Improved Backward Error Bounds for LU and Cholesky Factorizations
Assuming standard floating-point arithmetic (in base $\beta$, precision $p$) and barring underflow and overflow, classical rounding error analysis of the LU or Cholesky factorization of an $n\times n$ matrix $A$ provides backward error bounds of the form $|\Delta A| \le \gamma_n |\widehat L| |\wideh...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | SIAM journal on matrix analysis and applications Jg. 35; H. 2; S. 684 - 698 |
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Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
01.01.2014
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| Abstract | Assuming standard floating-point arithmetic (in base $\beta$, precision $p$) and barring underflow and overflow, classical rounding error analysis of the LU or Cholesky factorization of an $n\times n$ matrix $A$ provides backward error bounds of the form $|\Delta A| \le \gamma_n |\widehat L| |\widehat U|$ or $|\Delta A| \le \gamma_{n+1} |\widehat R^T| |\widehat R|$. Here, $\widehat L$, $\widehat U$, and $\widehat R$ denote the computed factors, and $\gamma_n$ is the usual fraction $nu/(1-nu) = nu + {\mathcal O}(u^2)$ with $u$ the unit roundoff. Similarly, when solving an $n\times n$ triangular system $Tx = b$ by substitution, the computed solution $\widehat x$ satisfies $(T+\Delta T)\widehat x = b$ with $|\Delta T| \le \gamma_n |T|$. All these error bounds contain quadratic terms in $u$ and limit $n$ to satisfy either $nu<1$ or $(n+1)u < 1$. We show in this paper that the constants $\gamma_n$ and $\gamma_{n+1}$ can be replaced by $nu$ and $(n+1)u$, respectively, and that the restrictions on $n$ can be removed. To get these new bounds the main ingredient is a general framework for bounding expressions of the form $|\rho-s|$, where $s$ is the exact sum of a floating-point number and $n-1$ real numbers and where $\rho$ is a real number approximating the computed sum $\widehat s$. By instantiating this framework with suitable values of $\rho$, we obtain improved versions of the well-known Lemma 8.4 from [N. J. Higham, Accuracy and Stability of Numerical Algorithms, 2nd ed., SIAM, Philadelphia, 2002] (used for analyzing triangular system solving and LU factorization) and of its Cholesky variant. All our results hold for rounding to nearest with any tie-breaking strategy and whatever the order of summation. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] |
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| AbstractList | Assuming standard floating-point arithmetic (in base $\beta$, precision $p$) and barring underflow and overflow, classical rounding error analysis of the LU or Cholesky factorization of an $n\times n$ matrix $A$ provides backward error bounds of the form $|\Delta A| \le \gamma_n |\hat L| |\hat U|$ or $|\Delta A| \le \gamma_{n+1} |\hat R^T| |\hat R|$. Here, $\hat L$, $\hat U$, and $\hat R$ denote the computed factors, and $\gamma_n$ is the usual fraction $nu/(1-nu) = nu + {\mathcal O}(u^2)$ with $u$ the unit roundoff. Similarly, when solving an $n\times n$ triangular system $Tx = b$ by substitution, the computed solution $\hat x$ satisfies $(T+\Delta T)\hat x = b$ with $|\Delta T| \le \gamma_n |T|$. All these error bounds contain quadratic terms in $u$ and limit $n$ to satisfy either $nu<1$ or $(n+1)u < 1$. We show in this paper that the constants $\gamma_n$ and $\gamma_{n+1}$ can be replaced by $nu$ and $(n+1)u$, respectively, and that the restrictions on $n$ can be removed. To get these new bounds the main ingredient is a general framework for bounding expressions of the form $|\rho-s|$, where $s$ is the exact sum of a floating-point number and $n-1$ real numbers, and where $\rho$ is a real number approximating the computed sum $\hat s$. By instantiating this framework with suitable values of $\rho$, we obtain improved versions of the well-known Lemma~8.4 in Higham's ASNA~\cite[p.~142]{Hig02} (used for analyzing triangular system solving and LU factorization) and of its Cholesky variant~\cite[solution to Problem~10.3]{Hig02}. All our results hold for rounding to nearest with any tie-breaking strategy and no matter what the order of summation. Assuming standard floating-point arithmetic (in base $\beta$, precision $p$) and barring underflow and overflow, classical rounding error analysis of the LU or Cholesky factorization of an $n\times n$ matrix $A$ provides backward error bounds of the form $|\Delta A| \le \gamma_n |\widehat L| |\widehat U|$ or $|\Delta A| \le \gamma_{n+1} |\widehat R^T| |\widehat R|$. Here, $\widehat L$, $\widehat U$, and $\widehat R$ denote the computed factors, and $\gamma_n$ is the usual fraction $nu/(1-nu) = nu + {\mathcal O}(u^2)$ with $u$ the unit roundoff. Similarly, when solving an $n\times n$ triangular system $Tx = b$ by substitution, the computed solution $\widehat x$ satisfies $(T+\Delta T)\widehat x = b$ with $|\Delta T| \le \gamma_n |T|$. All these error bounds contain quadratic terms in $u$ and limit $n$ to satisfy either $nu<1$ or $(n+1)u < 1$. We show in this paper that the constants $\gamma_n$ and $\gamma_{n+1}$ can be replaced by $nu$ and $(n+1)u$, respectively, and that the restrictions on $n$ can be removed. To get these new bounds the main ingredient is a general framework for bounding expressions of the form $|\rho-s|$, where $s$ is the exact sum of a floating-point number and $n-1$ real numbers and where $\rho$ is a real number approximating the computed sum $\widehat s$. By instantiating this framework with suitable values of $\rho$, we obtain improved versions of the well-known Lemma 8.4 from [N. J. Higham, Accuracy and Stability of Numerical Algorithms, 2nd ed., SIAM, Philadelphia, 2002] (used for analyzing triangular system solving and LU factorization) and of its Cholesky variant. All our results hold for rounding to nearest with any tie-breaking strategy and whatever the order of summation. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Assuming standard floating-point arithmetic (in base $\beta$, precision $p$) and barring underflow and overflow, classical rounding error analysis of the LU or Cholesky factorization of an $n\times n$ matrix $A$ provides backward error bounds of the form $|\Delta A| \le \gamma_n |\widehat L| |\widehat U|$ or $|\Delta A| \le \gamma_{n+1} |\widehat R theta | |\widehat R|$. Here, $\widehat L$, $\widehat U$, and $\widehat R$ denote the computed factors, and $\gamma_n$ is the usual fraction $nu/(1-nu) = nu + {\mathcal O}(u arrow up )$ with $u$ the unit roundoff. Similarly, when solving an $n\times n$ triangular system $Tx = b$ by substitution, the computed solution $\widehat x$ satisfies $(T+\Delta T)\widehat x = b$ with $|\Delta T| \le \gamma_n |
| Author | Rump, Siegfried M. Jeannerod, Claude-Pierre |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1007/s10543-011-0342-4 10.1007/PL00009321 10.1145/227699.227701 10.1137/050645671 10.1137/1037130 10.1137/120894488 |
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| Keywords | floating-point summation rounding error analysis LU factorization triangular system solving Cholesky factorization backward error |
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| SubjectTerms | Algorithms Arithmetic Cholesky factorization Computation Computer Arithmetic Computer Science Error analysis Errors Floating point arithmetic Mathematical models Numerical Analysis |
| Title | Improved Backward Error Bounds for LU and Cholesky Factorizations |
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