TOX transcriptionally and epigenetically programs CD8+ T cell exhaustion

Exhausted CD8 + T (T ex ) cells in chronic infections and cancer have limited effector function, high co-expression of inhibitory receptors and extensive transcriptional changes compared with effector (T eff ) or memory (T mem ) CD8 + T cells. T ex cells are important clinical targets of checkpoint...

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Vydáno v:Nature (London) Ročník 571; číslo 7764; s. 211 - 218
Hlavní autoři: Khan, Omar, Giles, Josephine R., McDonald, Sierra, Manne, Sasikanth, Ngiow, Shin Foong, Patel, Kunal P., Werner, Michael T., Huang, Alexander C., Alexander, Katherine A., Wu, Jennifer E., Attanasio, John, Yan, Patrick, George, Sangeeth M., Bengsch, Bertram, Staupe, Ryan P., Donahue, Greg, Xu, Wei, Amaravadi, Ravi K., Xu, Xiaowei, Karakousis, Giorgos C., Mitchell, Tara C., Schuchter, Lynn M., Kaye, Jonathan, Berger, Shelley L., Wherry, E. John
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: London Nature Publishing Group UK 11.07.2019
Nature Publishing Group
Témata:
ISSN:0028-0836, 1476-4687, 1476-4687
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Abstract Exhausted CD8 + T (T ex ) cells in chronic infections and cancer have limited effector function, high co-expression of inhibitory receptors and extensive transcriptional changes compared with effector (T eff ) or memory (T mem ) CD8 + T cells. T ex cells are important clinical targets of checkpoint blockade and other immunotherapies. Epigenetically, T ex cells are a distinct immune subset, with a unique chromatin landscape compared with T eff and T mem cells. However, the mechanisms that govern the transcriptional and epigenetic development of T ex cells remain unknown. Here we identify the HMG-box transcription factor TOX as a central regulator of T ex cells in mice. TOX is largely dispensable for the formation of T eff and T mem cells, but it is critical for exhaustion: in the absence of TOX, T ex cells do not form. TOX is induced by calcineurin and NFAT2, and operates in a feed-forward loop in which it becomes calcineurin-independent and sustained in T ex cells. Robust expression of TOX therefore results in commitment to T ex cells by translating persistent stimulation into a distinct T ex cell transcriptional and epigenetic developmental program. The transcription factor TOX is a central regulator of the transcriptional and epigenetic development of exhausted T cells.
AbstractList Exhausted CD8+ T cells (TEX) in chronic infections and cancer have limited effector function, high inhibitory receptor co-expression and extensive transcriptional changes compared to effector (TEFF) or memory (TMEM) CD8+ T cells. TEX are important clinical targets of checkpoint blockade and other immunotherapies. Epigenetically, TEX are a distinct immune subset, with a unique chromatin landscape compared to TEFF and TMEM. However, the mechanisms governing the transcriptional and epigenetic development of TEX remain unknown. Here, we identify the HMG-box transcription factor TOX as a central regulator of TEX. TOX is largely dispensable for TEFF and TMEM formation, but is critical for exhaustion and without TOX TEX do not form. TOX is induced by calcineurin and NFAT2 and operates in a feed-forward loop to become calcineurin independent and sustained in TEX. Thus, robust TOX expression results in commitment to TEX by translating persistent stimulation into a distinct TEX transcriptional and epigenetic developmental program.
Exhausted CD8 + T (T ex ) cells in chronic infections and cancer have limited effector function, high co-expression of inhibitory receptors and extensive transcriptional changes compared with effector (T eff ) or memory (T mem ) CD8 + T cells. T ex cells are important clinical targets of checkpoint blockade and other immunotherapies. Epigenetically, T ex cells are a distinct immune subset, with a unique chromatin landscape compared with T eff and T mem cells. However, the mechanisms that govern the transcriptional and epigenetic development of T ex cells remain unknown. Here we identify the HMG-box transcription factor TOX as a central regulator of T ex cells in mice. TOX is largely dispensable for the formation of T eff and T mem cells, but it is critical for exhaustion: in the absence of TOX, T ex cells do not form. TOX is induced by calcineurin and NFAT2, and operates in a feed-forward loop in which it becomes calcineurin-independent and sustained in T ex cells. Robust expression of TOX therefore results in commitment to T ex cells by translating persistent stimulation into a distinct T ex cell transcriptional and epigenetic developmental program. The transcription factor TOX is a central regulator of the transcriptional and epigenetic development of exhausted T cells.
Exhausted CD8+ T (Tex) cells in chronic infections and cancer have limited effector function, high co-expression of inhibitory receptors and extensive transcriptional changes compared with effector (Teff) or memory (Tmem) CD8+ T cells. Tex cells are important clinical targets of checkpoint blockade and other immunotherapies. Epigenetically, Tex cells are a distinct immune subset, with a unique chromatin landscape compared with Teff and Tmem cells. However, the mechanisms that govern the transcriptional and epigenetic development of Tex cells remain unknown. Here we identify the HMG-box transcription factor TOX as a central regulator of Tex cells in mice. TOX is largely dispensable for the formation of Teff and Tmem cells, but it is critical for exhaustion: in the absence of TOX, Tex cells do not form. TOX is induced by calcineurin and NFAT2, and operates in a feed-forward loop in which it becomes calcineurin-independent and sustained in Tex cells. Robust expression of TOX therefore results in commitment to Tex cells by translating persistent stimulation into a distinct Tex cell transcriptional and epigenetic developmental program.
Exhausted CD8+ T (Tex) cells in chronic infections and cancer have limited effector function, high co-expression of inhibitory receptors and extensive transcriptional changes compared with effector (Teff) or memory (Tmem) CD8+ T cells. Tex cells are important clinical targets of checkpoint blockade and other immunotherapies. Epigenetically, Tex cells are a distinct immune subset, with a unique chromatin landscape compared with Teff and Tmem cells. However, the mechanisms that govern the transcriptional and epigenetic development of Tex cells remain unknown. Here we identify the HMG-box transcription factor TOX as a central regulator of Tex cells in mice. TOX is largely dispensable for the formation of Teff and Tmem cells, but it is critical for exhaustion: in the absence of TOX, Tex cells do not form. TOX is induced by calcineurin and NFAT2, and operates in a feed-forward loop in which it becomes calcineurin-independent and sustained in Tex cells. Robust expression of TOX therefore results in commitment to Tex cells by translating persistent stimulation into a distinct Tex cell transcriptional and epigenetic developmental program.Exhausted CD8+ T (Tex) cells in chronic infections and cancer have limited effector function, high co-expression of inhibitory receptors and extensive transcriptional changes compared with effector (Teff) or memory (Tmem) CD8+ T cells. Tex cells are important clinical targets of checkpoint blockade and other immunotherapies. Epigenetically, Tex cells are a distinct immune subset, with a unique chromatin landscape compared with Teff and Tmem cells. However, the mechanisms that govern the transcriptional and epigenetic development of Tex cells remain unknown. Here we identify the HMG-box transcription factor TOX as a central regulator of Tex cells in mice. TOX is largely dispensable for the formation of Teff and Tmem cells, but it is critical for exhaustion: in the absence of TOX, Tex cells do not form. TOX is induced by calcineurin and NFAT2, and operates in a feed-forward loop in which it becomes calcineurin-independent and sustained in Tex cells. Robust expression of TOX therefore results in commitment to Tex cells by translating persistent stimulation into a distinct Tex cell transcriptional and epigenetic developmental program.
Exhausted CD8 T (T ) cells in chronic infections and cancer have limited effector function, high co-expression of inhibitory receptors and extensive transcriptional changes compared with effector (T ) or memory (T ) CD8 T cells. T cells are important clinical targets of checkpoint blockade and other immunotherapies. Epigenetically, T cells are a distinct immune subset, with a unique chromatin landscape compared with T and T cells. However, the mechanisms that govern the transcriptional and epigenetic development of T cells remain unknown. Here we identify the HMG-box transcription factor TOX as a central regulator of T cells in mice. TOX is largely dispensable for the formation of T and T cells, but it is critical for exhaustion: in the absence of TOX, T cells do not form. TOX is induced by calcineurin and NFAT2, and operates in a feed-forward loop in which it becomes calcineurin-independent and sustained in T cells. Robust expression of TOX therefore results in commitment to T cells by translating persistent stimulation into a distinct T cell transcriptional and epigenetic developmental program.
Author Attanasio, John
Mitchell, Tara C.
Khan, Omar
Giles, Josephine R.
Kaye, Jonathan
Werner, Michael T.
Donahue, Greg
Patel, Kunal P.
Berger, Shelley L.
Wherry, E. John
Xu, Wei
Amaravadi, Ravi K.
Huang, Alexander C.
Wu, Jennifer E.
Karakousis, Giorgos C.
Ngiow, Shin Foong
Yan, Patrick
George, Sangeeth M.
Manne, Sasikanth
Staupe, Ryan P.
McDonald, Sierra
Schuchter, Lynn M.
Bengsch, Bertram
Xu, Xiaowei
Alexander, Katherine A.
AuthorAffiliation 11 Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
2 Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
4 Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
8 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
3 Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
6 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
9 Department of Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
10 BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
1 Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of M
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 7 Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
– name: 3 Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
– name: 9 Department of Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
– name: 2 Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
– name: 6 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
– name: 10 BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
– name: 8 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
– name: 5 Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
– name: 4 Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
– name: 11 Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
– name: 1 Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
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  givenname: Omar
  surname: Khan
  fullname: Khan, Omar
  organization: Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Arsenal Biosciences
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Josephine R.
  surname: Giles
  fullname: Giles, Josephine R.
  organization: Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Sierra
  surname: McDonald
  fullname: McDonald, Sierra
  organization: Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Sasikanth
  surname: Manne
  fullname: Manne, Sasikanth
  organization: Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Shin Foong
  surname: Ngiow
  fullname: Ngiow, Shin Foong
  organization: Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Kunal P.
  surname: Patel
  fullname: Patel, Kunal P.
  organization: Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Michael T.
  surname: Werner
  fullname: Werner, Michael T.
  organization: Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Alexander C.
  surname: Huang
  fullname: Huang, Alexander C.
  organization: Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
– sequence: 9
  givenname: Katherine A.
  surname: Alexander
  fullname: Alexander, Katherine A.
  organization: Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
– sequence: 10
  givenname: Jennifer E.
  surname: Wu
  fullname: Wu, Jennifer E.
  organization: Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
– sequence: 11
  givenname: John
  surname: Attanasio
  fullname: Attanasio, John
  organization: Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
– sequence: 12
  givenname: Patrick
  surname: Yan
  fullname: Yan, Patrick
  organization: Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
– sequence: 13
  givenname: Sangeeth M.
  surname: George
  fullname: George, Sangeeth M.
  organization: Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
– sequence: 14
  givenname: Bertram
  surname: Bengsch
  fullname: Bengsch, Bertram
  organization: Department of Medicine II: Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies
– sequence: 15
  givenname: Ryan P.
  surname: Staupe
  fullname: Staupe, Ryan P.
  organization: Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
– sequence: 16
  givenname: Greg
  surname: Donahue
  fullname: Donahue, Greg
  organization: Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
– sequence: 17
  givenname: Wei
  surname: Xu
  fullname: Xu, Wei
  organization: Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
– sequence: 18
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  surname: Amaravadi
  fullname: Amaravadi, Ravi K.
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– sequence: 19
  givenname: Xiaowei
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  givenname: Lynn M.
  surname: Schuchter
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  surname: Berger
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  givenname: E. John
  surname: Wherry
  fullname: Wherry, E. John
  email: wherry@pennmedicine.upenn.edu
  organization: Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31207603$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Lead Contact: E. John Wherry
O.K. and E.J.W. conceived the project, designed experiments and wrote the manuscript. O.K. performed the majority of the experiments described herein and performed the in vitro, in vivo, and bioinformatics analysis. J.R.G. wrote the script to perform PSEA and, with S.M., performed pre-processing of RNA and ATAC-seq data. S.M. performed co-IP experiments for Western blot. S.F.N and K.P.P contributed to in vivo tumor and influenza experiments. M.T.W. performed IP experiments for mass spectrometry. A.C.H., P.Y., and S.M.G. acquired and stained human PBMC and TIL samples. J.E.W., R.P.S., and J.R.G. provided critical edits to the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
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Lara-Astiaso (CR17) 2014; 345
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Blattman, Wherry, Ha, van der Most, Ahmed (CR50) 2009; 83
Shi (CR56) 2015; 33
Klein-Hessling (CR34) 2017; 8
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Scott-Browne (CR15) 2016; 45
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Snippet Exhausted CD8 + T (T ex ) cells in chronic infections and cancer have limited effector function, high co-expression of inhibitory receptors and extensive...
Exhausted CD8 T (T ) cells in chronic infections and cancer have limited effector function, high co-expression of inhibitory receptors and extensive...
Exhausted CD8+ T (Tex) cells in chronic infections and cancer have limited effector function, high co-expression of inhibitory receptors and extensive...
Exhausted CD8+ T cells (TEX) in chronic infections and cancer have limited effector function, high inhibitory receptor co-expression and extensive...
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proquest
pubmed
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SourceType Open Access Repository
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Index Database
Enrichment Source
Publisher
StartPage 211
SubjectTerms 13
38
45
631/250/1619/554/1834
631/250/2152/1566
631/250/2152/1566/2493
631/250/2502/2170
631/250/255/2514
64/60
Animals
Antigens
Calcineurin
Calcineurin - metabolism
Calcium Signaling
Cancer
CD8 antigen
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes - immunology
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes - pathology
Chromatin
Cloning
Epigenetics
Epistasis, Genetic
Exhaustion
Feedback, Physiological
Female
Gene expression
Gene Expression Regulation - immunology
Genotype
Homeodomain Proteins - metabolism
Humanities and Social Sciences
Immune checkpoint
Immunologic Memory
Immunological memory
Immunotherapy
Infections
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes T
Male
Memory cells
Mice
Mice, Inbred BALB C
Mice, Inbred C57BL
multidisciplinary
NF-AT protein
NFATC Transcription Factors - metabolism
Receptor mechanisms
Receptors
Science
Science (multidisciplinary)
T cell receptors
Transcription factors
Transcription, Genetic
Tumor Escape
Title TOX transcriptionally and epigenetically programs CD8+ T cell exhaustion
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41586-019-1325-x
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC6713202
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