Development, validation and testing of a skin sampling method for assessment of metal exposure

Summary Background Nickel, cobalt and chromium are frequent skin sensitizers. Skin exposure results in eczema in sensitized individuals, the risk being related to the skin dose. Objectives To develop a self‐sampling method for quantification of skin exposure to metals, to validate the method, and to...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Contact dermatitis Jg. 77; H. 1; S. 17 - 24
Hauptverfasser:	Erfani, Behnaz, Midander, Klara, Lidén, Carola, Julander, Anneli
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.07.2017 Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Schlagworte:	acid wipe sampling Chromium Cobalt Dermatitis Dermatitis, Allergic Contact - diagnosis Eczema Fingers Hand Heavy metals Humans Hygiene Leisure Activities Mass Spectrometry - methods Mass spectroscopy metal skin dose Metals Metals - analysis Nickel Occupational exposure Occupational Exposure - analysis risk assessment Sampling Self Care Skin Skin - chemistry skin exposure Skin tests metal skin dose nickel risk assessment chromium skin exposure acid wipe sampling cobalt
ISSN:	0105-1873, 1600-0536, 1600-0536
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Abstract	Summary Background Nickel, cobalt and chromium are frequent skin sensitizers. Skin exposure results in eczema in sensitized individuals, the risk being related to the skin dose. Objectives To develop a self‐sampling method for quantification of skin exposure to metals, to validate the method, and to assess its feasibility. Methods Defined metal doses (0.01–5 µg) were applied to the fingers of 5 participants. Skin areas (2 cm2) were sampled with 1% HNO3, either as 0.1 ml on a swab, or as 0.5 ml on a wipe. Furthermore, 17 participants performed self‐sampling by swab after 2 h of leisure activity. Samples were extracted in 1% HNO3 and analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results The sampling efficiency by swab was 46%, as compared with 93% for acid wipe sampling, for all tested doses. Most metal from the skin dose was detected in the first swab (33–43%). Despite lower sampling efficiency by swab, skin doses of metals following 2 h of leisure activity without hand washing were quantified in all participants, and ranged from 0.0016 to 0.15 µg/cm2, from 0.00014 to −0.0020 µg/cm2 and from 0.00048 to −0.027 µg/cm2 for nickel, cobalt, and chromium, respectively. Conclusions The results indicate a future potential of skin sampling by swab to detect and monitor metals on skin by self‐sampling. This will contribute to better knowledge of metal skin exposure among dermatitis patients, workers, and the general population.
AbstractList	Nickel, cobalt and chromium are frequent skin sensitizers. Skin exposure results in eczema in sensitized individuals, the risk being related to the skin dose. To develop a self-sampling method for quantification of skin exposure to metals, to validate the method, and to assess its feasibility. Defined metal doses (0.01-5 µg) were applied to the fingers of 5 participants. Skin areas (2 cm ) were sampled with 1% HNO , either as 0.1 ml on a swab, or as 0.5 ml on a wipe. Furthermore, 17 participants performed self-sampling by swab after 2 h of leisure activity. Samples were extracted in 1% HNO and analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The sampling efficiency by swab was 46%, as compared with 93% for acid wipe sampling, for all tested doses. Most metal from the skin dose was detected in the first swab (33-43%). Despite lower sampling efficiency by swab, skin doses of metals following 2 h of leisure activity without hand washing were quantified in all participants, and ranged from 0.0016 to 0.15 µg/cm , from 0.00014 to -0.0020 µg/cm and from 0.00048 to -0.027 µg/cm for nickel, cobalt, and chromium, respectively. The results indicate a future potential of skin sampling by swab to detect and monitor metals on skin by self-sampling. This will contribute to better knowledge of metal skin exposure among dermatitis patients, workers, and the general population. Nickel, cobalt and chromium are frequent skin sensitizers. Skin exposure results in eczema in sensitized individuals, the risk being related to the skin dose.BACKGROUNDNickel, cobalt and chromium are frequent skin sensitizers. Skin exposure results in eczema in sensitized individuals, the risk being related to the skin dose.To develop a self-sampling method for quantification of skin exposure to metals, to validate the method, and to assess its feasibility.OBJECTIVESTo develop a self-sampling method for quantification of skin exposure to metals, to validate the method, and to assess its feasibility.Defined metal doses (0.01-5 µg) were applied to the fingers of 5 participants. Skin areas (2 cm2 ) were sampled with 1% HNO3 , either as 0.1 ml on a swab, or as 0.5 ml on a wipe. Furthermore, 17 participants performed self-sampling by swab after 2 h of leisure activity. Samples were extracted in 1% HNO3 and analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.METHODSDefined metal doses (0.01-5 µg) were applied to the fingers of 5 participants. Skin areas (2 cm2 ) were sampled with 1% HNO3 , either as 0.1 ml on a swab, or as 0.5 ml on a wipe. Furthermore, 17 participants performed self-sampling by swab after 2 h of leisure activity. Samples were extracted in 1% HNO3 and analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.The sampling efficiency by swab was 46%, as compared with 93% for acid wipe sampling, for all tested doses. Most metal from the skin dose was detected in the first swab (33-43%). Despite lower sampling efficiency by swab, skin doses of metals following 2 h of leisure activity without hand washing were quantified in all participants, and ranged from 0.0016 to 0.15 µg/cm2 , from 0.00014 to -0.0020 µg/cm2 and from 0.00048 to -0.027 µg/cm2 for nickel, cobalt, and chromium, respectively.RESULTSThe sampling efficiency by swab was 46%, as compared with 93% for acid wipe sampling, for all tested doses. Most metal from the skin dose was detected in the first swab (33-43%). Despite lower sampling efficiency by swab, skin doses of metals following 2 h of leisure activity without hand washing were quantified in all participants, and ranged from 0.0016 to 0.15 µg/cm2 , from 0.00014 to -0.0020 µg/cm2 and from 0.00048 to -0.027 µg/cm2 for nickel, cobalt, and chromium, respectively.The results indicate a future potential of skin sampling by swab to detect and monitor metals on skin by self-sampling. This will contribute to better knowledge of metal skin exposure among dermatitis patients, workers, and the general population.CONCLUSIONSThe results indicate a future potential of skin sampling by swab to detect and monitor metals on skin by self-sampling. This will contribute to better knowledge of metal skin exposure among dermatitis patients, workers, and the general population. Summary Background Nickel, cobalt and chromium are frequent skin sensitizers. Skin exposure results in eczema in sensitized individuals, the risk being related to the skin dose. Objectives To develop a self‐sampling method for quantification of skin exposure to metals, to validate the method, and to assess its feasibility. Methods Defined metal doses (0.01–5 µg) were applied to the fingers of 5 participants. Skin areas (2 cm2) were sampled with 1% HNO3, either as 0.1 ml on a swab, or as 0.5 ml on a wipe. Furthermore, 17 participants performed self‐sampling by swab after 2 h of leisure activity. Samples were extracted in 1% HNO3 and analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results The sampling efficiency by swab was 46%, as compared with 93% for acid wipe sampling, for all tested doses. Most metal from the skin dose was detected in the first swab (33–43%). Despite lower sampling efficiency by swab, skin doses of metals following 2 h of leisure activity without hand washing were quantified in all participants, and ranged from 0.0016 to 0.15 µg/cm2, from 0.00014 to −0.0020 µg/cm2 and from 0.00048 to −0.027 µg/cm2 for nickel, cobalt, and chromium, respectively. Conclusions The results indicate a future potential of skin sampling by swab to detect and monitor metals on skin by self‐sampling. This will contribute to better knowledge of metal skin exposure among dermatitis patients, workers, and the general population. Summary Background Nickel, cobalt and chromium are frequent skin sensitizers. Skin exposure results in eczema in sensitized individuals, the risk being related to the skin dose. Objectives To develop a self-sampling method for quantification of skin exposure to metals, to validate the method, and to assess its feasibility. Methods Defined metal doses (0.01-5µg) were applied to the fingers of 5 participants. Skin areas (2cm2) were sampled with 1% HNO3, either as 0.1ml on a swab, or as 0.5ml on a wipe. Furthermore, 17 participants performed self-sampling by swab after 2h of leisure activity. Samples were extracted in 1% HNO3 and analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results The sampling efficiency by swab was 46%, as compared with 93% for acid wipe sampling, for all tested doses. Most metal from the skin dose was detected in the first swab (33-43%). Despite lower sampling efficiency by swab, skin doses of metals following 2h of leisure activity without hand washing were quantified in all participants, and ranged from 0.0016 to 0.15µg/cm2, from 0.00014 to -0.0020µg/cm2 and from 0.00048 to -0.027µg/cm2 for nickel, cobalt, and chromium, respectively. Conclusions The results indicate a future potential of skin sampling by swab to detect and monitor metals on skin by self-sampling. This will contribute to better knowledge of metal skin exposure among dermatitis patients, workers, and the general population.
Author	Erfani, Behnaz Lidén, Carola Julander, Anneli Midander, Klara
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Cites_doi	10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01856.x 10.1111/bjd.14167 10.1007/BF00214276 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08095.x 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01819.x 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01363.x 10.1111/cod.12092 10.2340/00015555-1917 10.1111/cod.12426 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2006.00736.x 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01326.x 10.1111/cod.12492 10.1111/cod.12499 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2011.01876.x 10.1093/annhyg/meq002
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Keywords	metal skin dose nickel risk assessment chromium skin exposure acid wipe sampling cobalt
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Snippet	Summary Background Nickel, cobalt and chromium are frequent skin sensitizers. Skin exposure results in eczema in sensitized individuals, the risk being related... Nickel, cobalt and chromium are frequent skin sensitizers. Skin exposure results in eczema in sensitized individuals, the risk being related to the skin dose.... Summary Background Nickel, cobalt and chromium are frequent skin sensitizers. Skin exposure results in eczema in sensitized individuals, the risk being related... Nickel, cobalt and chromium are frequent skin sensitizers. Skin exposure results in eczema in sensitized individuals, the risk being related to the skin...
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SubjectTerms	acid wipe sampling Chromium Cobalt Dermatitis Dermatitis, Allergic Contact - diagnosis Eczema Fingers Hand Heavy metals Humans Hygiene Leisure Activities Mass Spectrometry - methods Mass spectroscopy metal skin dose Metals Metals - analysis Nickel Occupational exposure Occupational Exposure - analysis risk assessment Sampling Self Care Skin Skin - chemistry skin exposure Skin tests
Title	Development, validation and testing of a skin sampling method for assessment of metal exposure
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