Biochar production and applications in sub-Saharan Africa: Opportunities, constraints, risks and uncertainties

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) experiences soil degradation, food and livelihood insecurity, environmental pollution and lack of access to energy. Biochar has gained international research attention, but few studies have investigated the potential of biochar to address the challenges in SSA. This paper se...

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Vydáno v:	Journal of environmental management Ročník 150; s. 250 - 261
Hlavní autoři:	Gwenzi, Willis, Chaukura, Nhamo, Mukome, Fungai N.D., Machado, Stephen, Nyamasoka, Blessing
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	England Elsevier Ltd 01.03.2015 Academic Press Ltd
Témata:	Access acid soils Acidic soils Adoption of innovations adsorption Africa South of the Sahara Agricultural economics Agriculture Alternative energy sources Application Attitudes attitudes and opinions Biochar biofuels carbon Carbon Sequestration Case studies Charcoal Climate change Conservation of Natural Resources Constraints Consumers Crop production Crop productivity Degradation Electricity Emissions control Energy Energy provision Environmental cleanup Environmental management Farm buildings feedstocks finance fuelwood greenhouse gas emissions Greenhouse gases Health behavior Health risk assessment Health risks Healthy food Households Humans industrial applications Industry Insecurity issues and policy land application land restoration Literature reviews Livelihood Low income groups Moisture Moisture availability Nutrient availability Organic wastes polluted soils Pollution Production Productivity Property Public health Pyrolysis Raw materials Remediation Researcher subject relations Revegetation Risk Smallholder agroecosystems Socioeconomic factors socioeconomics Soil - chemistry Soil contamination Soil degradation Soil fertility Soil moisture soil nutrients soil water Soils Solid wastes Stimulation uncertainty Wastewater Wastewater treatment Water Water pollution Water supply Water treatment Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Sub-Saharan Africa Climate change Pyrolysis Smallholder agroecosystems Energy provision Zimbabwe Biochar Carbon sequestration Crop productivity
ISSN:	0301-4797, 1095-8630, 1095-8630
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Abstract	Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) experiences soil degradation, food and livelihood insecurity, environmental pollution and lack of access to energy. Biochar has gained international research attention, but few studies have investigated the potential of biochar to address the challenges in SSA. This paper seeks to identify and evaluate generic potential opportunities and constraints associated with biochar application in sub-Saharan Africa using Zimbabwe as case study. Specific objectives were to; (1) identify and quantify feedstocks for biochar production; (2) review literature on the biochar properties, and evaluate its potential applications in agriculture, environmental remediation and energy provision, and (3) identify research gaps, risks and constraints associated with biochar technology. Biochar feedstocks in Zimbabwe were estimated to be 9.9 Mton yr−1, predominantly derived from manure (88%) and firewood (10%). This will yield 3.5, 1.7 and 3.1 Mton yr−1 of biochar, bio-oil and synthetic gas, respectively. Land application of the 3.5 Mton yr−1 of biochar (≈63% C) would sequester approximately 2.2 Mton yr−1 of soil carbon in Zimbabwe alone, while simultaneously minimizing the environmental and public health risks, and greenhouse gas emissions associated with solid organic wastes. Biochar potentially enhances soil and crop productivity through enhanced nutrient and soil moisture availability, amelioration of acidic soils and stimulation of microbial diversity and activity. Due to its excellent adsorption properties, biochar has potential applications in industrial and environmental applications including water and wastewater treatment, remediation and revegetation of contaminated soils and water. Biochar products have energy values comparable or higher than those of traditional biomass fuels; thereby making them ideal alternative sources of energy especially for poor households without access to electricity. Before the benefits of biochar can be realized in SSA, there is need to overcome multiple risks and constraints such as lack of finance, socio-economic constraints including negative perceptions and attitudes among both researchers and consumers, and environmental and public health risks. Therefore, there is need to conduct fundamental research to demonstrate the benefits of biochar applications, and develop policy framework and criteria for its production and subsequent adoption. [Display omitted] •There is limited biochar research in sub-Saharan Africa including Zimbabwe.•9.9 Mton yr−1 of available feedstocks in Zimbabwe can produce 3.5 Mton yr−1 of biochar.•The 3.5 Mton yr−1 (≈63% C) of biochar would sequester 2.2 Mton yr−1 of soil carbon.•Biochar applications are; soil amendment, energy, industrial and environmental uses.•Biochar is constrained by lack of finance, health risks and limited data in SSA.
AbstractList	Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) experiences soil degradation, food and livelihood insecurity, environmental pollution and lack of access to energy. Biochar has gained international research attention, but few studies have investigated the potential of biochar to address the challenges in SSA. This paper seeks to identify and evaluate generic potential opportunities and constraints associated with biochar application in sub-Saharan Africa using Zimbabwe as case study. Specific objectives were to; (1) identify and quantify feedstocks for biochar production; (2) review literature on the biochar properties, and evaluate its potential applications in agriculture, environmental remediation and energy provision, and (3) identify research gaps, risks and constraints associated with biochar technology. Biochar feedstocks in Zimbabwe were estimated to be 9.9 Mton yr..., predominantly derived from manure (88%) and firewood (10%). This will yield 3.5, 1.7 and 3.1 Mton yr... of biochar, bio-oil and synthetic gas, respectively. Land application of the 3.5 Mton yr... of biochar (...63% C) would sequester approximately 2.2 Mton yr... of soil carbon in Zimbabwe alone, while simultaneously minimizing the environmental and public health risks, and greenhouse gas emissions associated with solid organic wastes. Biochar potentially enhances soil and crop productivity through enhanced nutrient and soil moisture availability, amelioration of acidic soils and stimulation of microbial diversity and activity. Due to its excellent adsorption properties, biochar has potential applications in industrial and environmental applications including water and wastewater treatment, remediation and revegetation of contaminated soils and water. Biochar products have energy values comparable or higher than those of traditional biomass fuels; thereby making them ideal alternative sources of energy especially for poor households without access to electricity. Before the benefits of biochar can be realized in SSA, there is need to overcome multiple risks and constraints such as lack of finance, socio-economic constraints including negative perceptions and attitudes among both researchers and consumers, and environmental and public health risks. Therefore, there is need to conduct fundamental research to demonstrate the benefits of biochar applications, and develop policy framework and criteria for its production and subsequent adoption. (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae/symbols omitted.) Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) experiences soil degradation, food and livelihood insecurity, environmental pollution and lack of access to energy. Biochar has gained international research attention, but few studies have investigated the potential of biochar to address the challenges in SSA. This paper seeks to identify and evaluate generic potential opportunities and constraints associated with biochar application in sub-Saharan Africa using Zimbabwe as case study. Specific objectives were to; (1) identify and quantify feedstocks for biochar production; (2) review literature on the biochar properties, and evaluate its potential applications in agriculture, environmental remediation and energy provision, and (3) identify research gaps, risks and constraints associated with biochar technology. Biochar feedstocks in Zimbabwe were estimated to be 9.9 Mton yr(-1), predominantly derived from manure (88%) and firewood (10%). This will yield 3.5, 1.7 and 3.1 Mton yr(-1) of biochar, bio-oil and synthetic gas, respectively. Land application of the 3.5 Mton yr(-1) of biochar (≈63% C) would sequester approximately 2.2 Mton yr(-1) of soil carbon in Zimbabwe alone, while simultaneously minimizing the environmental and public health risks, and greenhouse gas emissions associated with solid organic wastes. Biochar potentially enhances soil and crop productivity through enhanced nutrient and soil moisture availability, amelioration of acidic soils and stimulation of microbial diversity and activity. Due to its excellent adsorption properties, biochar has potential applications in industrial and environmental applications including water and wastewater treatment, remediation and revegetation of contaminated soils and water. Biochar products have energy values comparable or higher than those of traditional biomass fuels; thereby making them ideal alternative sources of energy especially for poor households without access to electricity. Before the benefits of biochar can be realized in SSA, there is need to overcome multiple risks and constraints such as lack of finance, socio-economic constraints including negative perceptions and attitudes among both researchers and consumers, and environmental and public health risks. Therefore, there is need to conduct fundamental research to demonstrate the benefits of biochar applications, and develop policy framework and criteria for its production and subsequent adoption.Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) experiences soil degradation, food and livelihood insecurity, environmental pollution and lack of access to energy. Biochar has gained international research attention, but few studies have investigated the potential of biochar to address the challenges in SSA. This paper seeks to identify and evaluate generic potential opportunities and constraints associated with biochar application in sub-Saharan Africa using Zimbabwe as case study. Specific objectives were to; (1) identify and quantify feedstocks for biochar production; (2) review literature on the biochar properties, and evaluate its potential applications in agriculture, environmental remediation and energy provision, and (3) identify research gaps, risks and constraints associated with biochar technology. Biochar feedstocks in Zimbabwe were estimated to be 9.9 Mton yr(-1), predominantly derived from manure (88%) and firewood (10%). This will yield 3.5, 1.7 and 3.1 Mton yr(-1) of biochar, bio-oil and synthetic gas, respectively. Land application of the 3.5 Mton yr(-1) of biochar (≈63% C) would sequester approximately 2.2 Mton yr(-1) of soil carbon in Zimbabwe alone, while simultaneously minimizing the environmental and public health risks, and greenhouse gas emissions associated with solid organic wastes. Biochar potentially enhances soil and crop productivity through enhanced nutrient and soil moisture availability, amelioration of acidic soils and stimulation of microbial diversity and activity. Due to its excellent adsorption properties, biochar has potential applications in industrial and environmental applications including water and wastewater treatment, remediation and revegetation of contaminated soils and water. Biochar products have energy values comparable or higher than those of traditional biomass fuels; thereby making them ideal alternative sources of energy especially for poor households without access to electricity. Before the benefits of biochar can be realized in SSA, there is need to overcome multiple risks and constraints such as lack of finance, socio-economic constraints including negative perceptions and attitudes among both researchers and consumers, and environmental and public health risks. Therefore, there is need to conduct fundamental research to demonstrate the benefits of biochar applications, and develop policy framework and criteria for its production and subsequent adoption. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) experiences soil degradation, food and livelihood insecurity, environmental pollution and lack of access to energy. Biochar has gained international research attention, but few studies have investigated the potential of biochar to address the challenges in SSA. This paper seeks to identify and evaluate generic potential opportunities and constraints associated with biochar application in sub-Saharan Africa using Zimbabwe as case study. Specific objectives were to; (1) identify and quantify feedstocks for biochar production; (2) review literature on the biochar properties, and evaluate its potential applications in agriculture, environmental remediation and energy provision, and (3) identify research gaps, risks and constraints associated with biochar technology. Biochar feedstocks in Zimbabwe were estimated to be 9.9 Mton yr−1, predominantly derived from manure (88%) and firewood (10%). This will yield 3.5, 1.7 and 3.1 Mton yr−1 of biochar, bio-oil and synthetic gas, respectively. Land application of the 3.5 Mton yr−1 of biochar (≈63% C) would sequester approximately 2.2 Mton yr−1 of soil carbon in Zimbabwe alone, while simultaneously minimizing the environmental and public health risks, and greenhouse gas emissions associated with solid organic wastes. Biochar potentially enhances soil and crop productivity through enhanced nutrient and soil moisture availability, amelioration of acidic soils and stimulation of microbial diversity and activity. Due to its excellent adsorption properties, biochar has potential applications in industrial and environmental applications including water and wastewater treatment, remediation and revegetation of contaminated soils and water. Biochar products have energy values comparable or higher than those of traditional biomass fuels; thereby making them ideal alternative sources of energy especially for poor households without access to electricity. Before the benefits of biochar can be realized in SSA, there is need to overcome multiple risks and constraints such as lack of finance, socio-economic constraints including negative perceptions and attitudes among both researchers and consumers, and environmental and public health risks. Therefore, there is need to conduct fundamental research to demonstrate the benefits of biochar applications, and develop policy framework and criteria for its production and subsequent adoption. [Display omitted] •There is limited biochar research in sub-Saharan Africa including Zimbabwe.•9.9 Mton yr−1 of available feedstocks in Zimbabwe can produce 3.5 Mton yr−1 of biochar.•The 3.5 Mton yr−1 (≈63% C) of biochar would sequester 2.2 Mton yr−1 of soil carbon.•Biochar applications are; soil amendment, energy, industrial and environmental uses.•Biochar is constrained by lack of finance, health risks and limited data in SSA. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) experiences soil degradation, food and livelihood insecurity, environmental pollution and lack of access to energy. Biochar has gained international research attention, but few studies have investigated the potential of biochar to address the challenges in SSA. This paper seeks to identify and evaluate generic potential opportunities and constraints associated with biochar application in sub-Saharan Africa using Zimbabwe as case study. Specific objectives were to; (1) identify and quantify feedstocks for biochar production; (2) review literature on the biochar properties, and evaluate its potential applications in agriculture, environmental remediation and energy provision, and (3) identify research gaps, risks and constraints associated with biochar technology. Biochar feedstocks in Zimbabwe were estimated to be 9.9 Mton yr−1, predominantly derived from manure (88%) and firewood (10%). This will yield 3.5, 1.7 and 3.1 Mton yr−1 of biochar, bio-oil and synthetic gas, respectively. Land application of the 3.5 Mton yr−1 of biochar (≈63% C) would sequester approximately 2.2 Mton yr−1 of soil carbon in Zimbabwe alone, while simultaneously minimizing the environmental and public health risks, and greenhouse gas emissions associated with solid organic wastes. Biochar potentially enhances soil and crop productivity through enhanced nutrient and soil moisture availability, amelioration of acidic soils and stimulation of microbial diversity and activity. Due to its excellent adsorption properties, biochar has potential applications in industrial and environmental applications including water and wastewater treatment, remediation and revegetation of contaminated soils and water. Biochar products have energy values comparable or higher than those of traditional biomass fuels; thereby making them ideal alternative sources of energy especially for poor households without access to electricity. Before the benefits of biochar can be realized in SSA, there is need to overcome multiple risks and constraints such as lack of finance, socio-economic constraints including negative perceptions and attitudes among both researchers and consumers, and environmental and public health risks. Therefore, there is need to conduct fundamental research to demonstrate the benefits of biochar applications, and develop policy framework and criteria for its production and subsequent adoption. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) experiences soil degradation, food and livelihood insecurity, environmental pollution and lack of access to energy. Biochar has gained international research attention, but few studies have investigated the potential of biochar to address the challenges in SSA. This paper seeks to identify and evaluate generic potential opportunities and constraints associated with biochar application in sub-Saharan Africa using Zimbabwe as case study. Specific objectives were to; (1) identify and quantify feedstocks for biochar production; (2) review literature on the biochar properties, and evaluate its potential applications in agriculture, environmental remediation and energy provision, and (3) identify research gaps, risks and constraints associated with biochar technology. Biochar feedstocks in Zimbabwe were estimated to be 9.9 Mton yr(-1), predominantly derived from manure (88%) and firewood (10%). This will yield 3.5, 1.7 and 3.1 Mton yr(-1) of biochar, bio-oil and synthetic gas, respectively. Land application of the 3.5 Mton yr(-1) of biochar (≈63% C) would sequester approximately 2.2 Mton yr(-1) of soil carbon in Zimbabwe alone, while simultaneously minimizing the environmental and public health risks, and greenhouse gas emissions associated with solid organic wastes. Biochar potentially enhances soil and crop productivity through enhanced nutrient and soil moisture availability, amelioration of acidic soils and stimulation of microbial diversity and activity. Due to its excellent adsorption properties, biochar has potential applications in industrial and environmental applications including water and wastewater treatment, remediation and revegetation of contaminated soils and water. Biochar products have energy values comparable or higher than those of traditional biomass fuels; thereby making them ideal alternative sources of energy especially for poor households without access to electricity. Before the benefits of biochar can be realized in SSA, there is need to overcome multiple risks and constraints such as lack of finance, socio-economic constraints including negative perceptions and attitudes among both researchers and consumers, and environmental and public health risks. Therefore, there is need to conduct fundamental research to demonstrate the benefits of biochar applications, and develop policy framework and criteria for its production and subsequent adoption.
Author	Gwenzi, Willis Chaukura, Nhamo Nyamasoka, Blessing Machado, Stephen Mukome, Fungai N.D.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Willis surname: Gwenzi fullname: Gwenzi, Willis email: wgwenzi@yahoo.co.uk, wgwenzi@agric.uz.ac.zw organization: Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe – sequence: 2 givenname: Nhamo orcidid: 0000-0001-7797-6915 surname: Chaukura fullname: Chaukura, Nhamo organization: Department of Polymer Technology, Harare Institute of Technology, Harare, Zimbabwe – sequence: 3 givenname: Fungai N.D. surname: Mukome fullname: Mukome, Fungai N.D. organization: Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8628, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Stephen orcidid: 0000-0003-4614-7959 surname: Machado fullname: Machado, Stephen email: stephen.machado@oregonstate.edu organization: Oregon State University, Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center (CBARC), P.O. Box 370, Pendleton, OR 97801, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Blessing surname: Nyamasoka fullname: Nyamasoka, Blessing organization: Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25521347$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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SubjectTerms	Access acid soils Acidic soils Adoption of innovations adsorption Africa South of the Sahara Agricultural economics Agriculture Alternative energy sources Application Attitudes attitudes and opinions Biochar biofuels carbon Carbon Sequestration Case studies Charcoal Climate change Conservation of Natural Resources Constraints Consumers Crop production Crop productivity Degradation Electricity Emissions control Energy Energy provision Environmental cleanup Environmental management Farm buildings feedstocks finance fuelwood greenhouse gas emissions Greenhouse gases Health behavior Health risk assessment Health risks Healthy food Households Humans industrial applications Industry Insecurity issues and policy land application land restoration Literature reviews Livelihood Low income groups Moisture Moisture availability Nutrient availability Organic wastes polluted soils Pollution Production Productivity Property Public health Pyrolysis Raw materials Remediation Researcher subject relations Revegetation Risk Smallholder agroecosystems Socioeconomic factors socioeconomics Soil - chemistry Soil contamination Soil degradation Soil fertility Soil moisture soil nutrients soil water Soils Solid wastes Stimulation uncertainty Wastewater Wastewater treatment Water Water pollution Water supply Water treatment Zimbabwe
Title	Biochar production and applications in sub-Saharan Africa: Opportunities, constraints, risks and uncertainties
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