An Open-Source, Durable, and Low-Cost Alternative to Commercially Available Soil Temperature Data Loggers

Soil temperatures play an important role in determining the distribution and function of organisms. However, soil temperature is decoupled from air temperature and varies widely in space. Characterizing and predicting soil temperature requires large and expensive networks of data loggers. We develop...

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Published in:	Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 22; no. 1; p. 148
Main Authors:	Curasi, Salvatore R., Klupar, Ian, Loranty, Michael M., Rocha, Adrian V.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 27.12.2021 MDPI
Subjects:	Arduino Cold Temperature data logger DIY Graduate students Humans Internet resources low-cost microclimate Online tutorials open-source Preventive maintenance Printed circuit boards Semiconductors Sensors Software Soil Temperature Alaska Toolik Lake United States > US North Slope microclimate DIY low-cost open-source soil temperature data logger Arduino
ISSN:	1424-8220, 1424-8220
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Abstract	Soil temperatures play an important role in determining the distribution and function of organisms. However, soil temperature is decoupled from air temperature and varies widely in space. Characterizing and predicting soil temperature requires large and expensive networks of data loggers. We developed an open-source soil temperature data logger and created online resources to ensure our design was accessible. We tested data loggers constructed by students, with little prior electronics experience, in the lab, and in the field in Alaska. The do-it-yourself (DIY) data logger was comparably accurate to a commercial system with a mean absolute error of 2% from −20–0 °C and 1% from 0–20 °C. They captured accurate soil temperature data and performed reliably in the field with less than 10% failing in the first year of deployment. The DIY loggers were ~1.7–7 times less expensive than commercial systems. This work has the potential to increase the spatial resolution of soil temperature monitoring and serve as a powerful educational tool. The DIY soil temperature data logger will reduce data collection costs and improve our understanding of species distributions and ecological processes. It also provides an educational resource to enhance STEM, accessibility, inclusivity, and engagement.
AbstractList	Soil temperatures play an important role in determining the distribution and function of organisms. However, soil temperature is decoupled from air temperature and varies widely in space. Characterizing and predicting soil temperature requires large and expensive networks of data loggers. We developed an open-source soil temperature data logger and created online resources to ensure our design was accessible. We tested data loggers constructed by students, with little prior electronics experience, in the lab, and in the field in Alaska. The do-it-yourself (DIY) data logger was comparably accurate to a commercial system with a mean absolute error of 2% from −20–0 °C and 1% from 0–20 °C. They captured accurate soil temperature data and performed reliably in the field with less than 10% failing in the first year of deployment. The DIY loggers were ~1.7–7 times less expensive than commercial systems. This work has the potential to increase the spatial resolution of soil temperature monitoring and serve as a powerful educational tool. The DIY soil temperature data logger will reduce data collection costs and improve our understanding of species distributions and ecological processes. It also provides an educational resource to enhance STEM, accessibility, inclusivity, and engagement. Soil temperatures play an important role in determining the distribution and function of organisms. However, soil temperature is decoupled from air temperature and varies widely in space. Characterizing and predicting soil temperature requires large and expensive networks of data loggers. We developed an open-source soil temperature data logger and created online resources to ensure our design was accessible. We tested data loggers constructed by students, with little prior electronics experience, in the lab, and in the field in Alaska. The do-it-yourself (DIY) data logger was comparably accurate to a commercial system with a mean absolute error of 2% from -20-0 °C and 1% from 0-20 °C. They captured accurate soil temperature data and performed reliably in the field with less than 10% failing in the first year of deployment. The DIY loggers were ~1.7-7 times less expensive than commercial systems. This work has the potential to increase the spatial resolution of soil temperature monitoring and serve as a powerful educational tool. The DIY soil temperature data logger will reduce data collection costs and improve our understanding of species distributions and ecological processes. It also provides an educational resource to enhance STEM, accessibility, inclusivity, and engagement. Soil temperatures play an important role in determining the distribution and function of organisms. However, soil temperature is decoupled from air temperature and varies widely in space. Characterizing and predicting soil temperature requires large and expensive networks of data loggers. We developed an open-source soil temperature data logger and created online resources to ensure our design was accessible. We tested data loggers constructed by students, with little prior electronics experience, in the lab, and in the field in Alaska. The do-it-yourself (DIY) data logger was comparably accurate to a commercial system with a mean absolute error of 2% from -20-0 °C and 1% from 0-20 °C. They captured accurate soil temperature data and performed reliably in the field with less than 10% failing in the first year of deployment. The DIY loggers were ~1.7-7 times less expensive than commercial systems. This work has the potential to increase the spatial resolution of soil temperature monitoring and serve as a powerful educational tool. The DIY soil temperature data logger will reduce data collection costs and improve our understanding of species distributions and ecological processes. It also provides an educational resource to enhance STEM, accessibility, inclusivity, and engagement.Soil temperatures play an important role in determining the distribution and function of organisms. However, soil temperature is decoupled from air temperature and varies widely in space. Characterizing and predicting soil temperature requires large and expensive networks of data loggers. We developed an open-source soil temperature data logger and created online resources to ensure our design was accessible. We tested data loggers constructed by students, with little prior electronics experience, in the lab, and in the field in Alaska. The do-it-yourself (DIY) data logger was comparably accurate to a commercial system with a mean absolute error of 2% from -20-0 °C and 1% from 0-20 °C. They captured accurate soil temperature data and performed reliably in the field with less than 10% failing in the first year of deployment. The DIY loggers were ~1.7-7 times less expensive than commercial systems. This work has the potential to increase the spatial resolution of soil temperature monitoring and serve as a powerful educational tool. The DIY soil temperature data logger will reduce data collection costs and improve our understanding of species distributions and ecological processes. It also provides an educational resource to enhance STEM, accessibility, inclusivity, and engagement.
Author	Loranty, Michael M. Klupar, Ian Rocha, Adrian V. Curasi, Salvatore R.
AuthorAffiliation	4 Department of Geography, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA; mloranty@colgate.edu 3 Climate Research Division, Environment, and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada 2 Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada 1 Department of Biological Sciences and the Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656, USA; ianklupar@gmail.com (I.K.); arocha1@nd.edu (A.V.R.)
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 4 Department of Geography, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA; mloranty@colgate.edu – name: 3 Climate Research Division, Environment, and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada – name: 1 Department of Biological Sciences and the Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656, USA; ianklupar@gmail.com (I.K.); arocha1@nd.edu (A.V.R.) – name: 2 Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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Cites_doi	10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108291 10.1038/s41467-020-18479-5 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19694.x 10.1111/gcb.14942 10.3897/BDJ.2.e1059 10.1002/2015JD024482 10.1088/1748-9326/aac83e 10.1111/2041-210X.13128 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00290-X 10.1007/s10021-020-00577-6 10.1111/gcb.13489 10.1111/conl.12458 10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.03.008 10.1002/ppp.625 10.1111/ddi.12216 10.1093/icb/icr111 10.1111/geb.12974 10.1111/gcb.15123 10.5194/bg-6-1341-2009 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01762.x 10.1177/0306312718823282 10.5194/bg-15-5287-2018 10.1126/science.aba6880 10.20944/preprints201801.0139.v1 10.1002/ppp.1972 10.1111/pce.12043 10.1080/09500690010025030 10.1038/s41559-019-0842-1 10.1017/S0266467411000253 10.1002/ecs2.3137 10.1111/ejss.13149 10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/084015 10.1007/s11273-015-9439-x 10.1371/journal.pone.0255559
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SubjectTerms	Arduino Cold Temperature data logger DIY Graduate students Humans Internet resources low-cost microclimate Online tutorials open-source Preventive maintenance Printed circuit boards Semiconductors Sensors Software Soil Temperature
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Title	An Open-Source, Durable, and Low-Cost Alternative to Commercially Available Soil Temperature Data Loggers
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