Explosive spread of a neuroinvasive lineage 2 West Nile virus in Central Europe, 2008/2009

For the first time outside sub-Saharan Africa, a lineage 2 West Nile virus (WNV) emerged in Hungary in 2004. It caused sporadic cases of encephalitis in goshawks (Accipiter gentilis), other predatory birds, and in mammals. As a consequence, a surveillance program was initiated in Hungary and in Aust...

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Published in:	Veterinary microbiology Vol. 165; no. 1-2; pp. 61 - 70
Main Authors:	Bakonyi, Tamás, Ferenczi, Emőke, Erdélyi, Károly, Kutasi, Orsolya, Csörgő, Tibor, Seidel, Bernhard, Weissenböck, Herbert, Brugger, Katharina, Bán, Enikő, Nowotny, Norbert
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Netherlands Elsevier B.V 26.07.2013
Subjects:	Accipiter gentilis Adolescent Adult Aged Animals Austria Austria - epidemiology Balkans Base Sequence Bird Diseases Bird Diseases - epidemiology Bird Diseases - virology Birds birds of prey Central European region Child Culicidae Culicidae - virology encephalitis epidemiology Explosive spread Female genetic relationships genetics Greece Horse Diseases Horse Diseases - epidemiology Horse Diseases - virology Horses Humans Hungary Hungary - epidemiology isolation & purification Lineage 2 Male Middle Aged Molecular Sequence Data monitoring Phylogeny physiology veterinary virology viruses West Nile Fever West Nile Fever - epidemiology West Nile Fever - veterinary West Nile Fever - virology West Nile virus West Nile virus (WNV) West Nile virus - genetics West Nile virus - isolation & purification West Nile virus - physiology wild birds Young Adult Hungary Austria Greece Central European region Balkans Europe, Balkans Europe Africa West Nile virus (WNV) Austria Hungary Explosive spread Lineage 2
ISSN:	0378-1135, 1873-2542, 1873-2542
Online Access:	Get full text
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Abstract	For the first time outside sub-Saharan Africa, a lineage 2 West Nile virus (WNV) emerged in Hungary in 2004. It caused sporadic cases of encephalitis in goshawks (Accipiter gentilis), other predatory birds, and in mammals. As a consequence, a surveillance program was initiated in Hungary and in Austria, which included virological, molecular, serological and epidemiological investigations in human beings, birds, horses, and mosquitoes. The virus strain became endemic to Hungary, however only sporadic cases of infections were observed between 2004 and 2007. Unexpectedly, explosive spread of the virus was noted in 2008, when neuroinvasive West Nile disease (WND) was diagnosed all over Hungary in dead goshawks and other birds of prey (n=25), in horses (n=12), and humans (n=22). At the same time this virus also spread to the eastern part of Austria, where it was detected in dead wild birds (n=8). In 2009, recurrent WND outbreaks were observed in Hungary and Austria, in wild birds, horses, and humans in the same areas. Virus isolates of both years exhibited closest genetic relationship to the lineage 2 WNV strain which emerged in 2004. As we know today, the explosive spread of the lineage 2 WNV in 2008 described here remained not restricted to Hungary and Austria, but this virus dispersed further to the south to various Balkan states and reached northern Greece, where it caused the devastating neuroinvasive WND outbreak in humans in 2010.
AbstractList	For the first time outside sub-Saharan Africa, a lineage 2 West Nile virus (WNV) emerged in Hungary in 2004. It caused sporadic cases of encephalitis in goshawks (Accipiter gentilis), other predatory birds, and in mammals. As a consequence, a surveillance program was initiated in Hungary and in Austria, which included virological, molecular, serological and epidemiological investigations in human beings, birds, horses, and mosquitoes. The virus strain became endemic to Hungary, however only sporadic cases of infections were observed between 2004 and 2007. Unexpectedly, explosive spread of the virus was noted in 2008, when neuroinvasive West Nile disease (WND) was diagnosed all over Hungary in dead goshawks and other birds of prey (n=25), in horses (n=12), and humans (n=22). At the same time this virus also spread to the eastern part of Austria, where it was detected in dead wild birds (n=8). In 2009, recurrent WND outbreaks were observed in Hungary and Austria, in wild birds, horses, and humans in the same areas. Virus isolates of both years exhibited closest genetic relationship to the lineage 2 WNV strain which emerged in 2004. As we know today, the explosive spread of the lineage 2 WNV in 2008 described here remained not restricted to Hungary and Austria, but this virus dispersed further to the south to various Balkan states and reached northern Greece, where it caused the devastating neuroinvasive WND outbreak in humans in 2010. For the first time outside sub-Saharan Africa, a lineage 2 West Nile virus (WNV) emerged in Hungary in 2004. It caused sporadic cases of encephalitis in goshawks (Accipiter gentilis), other predatory birds, and in mammals. As a consequence, a surveillance program was initiated in Hungary and in Austria, which included virological, molecular, serological and epidemiological investigations in human beings, birds, horses, and mosquitoes. The virus strain became endemic to Hungary, however only sporadic cases of infections were observed between 2004 and 2007. Unexpectedly, explosive spread of the virus was noted in 2008, when neuroinvasive West Nile disease (WND) was diagnosed all over Hungary in dead goshawks and other birds of prey (n=25), in horses (n=12), and humans (n=22). At the same time this virus also spread to the eastern part of Austria, where it was detected in dead wild birds (n=8). In 2009, recurrent WND outbreaks were observed in Hungary and Austria, in wild birds, horses, and humans in the same areas. Virus isolates of both years exhibited closest genetic relationship to the lineage 2 WNV strain which emerged in 2004. As we know today, the explosive spread of the lineage 2 WNV in 2008 described here remained not restricted to Hungary and Austria, but this virus dispersed further to the south to various Balkan states and reached northern Greece, where it caused the devastating neuroinvasive WND outbreak in humans in 2010.For the first time outside sub-Saharan Africa, a lineage 2 West Nile virus (WNV) emerged in Hungary in 2004. It caused sporadic cases of encephalitis in goshawks (Accipiter gentilis), other predatory birds, and in mammals. As a consequence, a surveillance program was initiated in Hungary and in Austria, which included virological, molecular, serological and epidemiological investigations in human beings, birds, horses, and mosquitoes. The virus strain became endemic to Hungary, however only sporadic cases of infections were observed between 2004 and 2007. Unexpectedly, explosive spread of the virus was noted in 2008, when neuroinvasive West Nile disease (WND) was diagnosed all over Hungary in dead goshawks and other birds of prey (n=25), in horses (n=12), and humans (n=22). At the same time this virus also spread to the eastern part of Austria, where it was detected in dead wild birds (n=8). In 2009, recurrent WND outbreaks were observed in Hungary and Austria, in wild birds, horses, and humans in the same areas. Virus isolates of both years exhibited closest genetic relationship to the lineage 2 WNV strain which emerged in 2004. As we know today, the explosive spread of the lineage 2 WNV in 2008 described here remained not restricted to Hungary and Austria, but this virus dispersed further to the south to various Balkan states and reached northern Greece, where it caused the devastating neuroinvasive WND outbreak in humans in 2010.
Author	Bán, Enikő Kutasi, Orsolya Brugger, Katharina Csörgő, Tibor Nowotny, Norbert Bakonyi, Tamás Erdélyi, Károly Seidel, Bernhard Ferenczi, Emőke Weissenböck, Herbert
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Tamás surname: Bakonyi fullname: Bakonyi, Tamás organization: Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria – sequence: 2 givenname: Emőke surname: Ferenczi fullname: Ferenczi, Emőke organization: Department of Virology, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary – sequence: 3 givenname: Károly surname: Erdélyi fullname: Erdélyi, Károly organization: Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Central Agriculture Office, Budapest, Hungary – sequence: 4 givenname: Orsolya surname: Kutasi fullname: Kutasi, Orsolya organization: Large Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Üllő, Hungary – sequence: 5 givenname: Tibor surname: Csörgő fullname: Csörgő, Tibor organization: Department of General Zoology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary – sequence: 6 givenname: Bernhard surname: Seidel fullname: Seidel, Bernhard organization: Office of Ecology Research and Landscape Assessment, Persenbeug, Austria – sequence: 7 givenname: Herbert surname: Weissenböck fullname: Weissenböck, Herbert organization: Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria – sequence: 8 givenname: Katharina surname: Brugger fullname: Brugger, Katharina organization: Institute for Veterinary Public Health, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria – sequence: 9 givenname: Enikő surname: Bán fullname: Bán, Enikő organization: Department of Virology, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary – sequence: 10 givenname: Norbert surname: Nowotny fullname: Nowotny, Norbert email: Norbert.Nowotny@vetmeduni.ac.at, nowotny@squ.edu.om, NorbertNowotny@gmx.at organization: Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Snippet	For the first time outside sub-Saharan Africa, a lineage 2 West Nile virus (WNV) emerged in Hungary in 2004. It caused sporadic cases of encephalitis in...
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SubjectTerms	Accipiter gentilis Adolescent Adult Aged Animals Austria Austria - epidemiology Balkans Base Sequence Bird Diseases Bird Diseases - epidemiology Bird Diseases - virology Birds birds of prey Central European region Child Culicidae Culicidae - virology encephalitis epidemiology Explosive spread Female genetic relationships genetics Greece Horse Diseases Horse Diseases - epidemiology Horse Diseases - virology Horses Humans Hungary Hungary - epidemiology isolation & purification Lineage 2 Male Middle Aged Molecular Sequence Data monitoring Phylogeny physiology veterinary virology viruses West Nile Fever West Nile Fever - epidemiology West Nile Fever - veterinary West Nile Fever - virology West Nile virus West Nile virus (WNV) West Nile virus - genetics West Nile virus - isolation & purification West Nile virus - physiology wild birds Young Adult
Title	Explosive spread of a neuroinvasive lineage 2 West Nile virus in Central Europe, 2008/2009
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