Attention Induced Dual Convolutional-Capsule Network (AIDC-CN): A deep learning framework for motor imagery classification

In recent times, Electroencephalography (EEG)-based motor imagery (MI) decoding has garnered significant attention due to its extensive applicability in healthcare, including areas such as assistive robotics and rehabilitation engineering. Nevertheless, the decoding of EEG signals presents considera...

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Published in:	Computers in biology and medicine Vol. 183; p. 109260
Main Authors:	Chowdhury, Ritesh Sur, Bose, Shirsha, Ghosh, Sayantani, Konar, Amit
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Elsevier Ltd 01.12.2024 Elsevier Limited
Subjects:	Algorithms Attention Attention - physiology Brain Brain - physiology Brain-Computer Interfaces Capsule network Classification Convolution Decoding Deep Learning EEG Electroencephalography Electroencephalography (EEG) Electroencephalography - methods Error analysis Feature extraction Humans Imagery Imagination - physiology Internal Medicine Machine learning Mental task performance Modules Motor imagery Motor skill learning Motor task performance Neural networks Neural Networks, Computer Other Robotics Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted Signal to noise ratio Deep learning Motor imagery Electroencephalography (EEG) Capsule network
ISSN:	0010-4825, 1879-0534, 1879-0534
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Abstract	In recent times, Electroencephalography (EEG)-based motor imagery (MI) decoding has garnered significant attention due to its extensive applicability in healthcare, including areas such as assistive robotics and rehabilitation engineering. Nevertheless, the decoding of EEG signals presents considerable challenges owing to their inherent complexity, non-stationary characteristics, and low signal-to-noise ratio. Notably, deep learning-based classifiers have emerged as a prominent focus for addressing the EEG signal decoding process. This study introduces a novel deep learning classifier named the Attention Induced Dual Convolutional-Capsule Network (AIDC-CN) with the specific aim of accurately categorizing various motor imagination class labels. To enhance the classifier’s performance, a dual feature extraction approach leveraging spectrogram and brain connectivity networks has been employed, diversifying the feature set in the classification task. The main highlights of the proposed AIDC-CN classifier includes the introduction of a dual convolution layer to handle the brain connectivity and spectrogram features, addition of a novel self-attention module (SAM) to accentuate the relevant parts of the convolved spectrogram features, introduction of a new cross-attention module (CAM) to refine the outputs obtained from the dual convolution layers and incorporation of a Gaussian Error Linear Unit (GELU) based dynamic routing algorithm to strengthen the coupling among the primary and secondary capsule layers. Performance analysis undertaken on four public data sets depict the superior performance of the proposed model with respect to the state-of-the-art techniques. The code for this model is available at https://github.com/RiteshSurChowdhury/AIDC-CN. •A deep learning paradigm to classify EEG signals of subjects during motor imagination.•A dual feature extraction strategy is used to improve the accuracy of the classifier.•Design of a novel deep learning based classifier to classify motor imagery classes.•Performance analysis undertaken depicts the efficacy of the proposed classifier.
AbstractList	AbstractIn recent times, Electroencephalography (EEG)-based motor imagery (MI) decoding has garnered significant attention due to its extensive applicability in healthcare, including areas such as assistive robotics and rehabilitation engineering. Nevertheless, the decoding of EEG signals presents considerable challenges owing to their inherent complexity, non-stationary characteristics, and low signal-to-noise ratio. Notably, deep learning-based classifiers have emerged as a prominent focus for addressing the EEG signal decoding process. This study introduces a novel deep learning classifier named the Attention Induced Dual Convolutional-Capsule Network (AIDC-CN) with the specific aim of accurately categorizing various motor imagination class labels. To enhance the classifier’s performance, a dual feature extraction approach leveraging spectrogram and brain connectivity networks has been employed, diversifying the feature set in the classification task. The main highlights of the proposed AIDC-CN classifier includes the introduction of a dual convolution layer to handle the brain connectivity and spectrogram features, addition of a novel self-attention module (SAM) to accentuate the relevant parts of the convolved spectrogram features, introduction of a new cross-attention module (CAM) to refine the outputs obtained from the dual convolution layers and incorporation of a Gaussian Error Linear Unit (GELU) based dynamic routing algorithm to strengthen the coupling among the primary and secondary capsule layers. Performance analysis undertaken on four public data sets depict the superior performance of the proposed model with respect to the state-of-the-art techniques. The code for this model is available at https://github.com/RiteshSurChowdhury/AIDC-CN. In recent times, Electroencephalography (EEG)-based motor imagery (MI) decoding has garnered significant attention due to its extensive applicability in healthcare, including areas such as assistive robotics and rehabilitation engineering. Nevertheless, the decoding of EEG signals presents considerable challenges owing to their inherent complexity, non-stationary characteristics, and low signal-to-noise ratio. Notably, deep learning-based classifiers have emerged as a prominent focus for addressing the EEG signal decoding process. This study introduces a novel deep learning classifier named the Attention Induced Dual Convolutional-Capsule Network (AIDC-CN) with the specific aim of accurately categorizing various motor imagination class labels. To enhance the classifier’s performance, a dual feature extraction approach leveraging spectrogram and brain connectivity networks has been employed, diversifying the feature set in the classification task. The main highlights of the proposed AIDC-CN classifier includes the introduction of a dual convolution layer to handle the brain connectivity and spectrogram features, addition of a novel self-attention module (SAM) to accentuate the relevant parts of the convolved spectrogram features, introduction of a new cross-attention module (CAM) to refine the outputs obtained from the dual convolution layers and incorporation of a Gaussian Error Linear Unit (GELU) based dynamic routing algorithm to strengthen the coupling among the primary and secondary capsule layers. Performance analysis undertaken on four public data sets depict the superior performance of the proposed model with respect to the state-of-the-art techniques. The code for this model is available at https://github.com/RiteshSurChowdhury/AIDC-CN. In recent times, Electroencephalography (EEG)-based motor imagery (MI) decoding has garnered significant attention due to its extensive applicability in healthcare, including areas such as assistive robotics and rehabilitation engineering. Nevertheless, the decoding of EEG signals presents considerable challenges owing to their inherent complexity, non-stationary characteristics, and low signal-to-noise ratio. Notably, deep learning-based classifiers have emerged as a prominent focus for addressing the EEG signal decoding process. This study introduces a novel deep learning classifier named the Attention Induced Dual Convolutional-Capsule Network (AIDC-CN) with the specific aim of accurately categorizing various motor imagination class labels. To enhance the classifier’s performance, a dual feature extraction approach leveraging spectrogram and brain connectivity networks has been employed, diversifying the feature set in the classification task. The main highlights of the proposed AIDC-CN classifier includes the introduction of a dual convolution layer to handle the brain connectivity and spectrogram features, addition of a novel self-attention module (SAM) to accentuate the relevant parts of the convolved spectrogram features, introduction of a new cross-attention module (CAM) to refine the outputs obtained from the dual convolution layers and incorporation of a Gaussian Error Linear Unit (GELU) based dynamic routing algorithm to strengthen the coupling among the primary and secondary capsule layers. Performance analysis undertaken on four public data sets depict the superior performance of the proposed model with respect to the state-of-the-art techniques. The code for this model is available at https://github.com/RiteshSurChowdhury/AIDC-CN. •A deep learning paradigm to classify EEG signals of subjects during motor imagination.•A dual feature extraction strategy is used to improve the accuracy of the classifier.•Design of a novel deep learning based classifier to classify motor imagery classes.•Performance analysis undertaken depicts the efficacy of the proposed classifier. In recent times, Electroencephalography (EEG)-based motor imagery (MI) decoding has garnered significant attention due to its extensive applicability in healthcare, including areas such as assistive robotics and rehabilitation engineering. Nevertheless, the decoding of EEG signals presents considerable challenges owing to their inherent complexity, non-stationary characteristics, and low signal-to-noise ratio. Notably, deep learning-based classifiers have emerged as a prominent focus for addressing the EEG signal decoding process. This study introduces a novel deep learning classifier named the Attention Induced Dual Convolutional-Capsule Network (AIDC-CN) with the specific aim of accurately categorizing various motor imagination class labels. To enhance the classifier's performance, a dual feature extraction approach leveraging spectrogram and brain connectivity networks has been employed, diversifying the feature set in the classification task. The main highlights of the proposed AIDC-CN classifier includes the introduction of a dual convolution layer to handle the brain connectivity and spectrogram features, addition of a novel self-attention module (SAM) to accentuate the relevant parts of the convolved spectrogram features, introduction of a new cross-attention module (CAM) to refine the outputs obtained from the dual convolution layers and incorporation of a Gaussian Error Linear Unit (GELU) based dynamic routing algorithm to strengthen the coupling among the primary and secondary capsule layers. Performance analysis undertaken on four public data sets depict the superior performance of the proposed model with respect to the state-of-the-art techniques. The code for this model is available at https://github.com/RiteshSurChowdhury/AIDC-CN.In recent times, Electroencephalography (EEG)-based motor imagery (MI) decoding has garnered significant attention due to its extensive applicability in healthcare, including areas such as assistive robotics and rehabilitation engineering. Nevertheless, the decoding of EEG signals presents considerable challenges owing to their inherent complexity, non-stationary characteristics, and low signal-to-noise ratio. Notably, deep learning-based classifiers have emerged as a prominent focus for addressing the EEG signal decoding process. This study introduces a novel deep learning classifier named the Attention Induced Dual Convolutional-Capsule Network (AIDC-CN) with the specific aim of accurately categorizing various motor imagination class labels. To enhance the classifier's performance, a dual feature extraction approach leveraging spectrogram and brain connectivity networks has been employed, diversifying the feature set in the classification task. The main highlights of the proposed AIDC-CN classifier includes the introduction of a dual convolution layer to handle the brain connectivity and spectrogram features, addition of a novel self-attention module (SAM) to accentuate the relevant parts of the convolved spectrogram features, introduction of a new cross-attention module (CAM) to refine the outputs obtained from the dual convolution layers and incorporation of a Gaussian Error Linear Unit (GELU) based dynamic routing algorithm to strengthen the coupling among the primary and secondary capsule layers. Performance analysis undertaken on four public data sets depict the superior performance of the proposed model with respect to the state-of-the-art techniques. The code for this model is available at https://github.com/RiteshSurChowdhury/AIDC-CN.
ArticleNumber	109260
Author	Konar, Amit Bose, Shirsha Chowdhury, Ritesh Sur Ghosh, Sayantani
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Ritesh Sur orcidid: 0000-0002-4494-3655 surname: Chowdhury fullname: Chowdhury, Ritesh Sur organization: Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India – sequence: 2 givenname: Shirsha orcidid: 0000-0003-4528-955X surname: Bose fullname: Bose, Shirsha organization: Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Bavaria 85748, Germany – sequence: 3 givenname: Sayantani orcidid: 0000-0002-3156-9772 surname: Ghosh fullname: Ghosh, Sayantani organization: Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India – sequence: 4 givenname: Amit orcidid: 0000-0002-9474-5956 surname: Konar fullname: Konar, Amit email: konaramit@yahoo.co.in organization: Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
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Keywords	Deep learning Motor imagery Electroencephalography (EEG) Capsule network
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Snippet	In recent times, Electroencephalography (EEG)-based motor imagery (MI) decoding has garnered significant attention due to its extensive applicability in... AbstractIn recent times, Electroencephalography (EEG)-based motor imagery (MI) decoding has garnered significant attention due to its extensive applicability...
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StartPage	109260
SubjectTerms	Algorithms Attention Attention - physiology Brain Brain - physiology Brain-Computer Interfaces Capsule network Classification Convolution Decoding Deep Learning EEG Electroencephalography Electroencephalography (EEG) Electroencephalography - methods Error analysis Feature extraction Humans Imagery Imagination - physiology Internal Medicine Machine learning Mental task performance Modules Motor imagery Motor skill learning Motor task performance Neural networks Neural Networks, Computer Other Robotics Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted Signal to noise ratio
Title	Attention Induced Dual Convolutional-Capsule Network (AIDC-CN): A deep learning framework for motor imagery classification
URI	https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/1-s2.0-S0010482524013453 https://www.clinicalkey.es/playcontent/1-s2.0-S0010482524013453 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109260 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39426071 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3128256686 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3118471634
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