Enumeration 2024: What We Know and What We Wish We Knew About the Governmental Public Health Workforce in a COVID-19 Recovery Landscape

Objectives. To expand on previous enumerations by assessing the size and composition of the governmental public health workforce in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, identifying workforce trends, occupational distributions, and potential gaps in staffing. Methods. From 2023 to 2024, using 2022 data...

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Vydané v:	American journal of public health (1971) Ročník 115; číslo 5; s. 707 - 715
Hlavní autori:	Leider, Jonathon P., Balio, Casey P., Hogg-Graham, Rachel, Weiss, Nicole M., Vogel, Abby, Onal, Sezen O., Zang, Xiao, Kett, Paula, Edmonds, Joyce, Karnik, Harshada, Dockery, Nathan, Joseph, Bibin, Pak, Morgan, Thomas, Amy Belflower, Bekemeier, Betty
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	United States American Public Health Association 01.05.2025
Predmet:	Censuses Community health COVID-19 COVID-19 - epidemiology Data Datasets Employees Enumeration Estimates Health Administration Health Professionals Health Workforce - statistics & numerical data Humans Medical personnel Multiple imputation Nurses Nurses, Public Health - statistics & numerical data Nurses, Public Health - supply & distribution Nursing Occupations Pandemics Polls & surveys Population Profiles Public health Public Health - statistics & numerical data Public health nurses Public Health Practice Public Health Workers Rehabilitation Research & Analysis Response rates SARS-CoV-2 Staffing Support workers Taxonomy Trends United States - epidemiology Workers Workforce Workforce - statistics & numerical data Workforce planning United States United States > US
ISSN:	0090-0036, 1541-0048, 1541-0048
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Abstract	Objectives. To expand on previous enumerations by assessing the size and composition of the governmental public health workforce in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, identifying workforce trends, occupational distributions, and potential gaps in staffing. Methods. From 2023 to 2024, using 2022 data in the United States, we conducted 3 distinct analyses: (1) estimating the total workforce size, (2) profiling occupation-specific distributions, and (3) evaluating the role and prevalence of public health nurses using novel data sources. For total counts, we used multiple imputation by chained equations to develop robust agency-level estimates and address missingness from multiple data sets. Results. State and local public health agencies grew to approximately 239 000 staff in 2022, up from an estimated 206 500 in 2019. The largest occupation groups included office and administrative support workers (37 576) and public health or community health nurses (29 387). We found that 73 478 (1.8%) of registered nurses nationwide served in governmental public health roles. Conclusions. The size of the workforce during the COVID-19 response has returned to 2008 levels although temporary staff largely constitute the increase. Public Health Implications. An undersized workforce leaves the United States vulnerable to future disasters and current challenges. ( Am J Public Health. 2025;115(5):707–715. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307960 )
AbstractList	To expand on previous enumerations by assessing the size and composition of the governmental public health workforce in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, identifying workforce trends, occupational distributions, and potential gaps in staffing. From 2023 to 2024, using 2022 data in the United States, we conducted 3 distinct analyses: (1) estimating the total workforce size, (2) profiling occupation-specific distributions, and (3) evaluating the role and prevalence of public health nurses using novel data sources. For total counts, we used multiple imputation by chained equations to develop robust agency-level estimates and address missingness from multiple data sets. State and local public health agencies grew to approximately 239 000 staff in 2022, up from an estimated 206 500 in 2019. The largest occupation groups included office and administrative support workers (37 576) and public health or community health nurses (29 387). We found that 73 478 (1.8%) of registered nurses nationwide served in governmental public health roles. The size of the workforce during the COVID-19 response has returned to 2008 levels although temporary staff largely constitute the increase. An undersized workforce leaves the United States vulnerable to future disasters and current challenges. ( . 2025;115(5):707-715. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307960). Objectives. To expand on previous enumerations by assessing the size and composition of the governmental public health workforce in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, identifying workforce trends, occupational distributions, and potential gaps in staffing. Methods. From 2023 to 2024, using 2022 data in the United States, we conducted 3 distinct analyses: (1) estimating the total workforce size, (2) profiling occupation-specific distributions, and (3) evaluating the role and prevalence of public health nurses using novel data sources. For total counts, we used multiple imputation by chained equations to develop robust agency-level estimates and address missingness from multiple data sets. Results. State and local public health agencies grew to approximately 239 000 staff in 2022, up from an estimated 206 500 in 2019. The largest occupation groups included office and administrative support workers (37 576) and public health or community health nurses (29 387). We found that 73 478 (1.8%) of registered nurses nationwide served in governmental public health roles. Conclusions. The size of the workforce during the COVID-19 response has returned to 2008 levels although temporary staff largely constitute the increase. Public Health Implications. An undersized workforce leaves the United States vulnerable to future disasters and current challenges. (Am J Public Health. 2025;115(5):707–715. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307960) Objectives. To expand on previous enumerations by assessing the size and composition of the governmental public health workforce in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, identifying workforce trends, occupational distributions, and potential gaps in staffing. Methods. From 2023 to 2024, using 2022 data in the United States, we conducted 3 distinct analyses: (1) estimating the total workforce size, (2) profiling occupation-specific distributions, and (3) evaluating the role and prevalence of public health nurses using novel data sources. For total counts, we used multiple imputation by chained equations to develop robust agency-level estimates and address missingness from multiple data sets. Results. State and local public health agencies grew to approximately 239 000 staff in 2022, up from an estimated 206 500 in 2019. The largest occupation groups included office and administrative support workers (37 576) and public health or community health nurses (29 387). We found that 73 478 (1.8%) of registered nurses nationwide served in governmental public health roles. Conclusions. The size of the workforce during the COVID-19 response has returned to 2008 levels although temporary staff largely constitute the increase. Public Health Implications. An undersized workforce leaves the United States vulnerable to future disasters and current challenges. (Am J Public Health. 2025;115(5):707-715. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307960).Objectives. To expand on previous enumerations by assessing the size and composition of the governmental public health workforce in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, identifying workforce trends, occupational distributions, and potential gaps in staffing. Methods. From 2023 to 2024, using 2022 data in the United States, we conducted 3 distinct analyses: (1) estimating the total workforce size, (2) profiling occupation-specific distributions, and (3) evaluating the role and prevalence of public health nurses using novel data sources. For total counts, we used multiple imputation by chained equations to develop robust agency-level estimates and address missingness from multiple data sets. Results. State and local public health agencies grew to approximately 239 000 staff in 2022, up from an estimated 206 500 in 2019. The largest occupation groups included office and administrative support workers (37 576) and public health or community health nurses (29 387). We found that 73 478 (1.8%) of registered nurses nationwide served in governmental public health roles. Conclusions. The size of the workforce during the COVID-19 response has returned to 2008 levels although temporary staff largely constitute the increase. Public Health Implications. An undersized workforce leaves the United States vulnerable to future disasters and current challenges. (Am J Public Health. 2025;115(5):707-715. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307960). Objectives. To expand on previous enumerations by assessing the size and composition of the governmental public health workforce in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, identifying workforce trends, occupational distributions, and potential gaps in staffing. Methods. From 2023 to 2024, using 2022 data in the United States, we conducted 3 distinct analyses: (1) estimating the total workforce size, (2) profiling occupation-specific distributions, and (3) evaluating the role and prevalence of public health nurses using novel data sources. For total counts, we used multiple imputation by chained equations to develop robust agency-level estimates and address missingness from multiple data sets. Results. State and local public health agencies grew to approximately 239 000 staffin 2022, up from an estimated 206 500 in 2019. The largest occupation groups included office and administrative support workers (37 576) and public health or community health nurses (29 387). We found that 73 478 (1.8%) of registered nurses nationwide served in governmental public health roles. Conclusions. The size of the workforce during the COVID-19 response has returned to 2008 levels although temporary stafflargely constitute the increase. Public Health Implications. An undersized workforce leaves the United States vulnerable to future disasters and current challenges. Objectives. To expand on previous enumerations by assessing the size and composition of the governmental public health workforce in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, identifying workforce trends, occupational distributions, and potential gaps in staffing. Methods. From 2023 to 2024, using 2022 data in the United States, we conducted 3 distinct analyses: (1) estimating the total workforce size, (2) profiling occupation-specific distributions, and (3) evaluating the role and prevalence of public health nurses using novel data sources. For total counts, we used multiple imputation by chained equations to develop robust agency-level estimates and address missingness from multiple data sets. Results. State and local public health agencies grew to approximately 239 000 staff in 2022, up from an estimated 206 500 in 2019. The largest occupation groups included office and administrative support workers (37 576) and public health or community health nurses (29 387). We found that 73 478 (1.8%) of registered nurses nationwide served in governmental public health roles. Conclusions. The size of the workforce during the COVID-19 response has returned to 2008 levels although temporary staff largely constitute the increase. Public Health Implications. An undersized workforce leaves the United States vulnerable to future disasters and current challenges. ( Am J Public Health. 2025;115(5):707–715. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307960 )
Author	Leider, Jonathon P. Vogel, Abby Pak, Morgan Dockery, Nathan Kett, Paula Edmonds, Joyce Onal, Sezen O. Bekemeier, Betty Hogg-Graham, Rachel Zang, Xiao Karnik, Harshada Balio, Casey P. Thomas, Amy Belflower Joseph, Bibin Weiss, Nicole M.
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Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 J. P. Leider, C. P. Balio, R. Hogg-Graham, N. M. Weiss, A. Vogel, P. Kett, N. Dockery, and B. Bekemeier analyzed the data and wrote the first draft of the article. S. O. Onal, X. Zang, J. Edmonds, H. Karnik, B. Joseph, M. Pak, and A. B. Thomas provided additional analytic support. All authors provided critical review. CONTRIBUTORS
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Title	Enumeration 2024: What We Know and What We Wish We Knew About the Governmental Public Health Workforce in a COVID-19 Recovery Landscape
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