Presence of pro-lentiviral DNA in male sexual organs and ejaculates of small ruminants

To be able to predict sexual transmissibility of small ruminant lenti viruses (SRLV), it is necessary to know whether or not the virus is excreted in the semen, and under what circumstances. Thus, this research focussed on establishing the presence of proviral DNA of SRLV in semen and in the male ge...

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Vydané v:	Theriogenology Ročník 69; číslo 4; s. 433 - 442
Hlavní autori:	Peterson, K., Brinkhof, J., Houwers, D.J., Colenbrander, B., Gadella, B.M.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	United States Elsevier Inc 01.03.2008 [Oxford]: Butterworth-Heinemann; [New York]: Elsevier Science
Predmet:	Animals Antibodies, Viral - blood Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine - genetics Breeding bucks Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus DNA DNA, Viral - analysis DNA, Viral - blood Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Genitalia, Male - virology goats Goats - virology Lentivirus Lentivirus - genetics Lentivirus - immunology Lentivirus - isolation & purification macrophages Maedi Visna Virus Male male reproductive system monocytes Polymerase Chain Reaction proviruses rams Seasons Semen Semen - virology Sexual transmission sexually transmitted diseases sheep Sheep - virology Small ruminant lentivirus Virus Shedding - genetics virus transmission Visna-maedi virus - genetics Sexual transmission Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus Small ruminant lentivirus Maedi Visna Virus Semen
ISSN:	0093-691X, 1879-3231
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Abstract	To be able to predict sexual transmissibility of small ruminant lenti viruses (SRLV), it is necessary to know whether or not the virus is excreted in the semen, and under what circumstances. Thus, this research focussed on establishing the presence of proviral DNA of SRLV in semen and in the male genital tract of small ruminants. After initial results established the presence of SRLV in serum, the emergence of proviral DNA of SRLV in semen and presence in blood in a group of naturally SRLV-infected individuals (13 rams and 4 bucks), was followed temporally using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The same animals were also systematically serologically monitored by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) during the breeding season (August–February). A triple monocyte–macrophage count was performed on both blood and semen using a specific monoclonal antibody in conjunction with flow cytometry. The finding that epididymal semen and tissue samples of the testes, epididymides, ampullary, vesicular, prostate and bulbo-urethral glands all tested positive for the presence of proviral DNA indicates that various male sexual organs may contribute directly to shedding of proviral SRLV DNA in ejaculated semen. Our results suggest that small ruminants show intermittent shedding of proviral SRLV DNA into epididymal as well as ejaculated semen. They also demonstrate that a single PCR-negative semen sample cannot be used as a diagnostic tool to predict that subsequent ejaculates will be SRLV-free. No significant relationship was found between numbers of monocytes and/or macrophages in blood or semen and the detection of proviral SRLV in ejaculates.
AbstractList	To be able to predict sexual transmissibility of small ruminant lenti viruses (SRLV), it is necessary to know whether or not the virus is excreted in the semen, and under what circumstances. Thus, this research focussed on establishing the presence of proviral DNA of SRLV in semen and in the male genital tract of small ruminants. After initial results established the presence of SRLV in serum, the emergence of proviral DNA of SRLV in semen and presence in blood in a group of naturally SRLV-infected individuals (13 rams and 4 bucks), was followed temporally using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The same animals were also systematically serologically monitored by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) during the breeding season (August-February). A triple monocyte-macrophage count was performed on both blood and semen using a specific monoclonal antibody in conjunction with flow cytometry. The finding that epididymal semen and tissue samples of the testes, epididymides, ampullary, vesicular, prostate and bulbo-urethral glands all tested positive for the presence of proviral DNA indicates that various male sexual organs may contribute directly to shedding of proviral SRLV DNA in ejaculated semen. Our results suggest that small ruminants show intermittent shedding of proviral SRLV DNA into epididymal as well as ejaculated semen. They also demonstrate that a single PCR-negative semen sample cannot be used as a diagnostic tool to predict that subsequent ejaculates will be SRLV-free. No significant relationship was found between numbers of monocytes and/or macrophages in blood or semen and the detection of proviral SRLV in ejaculates. To be able to predict sexual transmissibility of small ruminant lenti viruses (SRLV), it is necessary to know whether or not the virus is excreted in the semen, and under what circumstances. Thus, this research focussed on establishing the presence of proviral DNA of SRLV in semen and in the male genital tract of small ruminants. After initial results established the presence of SRLV in serum, the emergence of proviral DNA of SRLV in semen and presence in blood in a group of naturally SRLV-infected individuals (13 rams and 4 bucks), was followed temporally using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The same animals were also systematically serologically monitored by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) during the breeding season (August-February). A triple monocyte-macrophage count was performed on both blood and semen using a specific monoclonal antibody in conjunction with flow cytometry. The finding that epididymal semen and tissue samples of the testes, epididymides, ampullary, vesicular, prostate and bulbo-urethral glands all tested positive for the presence of proviral DNA indicates that various male sexual organs may contribute directly to shedding of proviral SRLV DNA in ejaculated semen. Our results suggest that small ruminants show intermittent shedding of proviral SRLV DNA into epididymal as well as ejaculated semen. They also demonstrate that a single PCR-negative semen sample cannot be used as a diagnostic tool to predict that subsequent ejaculates will be SRLV-free. No significant relationship was found between numbers of monocytes and/or macrophages in blood or semen and the detection of proviral SRLV in ejaculates.To be able to predict sexual transmissibility of small ruminant lenti viruses (SRLV), it is necessary to know whether or not the virus is excreted in the semen, and under what circumstances. Thus, this research focussed on establishing the presence of proviral DNA of SRLV in semen and in the male genital tract of small ruminants. After initial results established the presence of SRLV in serum, the emergence of proviral DNA of SRLV in semen and presence in blood in a group of naturally SRLV-infected individuals (13 rams and 4 bucks), was followed temporally using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The same animals were also systematically serologically monitored by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) during the breeding season (August-February). A triple monocyte-macrophage count was performed on both blood and semen using a specific monoclonal antibody in conjunction with flow cytometry. The finding that epididymal semen and tissue samples of the testes, epididymides, ampullary, vesicular, prostate and bulbo-urethral glands all tested positive for the presence of proviral DNA indicates that various male sexual organs may contribute directly to shedding of proviral SRLV DNA in ejaculated semen. Our results suggest that small ruminants show intermittent shedding of proviral SRLV DNA into epididymal as well as ejaculated semen. They also demonstrate that a single PCR-negative semen sample cannot be used as a diagnostic tool to predict that subsequent ejaculates will be SRLV-free. No significant relationship was found between numbers of monocytes and/or macrophages in blood or semen and the detection of proviral SRLV in ejaculates.
Author	Colenbrander, B. Gadella, B.M. Peterson, K. Houwers, D.J. Brinkhof, J.
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Cites_doi	10.1016/S0966-842X(00)88997-0 10.1016/S0034-5288(18)33482-9 10.1051/vetres:2004014 10.1016/S0034-5288(03)00098-5 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.01.012 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.05.003 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.03.006 10.1016/0090-1229(92)90155-H 10.1016/S0015-0282(02)04344-3 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0320(19960315)26:1<69::AID-CYTO11>3.0.CO;2-Q 10.2460/ajvr.1996.57.05.684 10.1128/CDLI.6.5.734-740.1999 10.1097/00005792-197411000-00002 10.1095/biolreprod.102.011445 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.04.006 10.1016/0165-2427(95)05512-6 10.1016/0165-2427(96)05568-7 10.1023/A:1006181307002 10.4081/821 10.1016/S0921-4488(02)00044-5
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Snippet	To be able to predict sexual transmissibility of small ruminant lenti viruses (SRLV), it is necessary to know whether or not the virus is excreted in the...
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SubjectTerms	Animals Antibodies, Viral - blood Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine - genetics Breeding bucks Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus DNA DNA, Viral - analysis DNA, Viral - blood Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Genitalia, Male - virology goats Goats - virology Lentivirus Lentivirus - genetics Lentivirus - immunology Lentivirus - isolation & purification macrophages Maedi Visna Virus Male male reproductive system monocytes Polymerase Chain Reaction proviruses rams Seasons Semen Semen - virology Sexual transmission sexually transmitted diseases sheep Sheep - virology Small ruminant lentivirus Virus Shedding - genetics virus transmission Visna-maedi virus - genetics
Title	Presence of pro-lentiviral DNA in male sexual organs and ejaculates of small ruminants
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