Vegetation type conversion in the US Southwest: frontline observations and management responses
Background Forest and nonforest ecosystems of the western United States are experiencing major transformations in response to land-use change, climate warming, and their interactive effects with wildland fire. Some ecosystems are transitioning to persistent alternative types, hereafter called “veget...
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| Vydáno v: | Fire ecology Ročník 18; číslo 1 |
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Cham
Springer International Publishing
19.05.2022
Springer Nature B.V |
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| ISSN: | 1933-9747, 1933-9747 |
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| Abstract | Background
Forest and nonforest ecosystems of the western United States are experiencing major transformations in response to land-use change, climate warming, and their interactive effects with wildland fire. Some ecosystems are transitioning to persistent alternative types, hereafter called “vegetation type conversion” (VTC). VTC is one of the most pressing management issues in the southwestern US, yet current strategies to intervene and address change often use trial-and-error approaches devised after the fact. To better understand how to manage VTC, we gathered managers, scientists, and practitioners from across the southwestern US to collect their experiences with VTC challenges, management responses, and outcomes.
Results
Participants in two workshops provided 11 descriptive case studies and 61 examples of VTC from their own field observations. These experiences demonstrate the extent and complexity of ecological reorganization across the region. High-severity fire was the predominant driver of VTC in semi-arid coniferous forests. By a large margin, these forests converted to shrubland, with fewer conversions to native or non-native herbaceous communities. Chaparral and sagebrush areas nearly always converted to non-native grasses through interactions among land use, climate, and fire. Management interventions in VTC areas most often attempted to reverse changes, although we found that these efforts cover only a small portion of high-severity burn areas undergoing VTC. Some areas incurred long (>10 years) observational periods prior to initiating interventions. Efforts to facilitate VTC were rare, but could cover large spatial areas.
Conclusions
Our findings underscore that type conversion is a common outcome of high-severity wildland fire in the southwestern US. Ecosystem managers are frontline observers of these far-reaching and potentially persistent changes, making their experiences valuable in further developing intervention strategies and research agendas. As its drivers increase with climate change, VTC appears increasingly likely in many ecological contexts and may require management paradigms to transition as well. Approaches to VTC potentially include developing new models of desired conditions, the use of experimentation by managers, and broader implementation of adaptive management strategies. Continuing to support and develop science-manager partnerships and peer learning groups will help to shape our response to ongoing rapid ecological transformations. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Background
Forest and nonforest ecosystems of the western United States are experiencing major transformations in response to land-use change, climate warming, and their interactive effects with wildland fire. Some ecosystems are transitioning to persistent alternative types, hereafter called “vegetation type conversion” (VTC). VTC is one of the most pressing management issues in the southwestern US, yet current strategies to intervene and address change often use trial-and-error approaches devised after the fact. To better understand how to manage VTC, we gathered managers, scientists, and practitioners from across the southwestern US to collect their experiences with VTC challenges, management responses, and outcomes.
Results
Participants in two workshops provided 11 descriptive case studies and 61 examples of VTC from their own field observations. These experiences demonstrate the extent and complexity of ecological reorganization across the region. High-severity fire was the predominant driver of VTC in semi-arid coniferous forests. By a large margin, these forests converted to shrubland, with fewer conversions to native or non-native herbaceous communities. Chaparral and sagebrush areas nearly always converted to non-native grasses through interactions among land use, climate, and fire. Management interventions in VTC areas most often attempted to reverse changes, although we found that these efforts cover only a small portion of high-severity burn areas undergoing VTC. Some areas incurred long (>10 years) observational periods prior to initiating interventions. Efforts to facilitate VTC were rare, but could cover large spatial areas.
Conclusions
Our findings underscore that type conversion is a common outcome of high-severity wildland fire in the southwestern US. Ecosystem managers are frontline observers of these far-reaching and potentially persistent changes, making their experiences valuable in further developing intervention strategies and research agendas. As its drivers increase with climate change, VTC appears increasingly likely in many ecological contexts and may require management paradigms to transition as well. Approaches to VTC potentially include developing new models of desired conditions, the use of experimentation by managers, and broader implementation of adaptive management strategies. Continuing to support and develop science-manager partnerships and peer learning groups will help to shape our response to ongoing rapid ecological transformations. BackgroundForest and nonforest ecosystems of the western United States are experiencing major transformations in response to land-use change, climate warming, and their interactive effects with wildland fire. Some ecosystems are transitioning to persistent alternative types, hereafter called “vegetation type conversion” (VTC). VTC is one of the most pressing management issues in the southwestern US, yet current strategies to intervene and address change often use trial-and-error approaches devised after the fact. To better understand how to manage VTC, we gathered managers, scientists, and practitioners from across the southwestern US to collect their experiences with VTC challenges, management responses, and outcomes.ResultsParticipants in two workshops provided 11 descriptive case studies and 61 examples of VTC from their own field observations. These experiences demonstrate the extent and complexity of ecological reorganization across the region. High-severity fire was the predominant driver of VTC in semi-arid coniferous forests. By a large margin, these forests converted to shrubland, with fewer conversions to native or non-native herbaceous communities. Chaparral and sagebrush areas nearly always converted to non-native grasses through interactions among land use, climate, and fire. Management interventions in VTC areas most often attempted to reverse changes, although we found that these efforts cover only a small portion of high-severity burn areas undergoing VTC. Some areas incurred long (>10 years) observational periods prior to initiating interventions. Efforts to facilitate VTC were rare, but could cover large spatial areas.ConclusionsOur findings underscore that type conversion is a common outcome of high-severity wildland fire in the southwestern US. Ecosystem managers are frontline observers of these far-reaching and potentially persistent changes, making their experiences valuable in further developing intervention strategies and research agendas. As its drivers increase with climate change, VTC appears increasingly likely in many ecological contexts and may require management paradigms to transition as well. Approaches to VTC potentially include developing new models of desired conditions, the use of experimentation by managers, and broader implementation of adaptive management strategies. Continuing to support and develop science-manager partnerships and peer learning groups will help to shape our response to ongoing rapid ecological transformations. |
| ArticleNumber | 6 |
| Author | Huffman, David Marks, Christopher Lynch, Ann M. Taylor, Alan Caprio, Anthony C. Beckmann, Jill J. Carril, Dennis Marshall, Laura A. E. Meyer, Marc D. Iniguez, Jose Gregg, Rachel M. Syphard, Alexandra Dunya van Mantgem, Phillip J. Hagmann, R. Keala Wilcox, Craig Enquist, Carolyn A. F. Falk, Donald A. Stevens, Jens T. Coop, Jonathan D. Haffey, Collin Jackson, Stephen T. Fornwalt, Paula J. Keeley, Jon E. Molinari, Nicole A. Guiterman, Christopher H. Restaino, Christina Safford, Hugh Margolis, Ellis Q. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Christopher H. orcidid: 0000-0002-9706-9332 surname: Guiterman fullname: Guiterman, Christopher H. email: christopher.guiterman@noaa.gov organization: Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Ecological Restoration Institute, Northern Arizona University, Present address: Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder – sequence: 2 givenname: Rachel M. surname: Gregg fullname: Gregg, Rachel M. organization: Environmental Science Associates – sequence: 3 givenname: Laura A. E. surname: Marshall fullname: Marshall, Laura A. E. organization: School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University – sequence: 4 givenname: Jill J. surname: Beckmann fullname: Beckmann, Jill J. organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University – sequence: 5 givenname: Phillip J. surname: van Mantgem fullname: van Mantgem, Phillip J. organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center – sequence: 6 givenname: Donald A. surname: Falk fullname: Falk, Donald A. organization: Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona – sequence: 7 givenname: Jon E. surname: Keeley fullname: Keeley, Jon E. organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California – sequence: 8 givenname: Anthony C. surname: Caprio fullname: Caprio, Anthony C. organization: Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks – sequence: 9 givenname: Jonathan D. surname: Coop fullname: Coop, Jonathan D. organization: School of Environment and Sustainability, Western Colorado University – sequence: 10 givenname: Paula J. surname: Fornwalt fullname: Fornwalt, Paula J. organization: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station – sequence: 11 givenname: Collin surname: Haffey fullname: Haffey, Collin organization: New Mexico Forestry Division, Energy Minerals and Natural Resources Department – sequence: 12 givenname: R. Keala surname: Hagmann fullname: Hagmann, R. Keala organization: Applegate Forestry LLC, College of the Environment-SEFS, University of Washington – sequence: 13 givenname: Stephen T. surname: Jackson fullname: Jackson, Stephen T. organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest and South Central Climate Adaptation Science Centers, Department of Geosciences and School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Arizona – sequence: 14 givenname: Ann M. surname: Lynch fullname: Lynch, Ann M. organization: U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station – sequence: 15 givenname: Ellis Q. surname: Margolis fullname: Margolis, Ellis Q. organization: U.S. Geological Survey, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station – sequence: 16 givenname: Christopher surname: Marks fullname: Marks, Christopher organization: Grand Canyon National Park – sequence: 17 givenname: Marc D. surname: Meyer fullname: Meyer, Marc D. organization: USDA Forest Service, Region 5 Ecology Program, Southern Sierra Province – sequence: 18 givenname: Hugh surname: Safford fullname: Safford, Hugh organization: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California – sequence: 19 givenname: Alexandra Dunya surname: Syphard fullname: Syphard, Alexandra Dunya organization: Vertus Wildfire, Department of Geography, San Diego State University – sequence: 20 givenname: Alan surname: Taylor fullname: Taylor, Alan organization: Department of Geography and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park – sequence: 21 givenname: Craig surname: Wilcox fullname: Wilcox, Craig organization: Lincoln National Forest – sequence: 22 givenname: Dennis surname: Carril fullname: Carril, Dennis organization: USDA Forest Service – sequence: 23 givenname: Carolyn A. F. surname: Enquist fullname: Enquist, Carolyn A. F. organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest and South Central Climate Adaptation Science Centers – sequence: 24 givenname: David surname: Huffman fullname: Huffman, David organization: Ecological Restoration Institute, Northern Arizona University – sequence: 25 givenname: Jose surname: Iniguez fullname: Iniguez, Jose organization: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station – sequence: 26 givenname: Nicole A. surname: Molinari fullname: Molinari, Nicole A. organization: USDA Forest Service, Region 5 Ecology Program, Southern California Province – sequence: 27 givenname: Christina surname: Restaino fullname: Restaino, Christina organization: University of Nevada Cooperative Extension – sequence: 28 givenname: Jens T. surname: Stevens fullname: Stevens, Jens T. organization: U.S. Geological Survey, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station |
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| Keywords | High-severity fire Vegetation type conversion Alternative stable states Community reorganization Adaptive management Wildland fire Forest management Post-fire recovery Resilience |
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Forest and nonforest ecosystems of the western United States are experiencing major transformations in response to land-use change, climate warming,... BackgroundForest and nonforest ecosystems of the western United States are experiencing major transformations in response to land-use change, climate warming,... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adaptive management Biomedical and Life Sciences Chaparral Climate change Coniferous forests Conversion Ecology Ecosystem management Ecosystems Experimentation Forestry Forum Global warming Land use Life Sciences Managers Strategic management Vegetation Vegetation type Wildfires |
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| Title | Vegetation type conversion in the US Southwest: frontline observations and management responses |
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