Understanding and optimizing Evolon® CR for varnish removal from oil paintings
Evolon ® CR is increasingly used in paintings conservation for varnish removal from oil paintings. Its key benefits over traditional cotton swabs are limiting solvent exposure and reducing mechanical action on the paint surface. However, this non-woven microfilament textile was not originally engine...
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| Vydáno v: | Heritage science Ročník 9; číslo 1; s. 1 - 17 |
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| Hlavní autoři: | , , , , , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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Cham
Springer International Publishing
27.11.2021
Springer Nature B.V SpringerOpen |
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| ISSN: | 2050-7445, 2050-7445 |
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| Abstract | Evolon
®
CR is increasingly used in paintings conservation for varnish removal from oil paintings. Its key benefits over traditional cotton swabs are limiting solvent exposure and reducing mechanical action on the paint surface. However, this non-woven microfilament textile was not originally engineered for conservation use and little is known about its chemical stability towards organic solvents. Moreover, the physical processes of solvent loading and release by Evolon
®
CR, as well as solvent retention inside paint after cleaning, have not been studied. These three topics were investigated using a multi-analytical approach, aiming for an improved understanding and optimized use of Evolon
®
CR for varnish removal. Our results show that the tissue is generally chemically and physically stable to organic solvents when exposed on timescales that are typical in conservation practice. However, a pre-treatment step of Evolon
®
CR is necessary to avoid the release of unwanted saturated fatty acids into the paint during varnish removal. We show that the primary mechanism of solvent uptake by the fibers is
ad
sorption rather than
ab
sorption and that the dominant factor dictating the maximum solvent load is the volume of the voids between the fibers. Finally, solvent induced dynamics after application of solvent-loaded Evolon
®
CR within the paint film was monitored using portable laser speckle imaging on model paints. A method to quantify solvent-retention in real-time was developed and revealed that the presence of varnish on paintings results in lower dynamics of solvents within the paint in comparison to unvarnished paint. Comparing various solvents, it was found that cleaning with acetone resulted in a roughly six-fold increase in dynamics compared to ethanol and isopropanol. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Evolon
$$^\circledR$$
®
CR is increasingly used in paintings conservation for varnish removal from oil paintings. Its key benefits over traditional cotton swabs are limiting solvent exposure and reducing mechanical action on the paint surface. However, this non-woven microfilament textile was not originally engineered for conservation use and little is known about its chemical stability towards organic solvents. Moreover, the physical processes of solvent loading and release by Evolon
$$^\circledR$$
®
CR, as well as solvent retention inside paint after cleaning, have not been studied. These three topics were investigated using a multi-analytical approach, aiming for an improved understanding and optimized use of Evolon
$$^\circledR$$
®
CR for varnish removal. Our results show that the tissue is generally chemically and physically stable to organic solvents when exposed on timescales that are typical in conservation practice. However, a pre-treatment step of Evolon
$$^\circledR$$
®
CR is necessary to avoid the release of unwanted saturated fatty acids into the paint during varnish removal. We show that the primary mechanism of solvent uptake by the fibers is
ad
sorption rather than
ab
sorption and that the dominant factor dictating the maximum solvent load is the volume of the voids between the fibers. Finally, solvent induced dynamics after application of solvent-loaded Evolon
$$^\circledR$$
®
CR within the paint film was monitored using portable laser speckle imaging on model paints. A method to quantify solvent-retention in real-time was developed and revealed that the presence of varnish on paintings results in lower dynamics of solvents within the paint in comparison to unvarnished paint. Comparing various solvents, it was found that cleaning with acetone resulted in a roughly six-fold increase in dynamics compared to ethanol and isopropanol. Evolon® CR is increasingly used in paintings conservation for varnish removal from oil paintings. Its key benefits over traditional cotton swabs are limiting solvent exposure and reducing mechanical action on the paint surface. However, this non-woven microfilament textile was not originally engineered for conservation use and little is known about its chemical stability towards organic solvents. Moreover, the physical processes of solvent loading and release by Evolon® CR, as well as solvent retention inside paint after cleaning, have not been studied. These three topics were investigated using a multi-analytical approach, aiming for an improved understanding and optimized use of Evolon® CR for varnish removal. Our results show that the tissue is generally chemically and physically stable to organic solvents when exposed on timescales that are typical in conservation practice. However, a pre-treatment step of Evolon® CR is necessary to avoid the release of unwanted saturated fatty acids into the paint during varnish removal. We show that the primary mechanism of solvent uptake by the fibers is adsorption rather than absorption and that the dominant factor dictating the maximum solvent load is the volume of the voids between the fibers. Finally, solvent induced dynamics after application of solvent-loaded Evolon® CR within the paint film was monitored using portable laser speckle imaging on model paints. A method to quantify solvent-retention in real-time was developed and revealed that the presence of varnish on paintings results in lower dynamics of solvents within the paint in comparison to unvarnished paint. Comparing various solvents, it was found that cleaning with acetone resulted in a roughly six-fold increase in dynamics compared to ethanol and isopropanol. Abstract Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR is increasingly used in paintings conservation for varnish removal from oil paintings. Its key benefits over traditional cotton swabs are limiting solvent exposure and reducing mechanical action on the paint surface. However, this non-woven microfilament textile was not originally engineered for conservation use and little is known about its chemical stability towards organic solvents. Moreover, the physical processes of solvent loading and release by Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR, as well as solvent retention inside paint after cleaning, have not been studied. These three topics were investigated using a multi-analytical approach, aiming for an improved understanding and optimized use of Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR for varnish removal. Our results show that the tissue is generally chemically and physically stable to organic solvents when exposed on timescales that are typical in conservation practice. However, a pre-treatment step of Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR is necessary to avoid the release of unwanted saturated fatty acids into the paint during varnish removal. We show that the primary mechanism of solvent uptake by the fibers is adsorption rather than absorption and that the dominant factor dictating the maximum solvent load is the volume of the voids between the fibers. Finally, solvent induced dynamics after application of solvent-loaded Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR within the paint film was monitored using portable laser speckle imaging on model paints. A method to quantify solvent-retention in real-time was developed and revealed that the presence of varnish on paintings results in lower dynamics of solvents within the paint in comparison to unvarnished paint. Comparing various solvents, it was found that cleaning with acetone resulted in a roughly six-fold increase in dynamics compared to ethanol and isopropanol. Evolon ® CR is increasingly used in paintings conservation for varnish removal from oil paintings. Its key benefits over traditional cotton swabs are limiting solvent exposure and reducing mechanical action on the paint surface. However, this non-woven microfilament textile was not originally engineered for conservation use and little is known about its chemical stability towards organic solvents. Moreover, the physical processes of solvent loading and release by Evolon ® CR, as well as solvent retention inside paint after cleaning, have not been studied. These three topics were investigated using a multi-analytical approach, aiming for an improved understanding and optimized use of Evolon ® CR for varnish removal. Our results show that the tissue is generally chemically and physically stable to organic solvents when exposed on timescales that are typical in conservation practice. However, a pre-treatment step of Evolon ® CR is necessary to avoid the release of unwanted saturated fatty acids into the paint during varnish removal. We show that the primary mechanism of solvent uptake by the fibers is ad sorption rather than ab sorption and that the dominant factor dictating the maximum solvent load is the volume of the voids between the fibers. Finally, solvent induced dynamics after application of solvent-loaded Evolon ® CR within the paint film was monitored using portable laser speckle imaging on model paints. A method to quantify solvent-retention in real-time was developed and revealed that the presence of varnish on paintings results in lower dynamics of solvents within the paint in comparison to unvarnished paint. Comparing various solvents, it was found that cleaning with acetone resulted in a roughly six-fold increase in dynamics compared to ethanol and isopropanol. |
| ArticleNumber | 155 |
| Author | Alvarez Martin, Alba Westert, Dorien Geels, Norbert Noble, Petria Liu, Chun Buijs, Jesse Baij, Lambert Keune, Katrien Sprakel, Joris Raven, Laura |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Lambert surname: Baij fullname: Baij, Lambert organization: Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Science, University of Amsterdam, Conservation and Science, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, AkzoNobel Perfomance Coatings – sequence: 2 givenname: Chun surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Chun organization: Conservation and Science, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam – sequence: 3 givenname: Jesse surname: Buijs fullname: Buijs, Jesse organization: Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research – sequence: 4 givenname: Alba surname: Alvarez Martin fullname: Alvarez Martin, Alba organization: Conservation and Science, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam – sequence: 5 givenname: Dorien surname: Westert fullname: Westert, Dorien organization: Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research – sequence: 6 givenname: Laura surname: Raven fullname: Raven, Laura organization: Conservation and Science, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam – sequence: 7 givenname: Norbert surname: Geels fullname: Geels, Norbert organization: Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Science, University of Amsterdam – sequence: 8 givenname: Petria surname: Noble fullname: Noble, Petria organization: Conservation and Science, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam – sequence: 9 givenname: Joris surname: Sprakel fullname: Sprakel, Joris organization: Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research – sequence: 10 givenname: Katrien orcidid: 0000-0002-9621-5430 surname: Keune fullname: Keune, Katrien email: k.keune@rijksmuseum.nl organization: Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Science, University of Amsterdam, Conservation and Science, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.jssc.2005.08.013 10.1002/anie.201710711 10.1186/s40494-020-0350-2 10.1080/07370652.2015.1005773 10.1186/s40494-020-00388-x 10.1002/anie.201712751 10.1016/j.cocis.2019.12.007 10.1002/chem.202184262 10.3390/polym11060978 10.1016/j.microc.2015.09.012 10.1038/s41598-020-67115-1 10.1002/cssc.201000111 10.1002/slct.201601180 10.1186/s40494-019-0273-y 10.1179/sic.2000.45.s3.003 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00890 10.1016/j.desal.2009.11.008 10.1038/s41598-019-49570-7 10.1108/eb041776 10.1007/978-3-030-19254-9_44 10.6092/unibo/amsdottorato/8050 |
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| References | Baij, Hermans, Ormsby, Noble, Iedema, Keune (CR1) 2020; 8 Baij, Astefanei, Hermans, Brinkhuis, Groenewegen, Chassouant, Johansson, Corthals, Tokarski, Iedema, Keune (CR18) 2019; 7 Khandekar (CR2) 2000; 45 Wolbers (CR3) 2000 CR16 CR15 CR14 Arceo, Ellman, Bergman (CR22) 2010; 3 Baij, Hermans, Keune, Iedema (CR25) 2018; 51 Stulik, Miller, Khanjian, Khandekar, Wolbers, Carlson, Peterson (CR4) 2004 Elmas Kimyonok, Ulutürk (CR23) 2016; 34 Baglioni, Chelazzi (CR13) 2021; 27 Tauber, Smelt, Noble, Kirsch, Siejek, Keune, van Keulen, Smulders-De Jong, Erdman (CR17) 2018; 31 Baij, Keune, Hermans, Noble, Iedema, Ormsby, Townsend, Wolbers (CR26) 2017 Chelazzi, Bordes, Giorgi, Holmberg, Baglioni (CR12) 2020; 45 Buijs, van der Gucht, Sprakel (CR27) 2019; 9 Baij, Buijs, Hermans, Raven, Iedema, Keune, Sprakel (CR19) 2020; 10 Chelazzi, Giorgi, Baglioni (CR11) 2018; 57 Zhang, Zhang, Tang, Huang, Fang, Ji, Wang, Wang (CR21) 2019 CR8 CR7 CR20 Baij, Hermans, Keune, Iedema (CR28) 2018; 57 Fife, Ormsby, Townsend, Wolbers (CR9) 2017 Angelova, Ormsby, Richardson (CR6) 2016; 124 Bartoletti, Barker, Chelazzi, Bonelli, Baglioni, Lee, Angelova, Ormsby (CR10) 2020; 8 Clausen, Poulsen, Bond, Chevallier, Iversen (CR30) 2005; 178 Shafaei, Nikazar, Arami (CR29) 2010; 252 Lower (CR24) 1982; 11 Samorì, Galletti, Giorgini, Mazzeo, Mazzocchetti, Prati, Sciutto, Volpi, Tagliavini (CR5) 2016; 1 P Baglioni (627_CR13) 2021; 27 D Chelazzi (627_CR11) 2018; 57 ES Lower (627_CR24) 1982; 11 G Tauber (627_CR17) 2018; 31 A Shafaei (627_CR29) 2010; 252 L Baij (627_CR1) 2020; 8 L Baij (627_CR18) 2019; 7 L Baij (627_CR19) 2020; 10 J Buijs (627_CR27) 2019; 9 D Stulik (627_CR4) 2004 627_CR20 N Khandekar (627_CR2) 2000; 45 HF Clausen (627_CR30) 2005; 178 S Zhang (627_CR21) 2019 GR Fife (627_CR9) 2017 AB Elmas Kimyonok (627_CR23) 2016; 34 A Bartoletti (627_CR10) 2020; 8 LV Angelova (627_CR6) 2016; 124 627_CR7 627_CR8 D Chelazzi (627_CR12) 2020; 45 627_CR16 R Wolbers (627_CR3) 2000 E Arceo (627_CR22) 2010; 3 L Baij (627_CR28) 2018; 57 C Samorì (627_CR5) 2016; 1 627_CR15 L Baij (627_CR25) 2018; 51 627_CR14 L Baij (627_CR26) 2017 |
| References_xml | – start-page: 257 year: 2017 end-page: 261 ident: CR9 article-title: Moving on up: a review of results from SRAL’s tissue-gel composite approach publication-title: Gels in the conservation of art – volume: 178 start-page: 3342 issue: 11 year: 2005 end-page: 3351 ident: CR30 article-title: Solvothermal synthesis of new metal organic framework structures in the zinc-terephthalic acid-dimethyl formamide system publication-title: J Solid State Chem doi: 10.1016/j.jssc.2005.08.013 – volume: 57 start-page: 7296 issue: 25 year: 2018 end-page: 7303 ident: CR11 article-title: Microemulsions, micelles, and functional gels: how colloids and soft matter preserve works of art publication-title: Angewandte Chemie International Edition doi: 10.1002/anie.201710711 – ident: CR14 – ident: CR16 – volume: 31 start-page: 45 year: 2018 end-page: 50 ident: CR17 article-title: Evolon CR: its use from a scientific and practical conservation perspective publication-title: AIC Paint Spec Group Postprints – volume: 8 start-page: 9 issue: 1 year: 2020 ident: CR10 article-title: Reviving WHAAM! a comparative evaluation of cleaning systems for the conservation treatment of Roy Lichtenstein’s iconic painting publication-title: Herit Sci doi: 10.1186/s40494-020-0350-2 – volume: 34 start-page: 113 issue: 2 year: 2016 end-page: 122 ident: CR23 article-title: Determination of the thermal decomposition products of terephthalic acid by using Curie-Point Pyrolyzer publication-title: J Energet Mater doi: 10.1080/07370652.2015.1005773 – volume: 8 start-page: 43 issue: 1 year: 2020 ident: CR1 article-title: A review of solvent action on oil paint publication-title: Herit Sci doi: 10.1186/s40494-020-00388-x – start-page: 316 year: 2017 end-page: 321 ident: CR26 article-title: Time-resolved ATR-FTIR studies on the release of solvents from cleaning gels into model systems of oil paint binding media publication-title: Gels in the conservation of art – volume: 57 start-page: 7351 issue: 25 year: 2018 end-page: 7354 ident: CR28 article-title: Time-dependent ATR-FTIR spectroscopic studies on fatty acid diffusion and the formation of metal soaps in oil paint model systems publication-title: Angewandte Chemie International Edition doi: 10.1002/anie.201712751 – volume: 45 start-page: 108 year: 2020 end-page: 123 ident: CR12 article-title: The use of surfactants in the cleaning of works of art publication-title: Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci doi: 10.1016/j.cocis.2019.12.007 – ident: CR8 – volume: 27 start-page: 10806 issue: 42 year: 2021 ident: CR13 article-title: Frontispiece: how science can contribute to the remedial conservation of cultural heritage publication-title: Chem Eur J doi: 10.1002/chem.202184262 – year: 2004 ident: CR4 publication-title: Solvent gels for the cleaning of works of art: the residue question – year: 2019 ident: CR21 article-title: A novel synthetic strategy for preparing polyamide 6 (PA6)-Based polymer with transesterification publication-title: 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publication-title: ChemistrySelect doi: 10.1002/slct.201601180 – ident: CR15 – volume: 7 start-page: 31 issue: 1 year: 2019 ident: CR18 article-title: Solvent-mediated extraction of fatty acids in bilayer oil paint models: a comparative analysis of solvent application methods publication-title: Herit Sci doi: 10.1186/s40494-019-0273-y – volume: 45 start-page: 10 issue: sup3 year: 2000 end-page: 20 ident: CR2 article-title: A survey of the conservation literature relating to the development of aqueous gel cleaning on painted and varnished surfaces publication-title: Stud Conserv doi: 10.1179/sic.2000.45.s3.003 – volume: 51 start-page: 7134 issue: 18 year: 2018 end-page: 7144 ident: CR25 article-title: Time-dependent ATR-FTIR spectroscopic studies on solvent diffusion and film swelling in oil paint model systems publication-title: Macromolecules doi: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00890 – volume: 252 start-page: 8 issue: 1–3 year: 2010 end-page: 16 ident: CR29 article-title: Photocatalytic degradation of terephthalic acid using titania and zinc oxide photocatalysts: comparative study publication-title: Desalination doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2009.11.008 – start-page: 198 year: 2000 ident: CR3 publication-title: Cleaning painted surfaces: aqueous methods – ident: CR7 – volume: 9 start-page: 13279 issue: 1 year: 2019 ident: CR27 article-title: Fourier transforms for fast and quantitative Laser Speckle Imaging publication-title: Sci Rep doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49570-7 – ident: CR20 – volume: 11 start-page: 13 issue: 2 year: 1982 end-page: 18 ident: CR24 article-title: The properties of aluminium stearate and its uses in the coatings and allied industries publication-title: Pigment Resin Technol doi: 10.1108/eb041776 – volume: 27 start-page: 10806 issue: 42 year: 2021 ident: 627_CR13 publication-title: Chem Eur J doi: 10.1002/chem.202184262 – volume: 11 start-page: 13 issue: 2 year: 1982 ident: 627_CR24 publication-title: Pigment Resin Technol doi: 10.1108/eb041776 – ident: 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Chemie International Edition doi: 10.1002/anie.201712751 – volume: 45 start-page: 108 year: 2020 ident: 627_CR12 publication-title: Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci doi: 10.1016/j.cocis.2019.12.007 – volume: 51 start-page: 7134 issue: 18 year: 2018 ident: 627_CR25 publication-title: Macromolecules doi: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00890 – start-page: 316 volume-title: Gels in the conservation of art year: 2017 ident: 627_CR26 – volume: 31 start-page: 45 year: 2018 ident: 627_CR17 publication-title: AIC Paint Spec Group Postprints – year: 2019 ident: 627_CR21 publication-title: Polymers doi: 10.3390/polym11060978 – volume: 45 start-page: 10 issue: sup3 year: 2000 ident: 627_CR2 publication-title: Stud Conserv doi: 10.1179/sic.2000.45.s3.003 – start-page: 198 volume-title: Cleaning painted surfaces: aqueous methods year: 2000 ident: 627_CR3 – volume-title: Solvent gels for the cleaning of works of art: the residue question year: 2004 ident: 627_CR4 – ident: 627_CR15 – volume: 252 start-page: 8 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| Snippet | Evolon
®
CR is increasingly used in paintings conservation for varnish removal from oil paintings. Its key benefits over traditional cotton swabs are limiting... Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR is increasingly used in paintings conservation for varnish removal from oil paintings. Its key benefits over traditional cotton... Evolon® CR is increasingly used in paintings conservation for varnish removal from oil paintings. Its key benefits over traditional cotton swabs are limiting... Abstract Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR is increasingly used in paintings conservation for varnish removal from oil paintings. Its key benefits over traditional... |
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| SubjectTerms | Chemistry and Materials Science Cleaning Cleaning and Conservation Conservation Cotton Ethanol Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR Fatty acids Materials Science Oil paint cleaning Oil painting Paints Portable laser speckle imaging Research Article Solvent retention Solvents Varnish removal |
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| Title | Understanding and optimizing Evolon® CR for varnish removal from oil paintings |
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