Direct and indirect costs among employees with diabetic retinopathy in the United States
ABSTRACT Objective: To examine, from the employer perspective, the direct (healthcare) and indirect (workloss) costs of employees with diabetic retinopathy (DR) compared to control non-DR employees with diabetes, and within DR subgroups. Methods: Compared annual costs using claims data from 17 large...
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| Vydáno v: | Current medical research and opinion Ročník 24; číslo 5; s. 1549 - 1559 |
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| Hlavní autoři: | , , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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England
Informa UK Ltd
01.05.2008
Taylor & Francis Informa Healthcare |
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| ISSN: | 0300-7995, 1473-4877, 1473-4877 |
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| Abstract | ABSTRACT
Objective: To examine, from the employer perspective, the direct (healthcare) and indirect (workloss) costs of employees with diabetic retinopathy (DR) compared to control non-DR employees with diabetes, and within DR subgroups.
Methods: Compared annual costs using claims data from 17 large companies (1999-2004). 'DR employees' (n = 2098) had ≥ 1 DR (International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision [ICD‑9]) diagnosis; DR subgroups included employees with diabetic macular edema (DME), proliferative DR (PDR), and employees receiving photocoagulation or vitrectomy procedures. Descriptive and multivariate tests were performed.
Results: DR employee annual direct costs were $18 218 (indirect = $3548) compared to $11 898 (indirect = $2374) for controls (Δ = $2032 (adjusted); p < 0.0001). Costs differences were larger across DR employee subgroups: DME/non-DME ($28 606/$16 363); PDR/non-PDR ($30 135/$13 445; p < 0.0001); DR with/without photocoagulation ($34 539/$16 041; p < 0.0001); and DR with/without vitrectomy ($63 933/$17 239; p < 0.0001).
Limitations: This study examined the incremental costs of treating DR employees, which may be higher than the incremental costs of DR itself. Some measures of diabetes severity (e.g., duration of diabetes) were not available in the claims data, and were therefore not included in the multivariate models. The cost of photocoagulation and vitrectomy procedures pertain to individuals who underwent these procedures, and not the cost of the procedures themselves.
Conclusion: DR employees had significantly higher costs than controls, and larger differences existed within DR subgroups. Indirect costs accounted for about 20% of total cost. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | To examine, from the employer perspective, the direct (healthcare) and indirect (workloss) costs of employees with diabetic retinopathy (DR) compared to control non-DR employees with diabetes, and within DR subgroups.
Compared annual costs using claims data from 17 large companies (1999-2004). 'DR employees' (n = 2098) had >or= 1 DR (International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision [ICD-9]) diagnosis; DR subgroups included employees with diabetic macular edema (DME), proliferative DR (PDR), and employees receiving photocoagulation or vitrectomy procedures. Descriptive and multivariate tests were performed.
DR employee annual direct costs were $18,218 (indirect = $3548) compared to $11,898 (indirect = $2374) for controls (Delta = $2032 (adjusted); p < 0.0001). Costs differences were larger across DR employee subgroups: DME/non-DME ($28,606/$16,363); PDR/non-PDR ($30,135/$13,445; p < 0.0001); DR with/without photocoagulation ($34,539/$16,041; p < 0.0001); and DR with/without vitrectomy ($63,933/$17,239; p < 0.0001).
This study examined the incremental costs of treating DR employees, which may be higher than the incremental costs of DR itself. Some measures of diabetes severity (e.g., duration of diabetes) were not available in the claims data, and were therefore not included in the multivariate models. The cost of photocoagulation and vitrectomy procedures pertain to individuals who underwent these procedures, and not the cost of the procedures themselves.
DR employees had significantly higher costs than controls, and larger differences existed within DR subgroups. Indirect costs accounted for about 20% of total cost. To examine, from the employer perspective, the direct (healthcare) and indirect (workloss) costs of employees with diabetic retinopathy (DR) compared to control non-DR employees with diabetes, and within DR subgroups.OBJECTIVETo examine, from the employer perspective, the direct (healthcare) and indirect (workloss) costs of employees with diabetic retinopathy (DR) compared to control non-DR employees with diabetes, and within DR subgroups.Compared annual costs using claims data from 17 large companies (1999-2004). 'DR employees' (n = 2098) had >or= 1 DR (International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision [ICD-9]) diagnosis; DR subgroups included employees with diabetic macular edema (DME), proliferative DR (PDR), and employees receiving photocoagulation or vitrectomy procedures. Descriptive and multivariate tests were performed.METHODSCompared annual costs using claims data from 17 large companies (1999-2004). 'DR employees' (n = 2098) had >or= 1 DR (International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision [ICD-9]) diagnosis; DR subgroups included employees with diabetic macular edema (DME), proliferative DR (PDR), and employees receiving photocoagulation or vitrectomy procedures. Descriptive and multivariate tests were performed.DR employee annual direct costs were $18,218 (indirect = $3548) compared to $11,898 (indirect = $2374) for controls (Delta = $2032 (adjusted); p < 0.0001). Costs differences were larger across DR employee subgroups: DME/non-DME ($28,606/$16,363); PDR/non-PDR ($30,135/$13,445; p < 0.0001); DR with/without photocoagulation ($34,539/$16,041; p < 0.0001); and DR with/without vitrectomy ($63,933/$17,239; p < 0.0001).RESULTSDR employee annual direct costs were $18,218 (indirect = $3548) compared to $11,898 (indirect = $2374) for controls (Delta = $2032 (adjusted); p < 0.0001). Costs differences were larger across DR employee subgroups: DME/non-DME ($28,606/$16,363); PDR/non-PDR ($30,135/$13,445; p < 0.0001); DR with/without photocoagulation ($34,539/$16,041; p < 0.0001); and DR with/without vitrectomy ($63,933/$17,239; p < 0.0001).This study examined the incremental costs of treating DR employees, which may be higher than the incremental costs of DR itself. Some measures of diabetes severity (e.g., duration of diabetes) were not available in the claims data, and were therefore not included in the multivariate models. The cost of photocoagulation and vitrectomy procedures pertain to individuals who underwent these procedures, and not the cost of the procedures themselves.LIMITATIONSThis study examined the incremental costs of treating DR employees, which may be higher than the incremental costs of DR itself. Some measures of diabetes severity (e.g., duration of diabetes) were not available in the claims data, and were therefore not included in the multivariate models. The cost of photocoagulation and vitrectomy procedures pertain to individuals who underwent these procedures, and not the cost of the procedures themselves.DR employees had significantly higher costs than controls, and larger differences existed within DR subgroups. Indirect costs accounted for about 20% of total cost.CONCLUSIONDR employees had significantly higher costs than controls, and larger differences existed within DR subgroups. Indirect costs accounted for about 20% of total cost. ABSTRACT Objective: To examine, from the employer perspective, the direct (healthcare) and indirect (workloss) costs of employees with diabetic retinopathy (DR) compared to control non-DR employees with diabetes, and within DR subgroups. Methods: Compared annual costs using claims data from 17 large companies (1999-2004). 'DR employees' (n = 2098) had ≥ 1 DR (International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision [ICD‑9]) diagnosis; DR subgroups included employees with diabetic macular edema (DME), proliferative DR (PDR), and employees receiving photocoagulation or vitrectomy procedures. Descriptive and multivariate tests were performed. Results: DR employee annual direct costs were $18 218 (indirect = $3548) compared to $11 898 (indirect = $2374) for controls (Δ = $2032 (adjusted); p < 0.0001). Costs differences were larger across DR employee subgroups: DME/non-DME ($28 606/$16 363); PDR/non-PDR ($30 135/$13 445; p < 0.0001); DR with/without photocoagulation ($34 539/$16 041; p < 0.0001); and DR with/without vitrectomy ($63 933/$17 239; p < 0.0001). Limitations: This study examined the incremental costs of treating DR employees, which may be higher than the incremental costs of DR itself. Some measures of diabetes severity (e.g., duration of diabetes) were not available in the claims data, and were therefore not included in the multivariate models. The cost of photocoagulation and vitrectomy procedures pertain to individuals who underwent these procedures, and not the cost of the procedures themselves. Conclusion: DR employees had significantly higher costs than controls, and larger differences existed within DR subgroups. Indirect costs accounted for about 20% of total cost. Objective: To examine, from the employer perspective, the direct (healthcare) and indirect (workloss) costs of employees with diabetic retinopathy (DR) compared to control non-DR employees with diabetes, and within DR subgroups. Methods: Compared annual costs using claims data from 17 large companies (1999-2004). 'DR employees' (n = 2098) had ≥ 1 DR (International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision [ICD-9]) diagnosis; DR subgroups included employees with diabetic macular edema (DME), proliferative DR (PDR), and employees receiving photocoagulation or vitrectomy procedures. Descriptive and multivariate tests were performed. Results: DR employee annual direct costs were $18 218 (indirect = $3548) compared to $11 898 (indirect = $2374) for controls (Δ = $2032 (adjusted); p < 0.0001). Costs differences were larger across DR employee subgroups: DME/non-DME ($28 606/$16 363); PDR/non-PDR ($30 135/$13 445; p < 0.0001); DR with/without photocoagulation ($34 539/$16 041; p < 0.0001); and DR with/without vitrectomy ($63 933/$17 239; p < 0.0001). Limitations: This study examined the incremental costs of treating DR employees, which may be higher than the incremental costs of DR itself. Some measures of diabetes severity (e.g., duration of diabetes) were not available in the claims data, and were therefore not included in the multivariate models. The cost of photocoagulation and vitrectomy procedures pertain to individuals who underwent these procedures, and not the cost of the procedures themselves. Conclusion: DR employees had significantly higher costs than controls, and larger differences existed within DR subgroups. Indirect costs accounted for about 20% of total cost. OBJECTIVE: To examine, from the employer perspective, the direct (healthcare) and indirect (workloss) costs of employees with diabetic retinopathy (DR) compared to control non-DR employees with diabetes, and within DR subgroups. METHODS: Compared annual costs using claims data from 17 large companies (1999-2004). 'DR employees' (n = 2098) had >or= 1 DR (International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision [ICD-9]) diagnosis; DR subgroups included employees with diabetic macular edema (DME), proliferative DR (PDR), and employees receiving photocoagulation or vitrectomy procedures. Descriptive and multivariate tests were performed. RESULTS: DR employee annual direct costs were $18,218 (indirect = $3548) compared to $11,898 (indirect = $2374) for controls (Delta = $2032 (adjusted); p < 0.0001). Costs differences were larger across DR employee subgroups: DME/non-DME ($28,606/$16,363); PDR/non-PDR ($30,135/$13,445; p < 0.0001); DR with/without photocoagulation ($34,539/$16,041; p < 0.0001); and DR with/without vitrectomy ($63,933/$17,239; p < 0.0001). LIMITATIONS: This study examined the incremental costs of treating DR employees, which may be higher than the incremental costs of DR itself. Some measures of diabetes severity (e.g., duration of diabetes) were not available in the claims data, and were therefore not included in the multivariate models. The cost of photocoagulation and vitrectomy procedures pertain to individuals who underwent these procedures, and not the cost of the procedures themselves. CONCLUSION: DR employees had significantly higher costs than controls, and larger differences existed within DR subgroups. Indirect costs accounted for about 20% of total cost. |
| Author | Qiu, Ying Birnbaum, Howard G. Yu, Andrew P. Tang, Jackson Lee, Lauren J. Cahill, Kevin E. Oglesby, Alan K. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Lauren J. surname: Lee fullname: Lee, Lauren J. – sequence: 2 givenname: Andrew P. surname: Yu fullname: Yu, Andrew P. – sequence: 3 givenname: Kevin E. surname: Cahill fullname: Cahill, Kevin E. – sequence: 4 givenname: Alan K. surname: Oglesby fullname: Oglesby, Alan K. – sequence: 5 givenname: Jackson surname: Tang fullname: Tang, Jackson – sequence: 6 givenname: Ying surname: Qiu fullname: Qiu, Ying – sequence: 7 givenname: Howard G. surname: Birnbaum fullname: Birnbaum, Howard G. |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18416887$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Cites_doi | 10.7326/0003-4819-124-1_Part_2-199601011-00017 10.1001/archopht.122.4.477 10.2165/00019053-200321150-00006 10.2337/dc08-9017 10.1007/s00125-002-0859-9 10.2337/diacare.26.8.2300 10.2165/00019053-200422030-00002 10.1016/S0161-6420(98)91020-X 10.1001/archopht.124.12.1754 10.1016/S0039-6257(02)00388-0 10.2337/diacare.25.1.23 10.1001/archopht.122.4.552 10.2337/diacare.8.4.316 10.2337/diacare.27.10.2540 10.2165/00019053-200422020-00003 10.2337/dc06-0062 10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047 10.1007/s00125-002-0990-7 10.1001/archopht.1985.01050120030015 10.2337/diacare.26.9.2653 10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8 |
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Objective: To examine, from the employer perspective, the direct (healthcare) and indirect (workloss) costs of employees with diabetic retinopathy... Objective: To examine, from the employer perspective, the direct (healthcare) and indirect (workloss) costs of employees with diabetic retinopathy (DR)... To examine, from the employer perspective, the direct (healthcare) and indirect (workloss) costs of employees with diabetic retinopathy (DR) compared to... OBJECTIVE: To examine, from the employer perspective, the direct (healthcare) and indirect (workloss) costs of employees with diabetic retinopathy (DR)... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Age Factors Case-Control Studies Chi-Square Distribution Cost of Illness Diabetic macular edema Diabetic retinopathy Diabetic Retinopathy - diagnosis Diabetic Retinopathy - economics Diabetic Retinopathy - therapy Direct Service Costs - statistics & numerical data Employer Health Costs - statistics & numerical data Evaluation Studies as Topic Female Health Benefit Plans, Employee - economics Health care costs Humans Male Middle Aged Photocoagulation Reference Values Risk Assessment Severity of Illness Index Sex Factors Sick Leave - economics Sick Leave - statistics & numerical data Statistics, Nonparametric United States Vitrectomy Workers' Compensation - economics Workers' Compensation - statistics & numerical data |
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| Title | Direct and indirect costs among employees with diabetic retinopathy in the United States |
| URI | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1185/030079908X297303 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18416887 https://www.proquest.com/docview/207989053 https://www.proquest.com/docview/70734652 |
| Volume | 24 |
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