Allergy risks with laptop computers - nickel and cobalt release
Summary Background Laptop computers may release nickel and cobalt when they come into contact with skin. Few computer brands have been studied. Objectives To evaluate nickel and cobalt release from laptop computers belonging to several brands by using spot tests, and to quantify the release from one...
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| Published in: | Contact dermatitis Vol. 74; no. 6; pp. 353 - 359 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford, UK
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.06.2016
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc |
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| ISSN: | 0105-1873, 1600-0536, 1600-0536 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Summary
Background
Laptop computers may release nickel and cobalt when they come into contact with skin. Few computer brands have been studied.
Objectives
To evaluate nickel and cobalt release from laptop computers belonging to several brands by using spot tests, and to quantify the release from one new computer by using artificial sweat solution.
Methods
Nickel and cobalt spot tests were used on the lid and wrist supports of 31 laptop computers representing five brands. The same surfaces were tested on all computers. In addition, one new computer was bought and dismantled for release tests in artificial sweat according to the standard method described in EN1811.
Results
Thirty‐nine per cent of the laptop computers were nickel spot test‐positive, and 6% were positive for cobalt. The nickel on the surface could be worn off by consecutive spot testing of the same surface. The release test in artificial sweat of one computer showed that nickel and cobalt were released, although in low concentrations.
Conclusions
As they constitute a potential source of skin exposure to metals, laptop computers should qualify as objects to be included within the restriction of nickel in REACH, following the definition of ‘prolonged skin contact’. Skin contact resulting from laptop use may contribute to an accumulated skin dose of nickel that can be problematic for sensitized individuals. |
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| AbstractList | Laptop computers may release nickel and cobalt when they come into contact with skin. Few computer brands have been studied.
To evaluate nickel and cobalt release from laptop computers belonging to several brands by using spot tests, and to quantify the release from one new computer by using artificial sweat solution.
Nickel and cobalt spot tests were used on the lid and wrist supports of 31 laptop computers representing five brands. The same surfaces were tested on all computers. In addition, one new computer was bought and dismantled for release tests in artificial sweat according to the standard method described in EN1811.
Thirty-nine per cent of the laptop computers were nickel spot test-positive, and 6% were positive for cobalt. The nickel on the surface could be worn off by consecutive spot testing of the same surface. The release test in artificial sweat of one computer showed that nickel and cobalt were released, although in low concentrations.
As they constitute a potential source of skin exposure to metals, laptop computers should qualify as objects to be included within the restriction of nickel in REACH, following the definition of 'prolonged skin contact'. Skin contact resulting from laptop use may contribute to an accumulated skin dose of nickel that can be problematic for sensitized individuals. Summary Background Laptop computers may release nickel and cobalt when they come into contact with skin. Few computer brands have been studied. Objectives To evaluate nickel and cobalt release from laptop computers belonging to several brands by using spot tests, and to quantify the release from one new computer by using artificial sweat solution. Methods Nickel and cobalt spot tests were used on the lid and wrist supports of 31 laptop computers representing five brands. The same surfaces were tested on all computers. In addition, one new computer was bought and dismantled for release tests in artificial sweat according to the standard method described in EN1811. Results Thirty-nine per cent of the laptop computers were nickel spot test-positive, and 6% were positive for cobalt. The nickel on the surface could be worn off by consecutive spot testing of the same surface. The release test in artificial sweat of one computer showed that nickel and cobalt were released, although in low concentrations. Conclusions As they constitute a potential source of skin exposure to metals, laptop computers should qualify as objects to be included within the restriction of nickel in REACH, following the definition of 'prolonged skin contact'. Skin contact resulting from laptop use may contribute to an accumulated skin dose of nickel that can be problematic for sensitized individuals. Summary Background Laptop computers may release nickel and cobalt when they come into contact with skin. Few computer brands have been studied. Objectives To evaluate nickel and cobalt release from laptop computers belonging to several brands by using spot tests, and to quantify the release from one new computer by using artificial sweat solution. Methods Nickel and cobalt spot tests were used on the lid and wrist supports of 31 laptop computers representing five brands. The same surfaces were tested on all computers. In addition, one new computer was bought and dismantled for release tests in artificial sweat according to the standard method described in EN1811. Results Thirty‐nine per cent of the laptop computers were nickel spot test‐positive, and 6% were positive for cobalt. The nickel on the surface could be worn off by consecutive spot testing of the same surface. The release test in artificial sweat of one computer showed that nickel and cobalt were released, although in low concentrations. Conclusions As they constitute a potential source of skin exposure to metals, laptop computers should qualify as objects to be included within the restriction of nickel in REACH, following the definition of ‘prolonged skin contact’. Skin contact resulting from laptop use may contribute to an accumulated skin dose of nickel that can be problematic for sensitized individuals. Laptop computers may release nickel and cobalt when they come into contact with skin. Few computer brands have been studied.BACKGROUNDLaptop computers may release nickel and cobalt when they come into contact with skin. Few computer brands have been studied.To evaluate nickel and cobalt release from laptop computers belonging to several brands by using spot tests, and to quantify the release from one new computer by using artificial sweat solution.OBJECTIVESTo evaluate nickel and cobalt release from laptop computers belonging to several brands by using spot tests, and to quantify the release from one new computer by using artificial sweat solution.Nickel and cobalt spot tests were used on the lid and wrist supports of 31 laptop computers representing five brands. The same surfaces were tested on all computers. In addition, one new computer was bought and dismantled for release tests in artificial sweat according to the standard method described in EN1811.METHODSNickel and cobalt spot tests were used on the lid and wrist supports of 31 laptop computers representing five brands. The same surfaces were tested on all computers. In addition, one new computer was bought and dismantled for release tests in artificial sweat according to the standard method described in EN1811.Thirty-nine per cent of the laptop computers were nickel spot test-positive, and 6% were positive for cobalt. The nickel on the surface could be worn off by consecutive spot testing of the same surface. The release test in artificial sweat of one computer showed that nickel and cobalt were released, although in low concentrations.RESULTSThirty-nine per cent of the laptop computers were nickel spot test-positive, and 6% were positive for cobalt. The nickel on the surface could be worn off by consecutive spot testing of the same surface. The release test in artificial sweat of one computer showed that nickel and cobalt were released, although in low concentrations.As they constitute a potential source of skin exposure to metals, laptop computers should qualify as objects to be included within the restriction of nickel in REACH, following the definition of 'prolonged skin contact'. Skin contact resulting from laptop use may contribute to an accumulated skin dose of nickel that can be problematic for sensitized individuals.CONCLUSIONSAs they constitute a potential source of skin exposure to metals, laptop computers should qualify as objects to be included within the restriction of nickel in REACH, following the definition of 'prolonged skin contact'. Skin contact resulting from laptop use may contribute to an accumulated skin dose of nickel that can be problematic for sensitized individuals. |
| Author | Borg Tornberg, Anette Julander, Anneli Hurtig, Anna Midander, Klara |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Klara surname: Midander fullname: Midander, Klara organization: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden – sequence: 2 givenname: Anna surname: Hurtig fullname: Hurtig, Anna organization: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden – sequence: 3 givenname: Anette surname: Borg Tornberg fullname: Borg Tornberg, Anette organization: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden – sequence: 4 givenname: Anneli surname: Julander fullname: Julander, Anneli email: Correspondence address: : Anneli Julander, Unit of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. Tel: +46 8 524 800 52. anneli.julander@ki.se organization: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden |
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| Keywords | cobalt release nickel release spot tests laptop computers |
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| References_xml | – reference: Erfani B, Lidén C, Midander K. Short and frequent skin contact with nickel. Contact Dermatitis 2015 in press. – reference: Thyssen J P, Linneberg A, Menné T et al. Contact allergy to allergens of the TRUE-test (panels 1 and 2) has decreased modestly in the general population. Br J Dermatol 2009: 161: 1124-1129. – reference: Fall S, Bruze M, Isaksson M et al. Contact allergy trends in Sweden - a retrospective comparison of patch test data from 1992, 2000, and 2009. Contact Dermatitis 2015: 73: 222-230. – reference: Lidén C, Menné T, Burrows D. Nickel-containing alloys and platings and their ability to cause dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1996: 134: 193-198. – reference: Jensen P, Jellesen M S, Møller P et al. Nickel allergy and dermatitis following use of a laptop computer. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012: 67: e170-e171. – reference: Lagrelius M, Wahlgren C, Matura M et al. High prevalence of contact allergy in adolescence: results from the population-based BAMSE birth cohort. Contact Dermatitis 2015: 74: 44-51. – reference: Bordel-Gomez M T, Miranda-Romero A, Castrodeza-Sanz J. Isolated and concurrent prevalence of sensitization to transition metals in a Spanish population. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008: 22: 1452-1457. – reference: Lidén C. Occupational contact dermatitis due to nickel allergy. Sci Total Environ 1994: 148: 283-285. – reference: Thyssen J P, Skare L, Lundgren L et al. Sensitivity and specificity of the nickel spot (dimethylglyoxime) test. Contact Dermatitis 2010: 62: 279-288. – reference: Veien N, Hattel T, Laurberg G. Reduced nickel sensitivity in young Danish women following regulation of nickel exposure. Contact Dermatitis 2001: 45: 104-106. – reference: Jacob S E, Admani S. Allergic contact dermatitis to laptop computer in a child. Pediatr Dermatol 2014: 31: 345-346. – reference: Julander A, Midander K, Herting G et al. New UK nickel-plated steel coins constitute an increased allergy and eczema risk. Contact Dermatitis 2013: 68: 323-330. – reference: Jensen P, Menné T, Thyssen J P. Education, communication, and nickel allergy - now is the time for stricter discipline. Contact Dermatitis 2013: 68: 116. – reference: Thyssen J P, Johansen J D, Carlsen B C, Menné T. Prevalence of nickel and cobalt allergy among female patients with dermatitis before and after Danish government regulation: a 23-year retrospective study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009: 61: 799-85. – reference: Jensen P, Johansen J D, Zachariae C et al. Excessive nickel release from mobile phones - a persistent cause of nickel allergy and dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2011: 65: 354-358. – reference: Jensen P, Jellesen M S, Møller P et al. Nickel may be released from laptop computers. Contact Dermatitis 2012: 67: 384-385. – reference: González J A, Feliu S Jr, Bautista A et al. Changes in cold sealed aluminium oxide films during ageing. 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Background
Laptop computers may release nickel and cobalt when they come into contact with skin. Few computer brands have been studied.
Objectives
To... Laptop computers may release nickel and cobalt when they come into contact with skin. Few computer brands have been studied. To evaluate nickel and cobalt... Summary Background Laptop computers may release nickel and cobalt when they come into contact with skin. Few computer brands have been studied. Objectives To... Laptop computers may release nickel and cobalt when they come into contact with skin. Few computer brands have been studied.BACKGROUNDLaptop computers may... |
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| SubjectTerms | Cobalt - adverse effects Cobalt - analysis cobalt release Computers Consumer Product Safety - legislation & jurisprudence Dermatitis, Allergic Contact - etiology Europe Humans laptop computers Nickel Nickel - adverse effects Nickel - analysis nickel release Portable computers Risk spot tests Sweat |
| Title | Allergy risks with laptop computers - nickel and cobalt release |
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