Age of onset of myopia predicts risk of high myopia in later childhood in myopic Singapore children

Purpose To investigate the effect of age of myopia onset on the severity of myopia later in life among myopic children. Methods In this prospective study, school children aged 7–9 years from the Singapore Cohort Of the Risk factors for Myopia (SCORM) were followed up till 11 years (n = 928). Age of...

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Vydáno v:	Ophthalmic & physiological optics Ročník 36; číslo 4; s. 388 - 394
Hlavní autoři:	Chua, Sharon Y. L., Sabanayagam, Charumathi, Cheung, Yin-Bun, Chia, Audrey, Valenzuela, Robert K., Tan, Donald, Wong, Tien-Yin, Cheng, Ching-Yu, Saw, Seang-Mei
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	England Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.07.2016
Témata:	age of myopia onset Age of Onset axial length Child children Disease Progression Female Follow-Up Studies high myopia Humans Incidence Male myopia Myopia - diagnosis Myopia - epidemiology Myopia - physiopathology Odds Ratio Prevalence Prognosis Prospective Studies Refraction, Ocular Risk Factors Severity of Illness Index Singapore - epidemiology spherical equivalent Surveys and Questionnaires myopia age of myopia onset axial length high myopia children spherical equivalent
ISSN:	0275-5408, 1475-1313, 1475-1313
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Abstract	Purpose To investigate the effect of age of myopia onset on the severity of myopia later in life among myopic children. Methods In this prospective study, school children aged 7–9 years from the Singapore Cohort Of the Risk factors for Myopia (SCORM) were followed up till 11 years (n = 928). Age of myopia onset was defined either through questionnaire at baseline (age 7–9 years) or subsequent annual follow‐up visits. Age of onset of myopia was a surrogate indicator of duration of myopia progression till age 11 years. Cycloplegic refraction and axial length were measured at every annual eye examination. High myopia was defined as spherical equivalent of ≤−5.0 D. A questionnaire determined the other risk factors. Results In multivariable regression models, younger age of myopia onset (per year decrease) or longer duration of myopia progression was associated with high myopia (odds ratio (OR) = 2.86; 95% CI: 2.39 to 3.43), more myopic spherical equivalent (regression coefficient (β) = −0.86 D; 95% CI: −0.93 to −0.80) and longer axial length (β = 0.28 mm; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.32) at aged 11 years, after adjusting for gender, race, school, books per week and parental myopia. In Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) analyses, age of myopia onset alone predicted high myopia by 85% (area under the curve = 0.85), while the addition of other factors including gender, race, school, books per week and parental myopia only marginally improved this prediction (area under the curve = 0.87). Conclusions Age of myopia onset or duration of myopia progression was the most important predictor of high myopia in later childhood in myopic children. Future trials to retard the progression of myopia to high myopia could focus on children with younger age of myopia onset or with longer duration of myopia progression.
AbstractList	To investigate the effect of age of myopia onset on the severity of myopia later in life among myopic children.PURPOSETo investigate the effect of age of myopia onset on the severity of myopia later in life among myopic children.In this prospective study, school children aged 7-9 years from the Singapore Cohort Of the Risk factors for Myopia (SCORM) were followed up till 11 years (n = 928). Age of myopia onset was defined either through questionnaire at baseline (age 7-9 years) or subsequent annual follow-up visits. Age of onset of myopia was a surrogate indicator of duration of myopia progression till age 11 years. Cycloplegic refraction and axial length were measured at every annual eye examination. High myopia was defined as spherical equivalent of ≤-5.0 D. A questionnaire determined the other risk factors.METHODSIn this prospective study, school children aged 7-9 years from the Singapore Cohort Of the Risk factors for Myopia (SCORM) were followed up till 11 years (n = 928). Age of myopia onset was defined either through questionnaire at baseline (age 7-9 years) or subsequent annual follow-up visits. Age of onset of myopia was a surrogate indicator of duration of myopia progression till age 11 years. Cycloplegic refraction and axial length were measured at every annual eye examination. High myopia was defined as spherical equivalent of ≤-5.0 D. A questionnaire determined the other risk factors.In multivariable regression models, younger age of myopia onset (per year decrease) or longer duration of myopia progression was associated with high myopia (odds ratio (OR) = 2.86; 95% CI: 2.39 to 3.43), more myopic spherical equivalent (regression coefficient (β) = -0.86 D; 95% CI: -0.93 to -0.80) and longer axial length (β = 0.28 mm; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.32) at aged 11 years, after adjusting for gender, race, school, books per week and parental myopia. In Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) analyses, age of myopia onset alone predicted high myopia by 85% (area under the curve = 0.85), while the addition of other factors including gender, race, school, books per week and parental myopia only marginally improved this prediction (area under the curve = 0.87).RESULTSIn multivariable regression models, younger age of myopia onset (per year decrease) or longer duration of myopia progression was associated with high myopia (odds ratio (OR) = 2.86; 95% CI: 2.39 to 3.43), more myopic spherical equivalent (regression coefficient (β) = -0.86 D; 95% CI: -0.93 to -0.80) and longer axial length (β = 0.28 mm; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.32) at aged 11 years, after adjusting for gender, race, school, books per week and parental myopia. In Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) analyses, age of myopia onset alone predicted high myopia by 85% (area under the curve = 0.85), while the addition of other factors including gender, race, school, books per week and parental myopia only marginally improved this prediction (area under the curve = 0.87).Age of myopia onset or duration of myopia progression was the most important predictor of high myopia in later childhood in myopic children. Future trials to retard the progression of myopia to high myopia could focus on children with younger age of myopia onset or with longer duration of myopia progression.CONCLUSIONSAge of myopia onset or duration of myopia progression was the most important predictor of high myopia in later childhood in myopic children. Future trials to retard the progression of myopia to high myopia could focus on children with younger age of myopia onset or with longer duration of myopia progression. To investigate the effect of age of myopia onset on the severity of myopia later in life among myopic children. In this prospective study, school children aged 7-9 years from the Singapore Cohort Of the Risk factors for Myopia (SCORM) were followed up till 11 years (n = 928). Age of myopia onset was defined either through questionnaire at baseline (age 7-9 years) or subsequent annual follow-up visits. Age of onset of myopia was a surrogate indicator of duration of myopia progression till age 11 years. Cycloplegic refraction and axial length were measured at every annual eye examination. High myopia was defined as spherical equivalent of ≤-5.0 D. A questionnaire determined the other risk factors. In multivariable regression models, younger age of myopia onset (per year decrease) or longer duration of myopia progression was associated with high myopia (odds ratio (OR) = 2.86; 95% CI: 2.39 to 3.43), more myopic spherical equivalent (regression coefficient (β) = -0.86 D; 95% CI: -0.93 to -0.80) and longer axial length (β = 0.28 mm; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.32) at aged 11 years, after adjusting for gender, race, school, books per week and parental myopia. In Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) analyses, age of myopia onset alone predicted high myopia by 85% (area under the curve = 0.85), while the addition of other factors including gender, race, school, books per week and parental myopia only marginally improved this prediction (area under the curve = 0.87). Age of myopia onset or duration of myopia progression was the most important predictor of high myopia in later childhood in myopic children. Future trials to retard the progression of myopia to high myopia could focus on children with younger age of myopia onset or with longer duration of myopia progression. Purpose To investigate the effect of age of myopia onset on the severity of myopia later in life among myopic children. Methods In this prospective study, school children aged 7–9 years from the Singapore Cohort Of the Risk factors for Myopia (SCORM) were followed up till 11 years (n = 928). Age of myopia onset was defined either through questionnaire at baseline (age 7–9 years) or subsequent annual follow‐up visits. Age of onset of myopia was a surrogate indicator of duration of myopia progression till age 11 years. Cycloplegic refraction and axial length were measured at every annual eye examination. High myopia was defined as spherical equivalent of ≤−5.0 D. A questionnaire determined the other risk factors. Results In multivariable regression models, younger age of myopia onset (per year decrease) or longer duration of myopia progression was associated with high myopia (odds ratio (OR) = 2.86; 95% CI: 2.39 to 3.43), more myopic spherical equivalent (regression coefficient (β) = −0.86 D; 95% CI: −0.93 to −0.80) and longer axial length (β = 0.28 mm; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.32) at aged 11 years, after adjusting for gender, race, school, books per week and parental myopia. In Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) analyses, age of myopia onset alone predicted high myopia by 85% (area under the curve = 0.85), while the addition of other factors including gender, race, school, books per week and parental myopia only marginally improved this prediction (area under the curve = 0.87). Conclusions Age of myopia onset or duration of myopia progression was the most important predictor of high myopia in later childhood in myopic children. Future trials to retard the progression of myopia to high myopia could focus on children with younger age of myopia onset or with longer duration of myopia progression.
Author	Wong, Tien-Yin Tan, Donald Chua, Sharon Y. L. Cheng, Ching-Yu Cheung, Yin-Bun Saw, Seang-Mei Sabanayagam, Charumathi Chia, Audrey Valenzuela, Robert K.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Sharon Y. L. surname: Chua fullname: Chua, Sharon Y. L. organization: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore – sequence: 2 givenname: Charumathi surname: Sabanayagam fullname: Sabanayagam, Charumathi organization: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore – sequence: 3 givenname: Yin-Bun surname: Cheung fullname: Cheung, Yin-Bun organization: Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore – sequence: 4 givenname: Audrey surname: Chia fullname: Chia, Audrey organization: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore – sequence: 5 givenname: Robert K. surname: Valenzuela fullname: Valenzuela, Robert K. organization: Genome Institute of Singapore, ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore – sequence: 6 givenname: Donald surname: Tan fullname: Tan, Donald organization: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore – sequence: 7 givenname: Tien-Yin surname: Wong fullname: Wong, Tien-Yin organization: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore – sequence: 8 givenname: Ching-Yu surname: Cheng fullname: Cheng, Ching-Yu organization: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore – sequence: 9 givenname: Seang-Mei surname: Saw fullname: Saw, Seang-Mei email: seang_mei_saw@nuhs.edu.sg organization: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27350183$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Copyright	2016 The Authors Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics © 2016 The College of Optometrists 2016 The Authors Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics © 2016 The College of Optometrists.
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Keywords	myopia age of myopia onset axial length high myopia children spherical equivalent
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References	Holden BA, Jong M, Davis S, Wilson D, Fricke T & Resnikoff S. Nearly 1 billion myopes at risk of myopia-related sight-threatening conditions by 2050 - time to act now. Clin Exp Optom 2015; 98: 491-493. Saw SM, Chua WH, Hong CY et al. Nearwork in early-onset myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43: 332-339. Verkicharla PK, Ohno-Matsui K & Saw SM. Current and predicted demographics of high myopia and an update of its associated pathological changes. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2015; 35: 465-475. Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA et al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology 2016; 123: 1036-1042. Saw SM, Tong L, Chua WH et al. Incidence and progression of myopia in Singaporean school children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 51-57. Pan CW, Cheng CY, Saw SM, Wang JJ & Wong TY. Myopia and age-related cataract: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Ophthalmol 2013; 156: 1021-1033.e1. Williams KM, Hysi PG, Nag A, Yonova-Doing E, Venturini C & Hammond CJ. Age of myopia onset in a British population-based twin cohort. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2013; 33: 339-345. The COMET Group. Myopia stabilization and associated factors among participants in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54: 7871-7884. Breslin KM, O'Donoghue L & Saunders KJ. An investigation into the validity of self-reported classification of refractive error. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2014; 34: 346-352. Iribarren R, Cortinez MF & Chiappe JP. Age of first distance prescription and final myopic refractive error. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2009; 16: 84-89. Saw SM, Gazzard G, Shih-Yen EC & Chua WH. Myopia and associated pathological complications. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2005; 25: 381-391. Kempen JH, Mitchell P, Lee KE et al. The prevalence of refractive errors among adults in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia. Arch Ophthalmol 2004; 122: 495-505. Morgan I & Rose K. How genetic is school myopia? Prog Retin Eye Res 2005; 24: 1-38. Jensen H. Myopia in teenagers. An eight-year follow-up study on myopia progression and risk factors. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1995; 73: 389-393. Morgan IG, Ohno-Matsui K & Saw S-M. Myopia. Lancet 2012; 379: 1739-1748. French AN, Morgan IG, Burlutsky G, Mitchell P & Rose KA. Prevalence and 5- to 6-Year Incidence and Progression of Myopia and Hyperopia in Australian Schoolchildren. Ophthalmology 2013; 120: 1482-1491. Saw S-M, Hong C-Y, Chia K-S, Stone RA & Tan D. Nearwork and myopia in young children. Lancet 2001; 357: 390. Saw SM, Chua WH, Hong CY et al. Height and its relationship to refraction and biometry parameters in Singapore Chinese children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43: 1408-1413. Wong TY, Ferreira A, Hughes R, Carter G & Mitchell P. Epidemiology and disease burden of pathologic myopia and myopic choroidal neovascularization: an evidence-based systematic review. Am J Ophthalmol 2014; 157: 9-25.e12. 2015; 35 2004; 122 1995; 73 2013; 33 2013; 54 2002; 43 2015; 98 2013; 156 2016; 123 2013; 120 2012; 379 2009; 16 2001; 357 2014; 34 2005; 24 2005; 46 2005; 25 2014; 157 e_1_2_7_6_1 e_1_2_7_5_1 e_1_2_7_4_1 e_1_2_7_3_1 Saw SM (e_1_2_7_15_1) 2002; 43 e_1_2_7_9_1 e_1_2_7_8_1 Saw SM (e_1_2_7_14_1) 2002; 43 e_1_2_7_7_1 e_1_2_7_19_1 e_1_2_7_18_1 e_1_2_7_17_1 e_1_2_7_16_1 e_1_2_7_2_1 e_1_2_7_13_1 e_1_2_7_12_1 e_1_2_7_11_1 e_1_2_7_10_1 e_1_2_7_21_1 e_1_2_7_20_1
References_xml	– reference: Holden BA, Jong M, Davis S, Wilson D, Fricke T & Resnikoff S. Nearly 1 billion myopes at risk of myopia-related sight-threatening conditions by 2050 - time to act now. Clin Exp Optom 2015; 98: 491-493. – reference: Saw SM, Gazzard G, Shih-Yen EC & Chua WH. Myopia and associated pathological complications. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2005; 25: 381-391. – reference: Kempen JH, Mitchell P, Lee KE et al. The prevalence of refractive errors among adults in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia. Arch Ophthalmol 2004; 122: 495-505. – reference: Saw SM, Chua WH, Hong CY et al. Height and its relationship to refraction and biometry parameters in Singapore Chinese children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43: 1408-1413. – reference: Williams KM, Hysi PG, Nag A, Yonova-Doing E, Venturini C & Hammond CJ. Age of myopia onset in a British population-based twin cohort. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2013; 33: 339-345. – reference: Verkicharla PK, Ohno-Matsui K & Saw SM. Current and predicted demographics of high myopia and an update of its associated pathological changes. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2015; 35: 465-475. – reference: Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA et al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology 2016; 123: 1036-1042. – reference: Wong TY, Ferreira A, Hughes R, Carter G & Mitchell P. Epidemiology and disease burden of pathologic myopia and myopic choroidal neovascularization: an evidence-based systematic review. Am J Ophthalmol 2014; 157: 9-25.e12. – reference: Saw SM, Tong L, Chua WH et al. Incidence and progression of myopia in Singaporean school children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 51-57. – reference: Jensen H. Myopia in teenagers. An eight-year follow-up study on myopia progression and risk factors. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1995; 73: 389-393. – reference: Saw SM, Chua WH, Hong CY et al. Nearwork in early-onset myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43: 332-339. – reference: Breslin KM, O'Donoghue L & Saunders KJ. An investigation into the validity of self-reported classification of refractive error. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2014; 34: 346-352. – reference: Pan CW, Cheng CY, Saw SM, Wang JJ & Wong TY. Myopia and age-related cataract: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Ophthalmol 2013; 156: 1021-1033.e1. – reference: Iribarren R, Cortinez MF & Chiappe JP. Age of first distance prescription and final myopic refractive error. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2009; 16: 84-89. – reference: Morgan IG, Ohno-Matsui K & Saw S-M. Myopia. Lancet 2012; 379: 1739-1748. – reference: French AN, Morgan IG, Burlutsky G, Mitchell P & Rose KA. Prevalence and 5- to 6-Year Incidence and Progression of Myopia and Hyperopia in Australian Schoolchildren. Ophthalmology 2013; 120: 1482-1491. – reference: Morgan I & Rose K. How genetic is school myopia? Prog Retin Eye Res 2005; 24: 1-38. – reference: Saw S-M, Hong C-Y, Chia K-S, Stone RA & Tan D. Nearwork and myopia in young children. Lancet 2001; 357: 390. – reference: The COMET Group. Myopia stabilization and associated factors among participants in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54: 7871-7884. – volume: 73 start-page: 389 year: 1995 end-page: 393 article-title: Myopia in teenagers. An eight‐year follow‐up study on myopia progression and risk factors publication-title: Acta Ophthalmol Scand – volume: 357 start-page: 390 year: 2001 article-title: Nearwork and myopia in young children publication-title: Lancet – volume: 122 start-page: 495 year: 2004 end-page: 505 article-title: The prevalence of refractive errors among adults in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia publication-title: Arch Ophthalmol – volume: 120 start-page: 1482 year: 2013 end-page: 1491 article-title: Prevalence and 5‐ to 6‐Year Incidence and Progression of Myopia and Hyperopia in Australian Schoolchildren publication-title: Ophthalmology – volume: 35 start-page: 465 year: 2015 end-page: 475 article-title: Current and predicted demographics of high myopia and an update of its associated pathological changes publication-title: Ophthalmic Physiol Opt – volume: 98 start-page: 491 year: 2015 end-page: 493 article-title: Nearly 1 billion myopes at risk of myopia‐related sight‐threatening conditions by 2050 ‐ time to act now publication-title: Clin Exp Optom – volume: 16 start-page: 84 year: 2009 end-page: 89 article-title: Age of first distance prescription and final myopic refractive error publication-title: Ophthalmic Epidemiol – volume: 379 start-page: 1739 year: 2012 end-page: 1748 article-title: Myopia publication-title: Lancet – volume: 43 start-page: 332 year: 2002 end-page: 339 article-title: Nearwork in early‐onset myopia publication-title: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci – volume: 24 start-page: 1 year: 2005 end-page: 38 article-title: How genetic is school myopia? publication-title: Prog Retin Eye Res – volume: 25 start-page: 381 year: 2005 end-page: 391 article-title: Myopia and associated pathological complications publication-title: Ophthalmic Physiol Opt – volume: 157 start-page: 9 year: 2014 end-page: 25 article-title: Epidemiology and disease burden of pathologic myopia and myopic choroidal neovascularization: an evidence‐based systematic review publication-title: Am J Ophthalmol – volume: 54 start-page: 7871 year: 2013 end-page: 7884 article-title: Myopia stabilization and associated factors among participants in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET) publication-title: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci – volume: 43 start-page: 1408 year: 2002 end-page: 1413 article-title: Height and its relationship to refraction and biometry parameters in Singapore Chinese children publication-title: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci – volume: 123 start-page: 1036 year: 2016 end-page: 1042 article-title: Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050 publication-title: Ophthalmology – volume: 34 start-page: 346 year: 2014 end-page: 352 article-title: An investigation into the validity of self‐reported classification of refractive error publication-title: Ophthalmic Physiol Opt – volume: 156 start-page: 1021 year: 2013 end-page: 1033 article-title: Myopia and age‐related cataract: a systematic review and meta‐analysis publication-title: Am J Ophthalmol – volume: 33 start-page: 339 year: 2013 end-page: 345 article-title: Age of myopia onset in a British population‐based twin cohort publication-title: Ophthalmic Physiol Opt – volume: 46 start-page: 51 year: 2005 end-page: 57 article-title: Incidence and progression of myopia in Singaporean school children publication-title: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci – ident: e_1_2_7_2_1 doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.06.004 – volume: 43 start-page: 1408 year: 2002 ident: e_1_2_7_15_1 article-title: Height and its relationship to refraction and biometry parameters in Singapore Chinese children publication-title: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci – ident: e_1_2_7_7_1 doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.08.010 – ident: e_1_2_7_10_1 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60272-4 – ident: e_1_2_7_18_1 doi: 10.1167/iovs.13-12403 – ident: e_1_2_7_21_1 – ident: e_1_2_7_5_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2005.00298.x – ident: e_1_2_7_6_1 doi: 10.1001/archopht.122.4.495 – ident: e_1_2_7_11_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.1995.tb00294.x – ident: e_1_2_7_16_1 doi: 10.1111/cxo.12339 – ident: e_1_2_7_9_1 doi: 10.1111/opo.12238 – ident: e_1_2_7_17_1 doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.006 – ident: e_1_2_7_8_1 doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.06.005 – ident: e_1_2_7_20_1 doi: 10.1111/opo.12113 – ident: e_1_2_7_13_1 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71520-8 – ident: e_1_2_7_19_1 doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.12.018 – ident: e_1_2_7_12_1 doi: 10.1167/iovs.04-0565 – volume: 43 start-page: 332 year: 2002 ident: e_1_2_7_14_1 article-title: Nearwork in early‐onset myopia publication-title: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci – ident: e_1_2_7_3_1 doi: 10.1111/opo.12042 – ident: e_1_2_7_4_1 doi: 10.1080/09286580802624442
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Snippet	Purpose To investigate the effect of age of myopia onset on the severity of myopia later in life among myopic children. Methods In this prospective study,... To investigate the effect of age of myopia onset on the severity of myopia later in life among myopic children. In this prospective study, school children aged... To investigate the effect of age of myopia onset on the severity of myopia later in life among myopic children.PURPOSETo investigate the effect of age of...
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SubjectTerms	age of myopia onset Age of Onset axial length Child children Disease Progression Female Follow-Up Studies high myopia Humans Incidence Male myopia Myopia - diagnosis Myopia - epidemiology Myopia - physiopathology Odds Ratio Prevalence Prognosis Prospective Studies Refraction, Ocular Risk Factors Severity of Illness Index Singapore - epidemiology spherical equivalent Surveys and Questionnaires
Title	Age of onset of myopia predicts risk of high myopia in later childhood in myopic Singapore children
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