWT7xmhF5_DK2jvosx3V6NubRjDSgWWg4KJQY6JhIR53UdXT3BWp02fXTBMd_HXgCWwQT_BRh2YTqfLZQp7Ap3uajZHaWr95PLhz-Yw |
| linkProvider | SAGE Publications |
| linkToHtml | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV3PS8MwFA66CXrx93A6tQcRPNQ1adIkxyEb25xj4JTdStukMJBNtunBv96X_tomKoLX5qUN7yXvfaEf30PoSsQhD4jENsda2ZRJbYc4JDYNPSqd2I0Clajr93i_L0YjOVhp9ZV5cH5raFWwoiRZZ6cbkAipJwIxQo4IFDrCpdhEZQqoHc5kudF8HnSX_A5KRN6-wExI_1F--461mrROezZ4c4XilVSd1t4_1ruPdjOoaTXSvXGANvTk0HRpzhgdR4gWjEOoX1aqY2w9jj_03JrGVmFodVZ4kfNj9NRqDu_adtZFwY4AbCxsGfMYcy5xpKRRawsgrUAQDHDAHgu5jBRxdOzGjAWMKhVBDhOKyUBpeO5it4JKk-lEnyDLERpuJ5IpR3s0ZJ7gkB88R0fa6JZJVUX13I9-lEmMm04XLz5cNYw3_K_eqKKbYsZrKq_xi23FhKawa3axud1yUkW1PFh-Hg8fkApgQUZdGL42wVkO_fSB078aXqLt9vCh5_c6_fsztEPMFTzhQNZQaTF70-doK3pfjOezi2xTfgIPpdZV |
| linkToPdf | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1bS8MwFA66ifjifTid2gcRfKhr0qRJHoduuDnGwAt7K20uMJBtrNMHf71Jb3OiIvjanLThnNNzoV-_A8AF0zGNEIcuhUq6mHDlxjBGLo4DzD3ti0im7Pp9Ohiw0YgPc2yO_Rcm12BybWFV5kRpsLZv90zqZtpieqiZksQwPkIm2SHK2Tqomq7GM25ebbWfh70lxgMjVowwsBuy75Tf3mMlL61Cn23N-QnmlWaezs4_z7wLtvOS02llPrIH1tRk305rzpEdBwCXyEOTx5yMz9h5GL-rxJlqpxR0up_wkckheOq0H2_u3HyagitM0bFwuaYaUsqhkNyytkUmvBhj2AICBiSmXEjkKe1rQiKCpRQmljFJeCSVue5DvwYqk-lEHQHHY8p0KZxITwU4JgGjJk4EnhLK8pdxWQfNQpehyKnG7cSLl9C0HFYb4Vdt1MFVuWOW0Wz8Iluz5inl2j1ou1yK6qBRGCwsbBKaisXUhAT7ZvnSGmi59NMDjv8qeA42h7edsN8d3J-ALWQ78RQK2QCVxfxVnYIN8bYYJ_Oz3C8_AGjc2Mk |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Interpreting+Effect+Sizes+of+Education+Interventions&rft.jtitle=Educational+researcher&rft.au=Kraft%2C+Matthew+A.&rft.date=2020-05-01&rft.issn=0013-189X&rft.eissn=1935-102X&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.spage=241&rft.epage=253&rft_id=info:doi/10.3102%2F0013189X20912798&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_3102_0013189X20912798 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0013-189X&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0013-189X&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0013-189X&client=summon |