Propagation of toxic substances in the urban atmosphere: A complex network perspective

The accidental or malicious release of toxic substances in the urban atmosphere is a major environmental and safety problem, especially in large cities. Computational fluid dynamics codes and simplified modelling tools have been used in the last decades to model pollutant dispersion in urban areas....

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Published in:	Atmospheric environment (1994) Vol. 198; pp. 291 - 301
Main Authors:	Fellini, Sofia, Salizzoni, Pietro, Soulhac, Lionel, Ridolfi, Luca
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Elsevier Ltd 01.02.2019 Elsevier
Subjects:	Accidental releases algorithms atmospheric chemistry buildings canopy case studies cities Complex networks Environmental Engineering Environmental Sciences fluid mechanics Global Changes network theory people pollutants Spreading on networks Street network topology toxic substances toxicity Urban air pollution urban areas Vulnerability wind Street network Urban air pollution Vulnerability Accidental releases Complex networks Spreading on networks
ISSN:	1352-2310, 1873-2844
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Abstract	The accidental or malicious release of toxic substances in the urban atmosphere is a major environmental and safety problem, especially in large cities. Computational fluid dynamics codes and simplified modelling tools have been used in the last decades to model pollutant dispersion in urban areas. These studies have shown that propagation is strongly influenced by the layout of buildings and, therefore, by the street topology of the city. This work presents a novel approach to the study of toxic propagation within the urban canopy based on the theory of complex networks. The urban canopy is modelled as a network, where the streets and the street intersections represent respectively the links and the nodes of the network. The direction and the weights of the links contain the geometrical characteristics of the street canyons and their wind conditions, so that all the key variables involved in pollutant dispersion are represented in a single mathematical structure that is a weighted and directed complex network. Thanks to this mathematical interpretation, propagation is modelled as a spreading process on a network and a depth-first search algorithm is used to rapidly delimit the zone of influence of a source node. This zone is the set of streets that are contaminated from the source. As a case study, the proposed model is applied to the urban tissue of the city of Lyon. The algorithm simulates a toxic release in all the nodes of the network and computes the number of people affected by each propagation process. In this way, the nodes with the most dangerous spreading potential are identified and vulnerability maps of the city are constructed. Moreover, various wind and concentration scenarios are easily implemented. The results highlight how the proposed method is effective in assessing the most vulnerable points in a city with a computational time that is up to three orders of magnitude lower than that of existing models. Moreover, the proposed approach paves the way to future applications of tools and metrics from the complex network theory for a deeper comprehension of the mechanisms that drive pollutant dispersion in urban areas. [Display omitted] •A complex network approach to model dispersion in the urban atmosphere is presented.•Dispersion from a source is modelled as a spreading process on a complex network.•The polluted area and the number of people affected by the release are assessed.•Maps of urban vulnerability to the release of toxic gases are rapidly constructed.•The street topology of the city is a key driver in the dispersion process.
AbstractList	The accidental or malicious release of toxic substances in the urban atmosphere is a major environmental and safety problem, especially in large cities. Computational fluid dynamics codes and simplified modelling tools have been used in the last decades to model pollutant dispersion in urban areas. These studies have shown that propagation is strongly influenced by the layout of buildings and, therefore, by the street topology of the city. This work presents a novel approach to the study of toxic propagation within the urban canopy based on the theory of complex networks. The urban canopy is modelled as a network, where the streets and the street intersections represent respectively the links and the nodes of the network. The direction and the weights of the links contain the geometrical characteristics of the street canyons and their wind conditions, so that all the key variables involved in pollutant dispersion are represented in a single mathematical structure that is a weighted and directed complex network. Thanks to this mathematical interpretation, propagation is modelled as a spreading process on a network and a depth-first search algorithm is used to rapidly delimit the zone of influence of a source node. This zone is the set of streets that are contaminated from the source. As a case study, the proposed model is applied to the urban tissue of the city of Lyon. The algorithm simulates a toxic release in all the nodes of the network and computes the number of people affected by each propagation process. In this way, the nodes with the most dangerous spreading potential are identified and vulnerability maps of the city are constructed. Moreover, various wind and concentration scenarios are easily implemented. The results highlight how the proposed method is effective in assessing the most vulnerable points in a city with a computational time that is up to three orders of magnitude lower than that of existing models. Moreover, the proposed approach paves the way to future applications of tools and metrics from the complex network theory for a deeper comprehension of the mechanisms that drive pollutant dispersion in urban areas. The accidental or malicious release of toxic substances in the urban atmosphere is a major environmental and safety problem, especially in large cities. Computational fluid dynamics codes and simplified modelling tools have been used in the last decades to model pollutant dispersion in urban areas. These studies have shown that propagation is strongly influenced by the layout of buildings and, therefore, by the street topology of the city. This work presents a novel approach to the study of toxic propagation within the urban canopy based on the theory of complex networks. The urban canopy is modelled as a network, where the streets and the street intersections represent respectively the links and the nodes of the network. The direction and the weights of the links contain the geometrical characteristics of the street canyons and their wind conditions, so that all the key variables involved in pollutant dispersion are represented in a single mathematical structure that is a weighted and directed complex network. Thanks to this mathematical interpretation, propagation is modelled as a spreading process on a network and a depth-first search algorithm is used to rapidly delimit the zone of influence of a source node. This zone is the set of streets that are contaminated from the source. As a case study, the proposed model is applied to the urban tissue of the city of Lyon. The algorithm simulates a toxic release in all the nodes of the network and computes the number of people affected by each propagation process. In this way, the nodes with the most dangerous spreading potential are identified and vulnerability maps of the city are constructed. Moreover, various wind and concentration scenarios are easily implemented. The results highlight how the proposed method is effective in assessing the most vulnerable points in a city with a computational time that is up to three orders of magnitude lower than that of existing models. Moreover, the proposed approach paves the way to future applications of tools and metrics from the complex network theory for a deeper comprehension of the mechanisms that drive pollutant dispersion in urban areas. [Display omitted] •A complex network approach to model dispersion in the urban atmosphere is presented.•Dispersion from a source is modelled as a spreading process on a complex network.•The polluted area and the number of people affected by the release are assessed.•Maps of urban vulnerability to the release of toxic gases are rapidly constructed.•The street topology of the city is a key driver in the dispersion process.
Author	Fellini, Sofia Salizzoni, Pietro Soulhac, Lionel Ridolfi, Luca
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Sofia orcidid: 0000-0003-3010-4348 surname: Fellini fullname: Fellini, Sofia email: sofia.fellini@polito.it organization: Department of Environmental, Land, and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy – sequence: 2 givenname: Pietro orcidid: 0000-0001-5987-9839 surname: Salizzoni fullname: Salizzoni, Pietro organization: Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides et D’Acoustique, UMR CNRS 5509, Université de Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 36, Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134, Ecully, France – sequence: 3 givenname: Lionel orcidid: 0000-0003-0358-3486 surname: Soulhac fullname: Soulhac, Lionel organization: Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides et D’Acoustique, UMR CNRS 5509, Université de Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 36, Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134, Ecully, France – sequence: 4 givenname: Luca surname: Ridolfi fullname: Ridolfi, Luca organization: Department of Environmental, Land, and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
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Keywords	Street network Urban air pollution Vulnerability Accidental releases Complex networks Spreading on networks
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SubjectTerms	Accidental releases algorithms atmospheric chemistry buildings canopy case studies cities Complex networks Environmental Engineering Environmental Sciences fluid mechanics Global Changes network theory people pollutants Spreading on networks Street network topology toxic substances toxicity Urban air pollution urban areas Vulnerability wind
Title	Propagation of toxic substances in the urban atmosphere: A complex network perspective
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