Firearm Ownership and Suicide Rates Among US Men and Women, 1981–2013

Objectives. To examine the relationship between state-level firearm ownership rates and gender-specific, age-adjusted firearm and total suicide rates across all 50 US states from 1981 to 2013. Methods. We used panel data for all 50 states that included annual overall and gender-specific suicide and...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Published in:	American journal of public health (1971) Vol. 106; no. 7; pp. 1316 - 1322
Main Authors:	Siegel, Michael, Rothman, Emily F.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States American Public Health Association 01.07.2016
Subjects:	AJPH Research Clustering Epidemiology Female Females Firearm laws & regulations Firearms Firearms - legislation & jurisprudence Firearms - statistics & numerical data Gender Gender relations Households Humans Injury/Emergency Care/Violence Linear Models Male Males Ownership Panel data Public health Regression analysis Sex Distribution States Studies Suicide Suicide - statistics & numerical data Suicides & suicide attempts United States Variables United States > US
ISSN:	0090-0036, 1541-0048
Online Access:	Get full text
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

Abstract	Objectives. To examine the relationship between state-level firearm ownership rates and gender-specific, age-adjusted firearm and total suicide rates across all 50 US states from 1981 to 2013. Methods. We used panel data for all 50 states that included annual overall and gender-specific suicide and firearm suicide rates and a proxy for state-level household firearm ownership. We analyzed data by using linear regression and generalized estimating equations to account for clustering. Results. State-level firearm ownership was associated with an increase in both male and female firearm-related suicide rates and with a decrease in nonfirearm-related suicide rates. Higher gun ownership was associated with higher suicide rates by any means among male, but not among female, persons. Conclusions. We found a strong relationship between state-level firearm ownership and firearm suicide rates among both genders, and a relationship between firearm ownership and suicides by any means among male, but not female, individuals. Policy implications. For male persons, policies that reduce firearm ownership will likely reduce suicides by all means and by firearms. For female persons, such policies will likely reduce suicides by firearms.
AbstractList	Objectives. To examine the relationship between state-level firearm ownership rates and gender-specific, age-adjusted firearm and total suicide rates across all 50 US states from 1981 to 2013. Methods. We used panel data for all 50 states that included annual overall and gender-specific suicide and firearm suicide rates and a proxy for state-level household firearm ownership. We analyzed data by using linear regression and generalized estimating equations to account for clustering. Results. State-level firearm ownership was associated with an increase in both male and female firearm-related suicide rates and with a decrease in nonfirearm-related suicide rates. Higher gun ownership was associated with higher suicide rates by any means among male, but not among female, persons. Conclusions. We found a strong relationship between state-level firearm ownership and firearm suicide rates among both genders, and a relationship between firearm ownership and suicides by any means among male, but not female, individuals. Policy implications. For male persons, policies that reduce firearm ownership will likely reduce suicides by all means and by firearms. For female persons, such policies will likely reduce suicides by firearms. To examine the relationship between state-level firearm ownership rates and gender-specific, age-adjusted firearm and total suicide rates across all 50 US states from 1981 to 2013. We used panel data for all 50 states that included annual overall and gender-specific suicide and firearm suicide rates and a proxy for state-level household firearm ownership. We analyzed data by using linear regression and generalized estimating equations to account for clustering. State-level firearm ownership was associated with an increase in both male and female firearm-related suicide rates and with a decrease in nonfirearm-related suicide rates. Higher gun ownership was associated with higher suicide rates by any means among male, but not among female, persons. We found a strong relationship between state-level firearm ownership and firearm suicide rates among both genders, and a relationship between firearm ownership and suicides by any means among male, but not female, individuals. For male persons, policies that reduce firearm ownership will likely reduce suicides by all means and by firearms. For female persons, such policies will likely reduce suicides by firearms. To examine the relationship between state-level firearm ownership rates and gender-specific, age-adjusted firearm and total suicide rates across all 50 US states from 1981 to 2013. We used panel data for all 50 states that included annual overall and gender-specific suicide and firearm suicide rates and a proxy for state-level household firearm ownership. We analyzed data by using linear regression and generalized estimating equations to account for clustering. State-level firearm ownership was associated with an increase in both male and female firearm-related suicide rates and with a decrease in nonfirearm-related suicide rates. Higher gun ownership was associated with higher suicide rates by any means among male, but not among female, persons. We found a strong relationship between state-level firearm ownership and firearm suicide rates among both genders, and a relationship between firearm ownership and suicides by any means among male, but not female, individuals. For male persons, policies that reduce firearm ownership will likely reduce suicides by all means and by firearms. For female persons, such policies will likely reduce suicides by firearms. OBJECTIVESTo examine the relationship between state-level firearm ownership rates and gender-specific, age-adjusted firearm and total suicide rates across all 50 US states from 1981 to 2013.METHODSWe used panel data for all 50 states that included annual overall and gender-specific suicide and firearm suicide rates and a proxy for state-level household firearm ownership. We analyzed data by using linear regression and generalized estimating equations to account for clustering.RESULTSState-level firearm ownership was associated with an increase in both male and female firearm-related suicide rates and with a decrease in nonfirearm-related suicide rates. Higher gun ownership was associated with higher suicide rates by any means among male, but not among female, persons.CONCLUSIONSWe found a strong relationship between state-level firearm ownership and firearm suicide rates among both genders, and a relationship between firearm ownership and suicides by any means among male, but not female, individuals.POLICY IMPLICATIONSFor male persons, policies that reduce firearm ownership will likely reduce suicides by all means and by firearms. For female persons, such policies will likely reduce suicides by firearms. Objectives. To examine the relationship between state-level firearm ownership rates and gender-specific, age-adjusted firearm and total suicide rates across all 50 US states from 1981 to 2013. Methods. We used panel data for all 50 states that included annual overall and gender-specific suicide and firearm suicide rates and a proxy for state-level household firearm ownership. We analyzed data by using linear regression and generalized estimating equations to account for clustering. Results. State-level firearm ownership was associated with an increase in both male and female firearm-related suicide rates and with a decrease in nonfirearm-related suicide rates. Higher gun ownership was associated with higher suicide rates by any means among male, but not among female, persons. Conclusions. We found a strong relationship between state-level firearm ownership and firearm suicide rates among both genders, and a relationship between firearm ownership and suicides by any means among male, but not female, individuals. Policy implications. For male persons, policies that reduce firearm ownership will likely reduce suicides by all means and by firearms. For female persons, such policies will likely reduce suicides by firearms.
Author	Siegel, Michael Rothman, Emily F.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Michael surname: Siegel fullname: Siegel, Michael organization: All of the authors are with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA – sequence: 2 givenname: Emily F. surname: Rothman fullname: Rothman, Emily F. organization: All of the authors are with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27196643$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark	eNp1kUFv1DAQhS1URLeFOycUiQuH7jIT23F8QVpVtAUVFVEqjpbXmbSuNvbWTkC98R_4h_wSErZUUImTLc33nt7M22M7IQZi7DnCokSQr5fvP54sSsBqwYFjXT5iM5QC5wCi3mEzAA3jn1e7bC_nawBELfEJ2y0V6qoSfMaOj3wim7ri7FuglK_8prChKc4H73xDxSfbUy6WXQyXxcV58YHC7_GX2FE4KFDX-PP7jzEAf8oet3ad6dndu88ujt5-PjyZn54dvztcns6dKEU_J4CGKhJyVVcKLS_RlbKRtlbO8pWQ0pZcO-DtSmmlhSDXtmC5tlzpllrH99mbre9mWHXUOAp9smuzSb6z6dZE682_k-CvzGX8aoSuheJiNHh1Z5DizUC5N53PjtZrGygO2aDSsq4RShzRlw_Q6zikMK5nsAZQSoGcqBd_J7qP8ufGIwBbwKWYc6L2HkEwU41mqtFMNZptjaOkeiBxvre9j9NOfv1_4S8uTJ6l
CODEN	AJPHDS
CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_1097_HRP_0000000000000440 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_amepre_2018_10_027 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_amepre_2020_05_010 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_021_10216_x crossref_primary_10_1007_s11524_024_00881_9 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apgeog_2020_102297 crossref_primary_10_1176_appi_focus_20200011 crossref_primary_10_1089_ham_2018_0130 crossref_primary_10_1136_ip_2023_045178 crossref_primary_10_1001_jamanetworkopen_2019_10936 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pcl_2020_12_004 crossref_primary_10_1093_aje_kwz069 crossref_primary_10_2105_AJPH_2018_304403 crossref_primary_10_1186_s40621_024_00553_x crossref_primary_10_2105_AJPH_2017_304013 crossref_primary_10_1097_SLA_0000000000004810 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_injury_2024_111962 crossref_primary_10_1080_13811118_2020_1838370 crossref_primary_10_1177_08862605211035865 crossref_primary_10_1097_TA_0000000000001879 crossref_primary_10_1111_sltb_13079 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jflm_2022_102403 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jss_2022_06_052 crossref_primary_10_1111_sltb_13053 crossref_primary_10_1542_peds_2017_1300 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_annepidem_2020_09_007 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2022_857284 crossref_primary_10_1186_s41935_022_00263_9 crossref_primary_10_17986_blm_2017136922 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_puhe_2020_07_032 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40596_019_01022_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_amepre_2019_04_009 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eurpsy_2018_04_006 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_josat_2025_209792 crossref_primary_10_1111_cfs_12832 crossref_primary_10_1080_00380253_2019_1593065 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaac_2020_08_442 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jflm_2023_102498 crossref_primary_10_1093_ije_dyy059 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10935_022_00699_8 crossref_primary_10_1521_jscp_2023_42_2_125 crossref_primary_10_7759_cureus_74228 crossref_primary_10_1136_injuryprev_2020_043648 crossref_primary_10_1016_S2468_2667_22_00290_0 crossref_primary_10_1001_jamanetworkopen_2019_5383 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00181_023_02488_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pop_2021_02_001 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_amepre_2025_107961 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41380_021_01078_1 crossref_primary_10_1057_s41271_024_00538_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijsu_2018_07_010 crossref_primary_10_1177_1069397117712192 crossref_primary_10_1080_13811118_2021_1993397 crossref_primary_10_1097_TA_0000000000001575 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12913_020_5025_x crossref_primary_10_1007_s11292_022_09517_x crossref_primary_10_2105_AJPH_2021_306420 crossref_primary_10_1176_appi_focus_20200034 crossref_primary_10_7326_M20_1678 crossref_primary_10_1111_sltb_12728 crossref_primary_10_1080_15388220_2021_2018332 crossref_primary_10_1136_injuryprev_2018_042809 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0206992 crossref_primary_10_1111_sltb_12725 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40719_022_00233_5 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_focus_2025_100332 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_amepre_2023_05_003 crossref_primary_10_1093_hsw_hlz029 crossref_primary_10_1093_hsw_hlz028 crossref_primary_10_1080_23743603_2021_2018931 crossref_primary_10_1177_1088767919878478 crossref_primary_10_1016_S2468_2667_25_00006_4 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40719_020_00185_8 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40719_020_00189_4 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psychres_2025_116661 crossref_primary_10_1111_ssqu_12602 crossref_primary_10_1016_S2468_2667_18_30072_0 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph15040671 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jss_2017_08_027 crossref_primary_10_2105_AJPH_2017_303865 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_amepre_2019_11_001 crossref_primary_10_1056_NEJMra1902944 crossref_primary_10_5694_mja2_51251 crossref_primary_10_1111_jrh_12352 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11606_019_05613_3 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_020_08462_6 crossref_primary_10_1111_sltb_12619 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_josat_2023_209177 crossref_primary_10_1001_jamanetworkopen_2025_28709 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph192416413 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40806_021_00311_y crossref_primary_10_1177_0533316418823156 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jss_2021_11_016 crossref_primary_10_1111_sltb_12574
Cites_doi	10.1016/0277-9536(89)90109-3 10.1016/S1359-1789(97)00057-8 10.1136/ip.2005.010850 10.1097/00005373-200202000-00011 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301409 10.2105/AJPH.74.2.123 10.1093/jurban/79.1.26 10.1111/j.1943-278X.1988.tb00151.x 10.1037/a0021591 10.1136/ip.8.4.313 10.1097/01.ta.0000198214.24056.40 10.1097/01.TA.0000093367.07960.E4 10.1056/NEJM199002083220605 10.1093/aje/kwt197 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031811-124636 10.1136/injuryprev-2013-040853 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302042 10.1016/S0277-9536(97)10051-X 10.1097/00001648-200209000-00006 10.1007/BF01064462 10.1016/j.irle.2013.10.004 10.1521/suli.31.3.303.24243 10.1017/S0033291700012551 10.1002/hec.704 10.1089/vio.2015.0047
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	Copyright American Public Health Association Jul 2016 American Public Health Association 2016 2016
Copyright_xml	– notice: Copyright American Public Health Association Jul 2016 – notice: American Public Health Association 2016 2016
DBID	AAYXX CITATION CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 0-V 3V. 7RV 7TQ 7WY 7WZ 7X7 7XB 87Z 88A 88C 88E 88G 88I 88J 8AF 8AO 8C1 8FE 8FH 8FI 8FJ 8FK 8FL 8G5 ABUWG AEUYN AFKRA ALSLI ATCPS AZQEC BBNVY BEC BENPR BEZIV BHPHI CCPQU DHY DON DPSOV DWQXO FRNLG FYUFA F~G GHDGH GNUQQ GUQSH HCIFZ K60 K6~ K9- K9. KB0 KC- L.- L.0 LK8 M0C M0R M0S M0T M1P M2L M2M M2O M2P M2R M7P MBDVC NAPCQ PATMY PHGZM PHGZT PJZUB PKEHL POGQB PPXIY PQBIZ PQBZA PQEST PQGLB PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS PRQQA PSYQQ PYCSY Q9U S0X 7X8 5PM
DOI	10.2105/AJPH.2016.303182
DatabaseName	CrossRef Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection【Remote access available】 ProQuest Central (Corporate) Nursing & Allied Health Database PAIS Index ProQuest ABI/INFORM Collection ABI/INFORM Global (PDF only) ProQuest Health & Medical Collection ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016) ABI/INFORM Collection Biology Database (Alumni Edition) Healthcare Administration Database (Alumni) Medical Database (Alumni Edition) Psychology Database (Alumni) Science Database (Alumni Edition) Social Science Database (Alumni Edition) STEM Database ProQuest Pharma Collection Public Health Database ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest Natural Science Collection Hospital Premium Collection Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) ABI/INFORM Collection (Alumni Edition) Research Library (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest One Sustainability (subscription) ProQuest Central UK/Ireland Social Science Premium Collection Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Biological Science Collection eLibrary (ProQuest) ProQuest Central (New) (NC LIVE) Business Premium Collection ProQuest Natural Science Collection ProQuest One Community College PAIS International PAIS International (Ovid) Politics Collection ProQuest Central Business Premium Collection (Alumni) Health Research Premium Collection ABI/INFORM Global (Corporate) Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Central Student Research Library Prep ProQuest SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest Business Collection (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Business Collection Consumer Health Database ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Politics Collection ABI/INFORM Professional Advanced ABI/INFORM Professional Standard Biological Sciences ABI/INFORM Global Consumer Health Database Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition) Healthcare Administration Database PML(ProQuest Medical Library) Political Science Database Psychology Database Research Library Science Database Social Science Database ProQuest Biological Science Database (NC LIVE) Research Library (Corporate) Nursing & Allied Health Premium Environmental Science Database ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Sociology & Social Sciences Collection ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest One Business (OCUL) ProQuest One Business (Alumni) ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest One Academic (retired) ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China ProQuest One Social Sciences ProQuest One Psychology Environmental Science Collection ProQuest Central Basic SIRS Editorial MEDLINE - Academic PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DatabaseTitle	CrossRef MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) ProQuest Business Collection (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Psychology Research Library Prep ProQuest Central Student ProQuest Central Essentials elibrary ProQuest AP Science SciTech Premium Collection Sociology & Social Sciences Collection ProQuest Central China ABI/INFORM Complete ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest One Sustainability Health Research Premium Collection Natural Science Collection Health & Medical Research Collection Biological Science Collection ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni) Business Premium Collection Social Science Premium Collection ABI/INFORM Global ProQuest Political Science ProQuest Science Journals (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Biological Science Collection ProQuest Family Health ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Hospital Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) Biological Science Database ProQuest Business Collection ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni) Environmental Science Collection Nursing & Allied Health Premium ProQuest Health & Medical Complete ProQuest Social Science Journals ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition PAIS International ProQuest Health Management (Alumni Edition) Environmental Science Database ProQuest Politics Collection ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source (Alumni) ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic (New) ABI/INFORM Global (Corporate) ProQuest One Business ProQuest Sociology & Social Sciences Collection ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) SIRS Editorial ProQuest Social Science Journals (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Community College ProQuest One Health & Nursing Research Library (Alumni Edition) Politics Collection ProQuest Natural Science Collection ProQuest Pharma Collection ProQuest Family Health (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Biology Journals (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central ABI/INFORM Professional Advanced ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition) ABI/INFORM Professional Standard ProQuest Central Korea Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection ProQuest Research Library ABI/INFORM Complete (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Public Health ProQuest One Social Sciences ABI/INFORM Global (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central Basic ProQuest Science Journals ProQuest Health Management ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source ProQuest Psychology Journals (Alumni) ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest Medical Library ProQuest Psychology Journals ProQuest One Business (Alumni) ProQuest Central (Alumni) Business Premium Collection (Alumni) MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList	CrossRef MEDLINE ProQuest Business Collection (Alumni Edition) MEDLINE - Academic
Database_xml	– sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: BENPR name: ProQuest Central url: https://www.proquest.com/central sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod	fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Public Health
EISSN	1541-0048
EndPage	1322
ExternalDocumentID	PMC4984734 4105758611 27196643 10_2105_AJPH_2016_303182
Genre	Journal Article
GeographicLocations	United States--US
GeographicLocations_xml	– name: United States--US
GroupedDBID	--- -ET -~X ..I .55 .GJ .GO 0-V 04C 07C 08P 186 1HT 23M 2KS 2QV 2WC 354 36B 3O- 4.4 4P2 53G 5GY 692 6J9 6PF 7K8 7RV 7WY 7X7 7XC 85S 88E 88I 8AF 8AO 8C1 8F7 8FE 8FH 8FI 8FJ 8FL 8G5 8R4 8R5 8VB AAFWJ AAKAS AAWTL AAWTO AAYEP AAYXX ABDBF ABIVO ABUWG ABWJO ACGFO ACGOD ACHQT ACIHN ACPRK ACUHS ADBBV ADIYS ADMHG ADOJX ADXHL ADZCM AEAQA AEMOZ AENEX AERZD AETEA AEUYN AFFHD AFFNX AFKRA AFRAH AHMBA AI. AIDAL ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALSLI AQUVI ARALO ATCPS AZQEC BAWUL BBNVY BCR BCU BEC BENPR BEZIV BHPHI BKEYQ BKNYI BKOMP BLC BMSDO BPHCQ BVXVI C1A C45 CCPQU CITATION CS3 DIK DPSOV DWQXO EAP EAS EAU EBS EBX ECF ECT EIHBH EJD EMB EMOBN ENB ENC ENX EPS ESX EX3 F5P F8P FA8 FAC FAS FEDTE FJW FRNLG FRP FYUFA GNUQQ GROUPED_ABI_INFORM_RESEARCH GUQSH GX1 H13 HCIFZ HMCUK HVGLF IH2 K1G K60 K6~ K9- KC- L7B LK8 M0C M0R M0T M1P M2L M2M M2O M2P M2Q M2R M7P MVM N4W NAPCQ NEJ NHB OHH OHT OMK OVD P2P PATMY PCD PEA PHGZM PHGZT PJZUB PPXIY PQBIZ PQBZA PQGLB PQQKQ PROAC PRQQA PSQYO PSYQQ PYCSY Q2X QN7 QWB QZG RPD RPM RWL RXW S0X SJFOW SJN SV3 TAE TAF TEORI TH9 TN5 TPU TWZ U5U UBC UHB UKHRP UKR UNMZH UPT UQL VH1 VVN W8F WH7 WOQ WOW WQ9 X6Y X7M XOL XSW XZL YFH YOC YYP YZZ ZCA ZCG ZGI ZL0 ZXP ZY1 ~KM ACAAN ADGHP ALIPV CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 3V. 7TQ 7XB 88A 8FK DHY DON K9. L.- L.0 MBDVC PKEHL POGQB PQEST PQUKI PRINS Q9U 7X8 5PM
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c424t-e00de6e45b8671a321c25d5a87ca3b455a239c03fb797944ecff0a39a379fefc3
IEDL.DBID	BENPR
ISICitedReferencesCount	108
ISICitedReferencesURI	http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000377939700057&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN	0090-0036
IngestDate	Tue Nov 04 01:56:55 EST 2025 Sun Nov 09 13:09:43 EST 2025 Mon Nov 10 01:13:04 EST 2025 Mon Jul 21 06:00:57 EDT 2025 Sat Nov 29 03:52:34 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 21:39:30 EST 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess	false
IsOpenAccess	true
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Issue	7
Language	English
LinkModel	DirectLink
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c424t-e00de6e45b8671a321c25d5a87ca3b455a239c03fb797944ecff0a39a379fefc3
Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Peer Reviewed M. Siegel conceptualized the study, collected the data, and led the data analysis and writing. E. F. Rothman assisted with the study design, analytical plan, writing, and revisions. CONTRIBUTORS
OpenAccessLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4984734
PMID	27196643
PQID	1800777051
PQPubID	41804
PageCount	7
ParticipantIDs	pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_4984734 proquest_miscellaneous_1795881021 proquest_journals_1800777051 pubmed_primary_27196643 crossref_primary_10_2105_AJPH_2016_303182 crossref_citationtrail_10_2105_AJPH_2016_303182
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	2016-07-00 20160701
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2016-07-01
PublicationDate_xml	– month: 07 year: 2016 text: 2016-07-00
PublicationDecade	2010
PublicationPlace	United States
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: United States – name: Washington
PublicationTitle	American journal of public health (1971)
PublicationTitleAlternate	Am J Public Health
PublicationYear	2016
Publisher	American Public Health Association
Publisher_xml	– name: American Public Health Association
References	Wellford CF (bib8) 2004 bib14 bib36 bib15 bib12 bib13 bib10 bib32 bib11 Duggan M (bib27) 2003 bib31 Kessler G (bib30) bib29 Heron M (bib2) 2015; 64 bib25 bib26 bib23 bib24 bib21 Lester D (bib16) 1988; 88 bib22 bib20 bib9 bib7 bib5 bib18 bib6 bib3 bib4 bib17 Kleck G (bib28) 2005 Ludwig J (bib19) 2003 16751449 - Inj Prev. 2006 Jun;12(3):178-82 6691521 - Am J Public Health. 1984 Feb;74(2):123-7 2393410 - N Engl J Med. 1990 Feb 8;322(6):369-73 11834986 - J Trauma. 2002 Feb;52(2):267-74; discussion 274-5 21219058 - Psychol Bull. 2011 Jan;137(1):97-130 2788293 - Psychol Med. 1989 May;19(2):519-21 15454813 - J Trauma. 2004 Sep;57(3):626-32 26222685 - Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2015 Jul 27;64(7):1-96 12457370 - Health Econ. 2002 Dec;11(8):695-708 25121817 - Am J Public Health. 2014 Oct;104(10):1912-9 11577914 - Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2001 Fall;31(3):303-10 2705013 - Soc Sci Med. 1989;28(8):805-9 12460969 - Inj Prev. 2002 Dec;8(4):313-6 3274888 - Acta Psychiatr Belg. 1988;88(5-6):387-93 24028252 - Am J Public Health. 2013 Nov;103(11):2098-105 22224886 - Annu Rev Public Health. 2012 Apr;33:393-408 23975641 - Am J Epidemiol. 2013 Sep 15;178(6):946-55 12192220 - Epidemiology. 2002 Sep;13(5):517-24 23956369 - Inj Prev. 2014 Jun;20(3):204-7 9572612 - Soc Sci Med. 1998 May;46(9):1227-33 3262246 - Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1988 Summer;18(2):176-80 11937613 - J Urban Health. 2002 Mar;79(1):26-38 17426563 - J Trauma. 2007 Apr;62(4):1029-34; discussion 1034-5
References_xml	– ident: bib26 doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(89)90109-3 – ident: bib5 doi: 10.1016/S1359-1789(97)00057-8 – ident: bib10 doi: 10.1136/ip.2005.010850 – ident: bib22 doi: 10.1097/00005373-200202000-00011 – volume: 64 start-page: 1 issue: 7 year: 2015 ident: bib2 publication-title: Natl Vital Stat Rep – ident: bib3 doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301409 – ident: bib20 doi: 10.2105/AJPH.74.2.123 – ident: bib23 doi: 10.1093/jurban/79.1.26 – ident: bib17 doi: 10.1111/j.1943-278X.1988.tb00151.x – ident: bib36 doi: 10.1037/a0021591 – ident: bib13 doi: 10.1136/ip.8.4.313 – ident: bib30 publication-title: Washington Post – ident: bib9 doi: 10.1097/01.ta.0000198214.24056.40 – ident: bib24 doi: 10.1097/01.TA.0000093367.07960.E4 – volume-title: Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review year: 2004 ident: bib8 – ident: bib29 doi: 10.1056/NEJM199002083220605 – ident: bib7 doi: 10.1093/aje/kwt197 – ident: bib6 doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031811-124636 – volume-title: Point Blank: Guns and Violence in America year: 2005 ident: bib28 – ident: bib32 doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2013-040853 – ident: bib4 doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302042 – start-page: 41 volume-title: Evaluating Gun Policy: Effects on Crime and Violence year: 2003 ident: bib27 – ident: bib14 doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(97)10051-X – volume-title: Evaluating Gun Policy: Effects on Crime and Violence year: 2003 ident: bib19 – ident: bib25 doi: 10.1097/00001648-200209000-00006 – ident: bib15 doi: 10.1007/BF01064462 – ident: bib11 doi: 10.1016/j.irle.2013.10.004 – ident: bib12 doi: 10.1521/suli.31.3.303.24243 – volume: 88 start-page: 387 issue: 5 year: 1988 ident: bib16 publication-title: Acta Psychiatr Belg – ident: bib18 doi: 10.1017/S0033291700012551 – ident: bib21 doi: 10.1002/hec.704 – ident: bib31 doi: 10.1089/vio.2015.0047 – reference: 23956369 - Inj Prev. 2014 Jun;20(3):204-7 – reference: 17426563 - J Trauma. 2007 Apr;62(4):1029-34; discussion 1034-5 – reference: 12457370 - Health Econ. 2002 Dec;11(8):695-708 – reference: 25121817 - Am J Public Health. 2014 Oct;104(10):1912-9 – reference: 3262246 - Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1988 Summer;18(2):176-80 – reference: 3274888 - Acta Psychiatr Belg. 1988;88(5-6):387-93 – reference: 15454813 - J Trauma. 2004 Sep;57(3):626-32 – reference: 2705013 - Soc Sci Med. 1989;28(8):805-9 – reference: 26222685 - Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2015 Jul 27;64(7):1-96 – reference: 23975641 - Am J Epidemiol. 2013 Sep 15;178(6):946-55 – reference: 9572612 - Soc Sci Med. 1998 May;46(9):1227-33 – reference: 24028252 - Am J Public Health. 2013 Nov;103(11):2098-105 – reference: 11577914 - Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2001 Fall;31(3):303-10 – reference: 12460969 - Inj Prev. 2002 Dec;8(4):313-6 – reference: 2393410 - N Engl J Med. 1990 Feb 8;322(6):369-73 – reference: 11834986 - J Trauma. 2002 Feb;52(2):267-74; discussion 274-5 – reference: 11937613 - J Urban Health. 2002 Mar;79(1):26-38 – reference: 2788293 - Psychol Med. 1989 May;19(2):519-21 – reference: 16751449 - Inj Prev. 2006 Jun;12(3):178-82 – reference: 21219058 - Psychol Bull. 2011 Jan;137(1):97-130 – reference: 12192220 - Epidemiology. 2002 Sep;13(5):517-24 – reference: 6691521 - Am J Public Health. 1984 Feb;74(2):123-7 – reference: 22224886 - Annu Rev Public Health. 2012 Apr;33:393-408
SSID	ssj0011951
Score	2.5212955
SecondaryResourceType	review_article
Snippet	Objectives. To examine the relationship between state-level firearm ownership rates and gender-specific, age-adjusted firearm and total suicide rates across... To examine the relationship between state-level firearm ownership rates and gender-specific, age-adjusted firearm and total suicide rates across all 50 US... OBJECTIVESTo examine the relationship between state-level firearm ownership rates and gender-specific, age-adjusted firearm and total suicide rates across all...
SourceID	pubmedcentral proquest pubmed crossref
SourceType	Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source
StartPage	1316
SubjectTerms	AJPH Research Clustering Epidemiology Female Females Firearm laws & regulations Firearms Firearms - legislation & jurisprudence Firearms - statistics & numerical data Gender Gender relations Households Humans Injury/Emergency Care/Violence Linear Models Male Males Ownership Panel data Public health Regression analysis Sex Distribution States Studies Suicide Suicide - statistics & numerical data Suicides & suicide attempts United States Variables
Title	Firearm Ownership and Suicide Rates Among US Men and Women, 1981–2013
URI	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27196643 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1800777051 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1795881021 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC4984734
Volume	106
WOSCitedRecordID	wos000377939700057&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText	1
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights	– providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ABI/INFORM Collection customDbUrl: eissn: 1541-0048 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0011951 issn: 0090-0036 databaseCode: 7WY dateStart: 19920101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/abicomplete providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ABI/INFORM Global (OCUL) customDbUrl: eissn: 1541-0048 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0011951 issn: 0090-0036 databaseCode: M0C dateStart: 19920101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/abiglobal providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Biological Science Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1541-0048 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0011951 issn: 0090-0036 databaseCode: M7P dateStart: 19920101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com/biologicalscijournals providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Environmental Science Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1541-0048 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0011951 issn: 0090-0036 databaseCode: PATMY dateStart: 19920101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com/environmentalscience providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Health & Medical Collection customDbUrl: eissn: 1541-0048 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0011951 issn: 0090-0036 databaseCode: 7X7 dateStart: 19920101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/healthcomplete providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Healthcare Administration Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1541-0048 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0011951 issn: 0090-0036 databaseCode: M0T dateStart: 19920101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/healthmanagement providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Nursing & Allied Health Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1541-0048 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0011951 issn: 0090-0036 databaseCode: 7RV dateStart: 19920101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/nahs providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Political Science Database (OCUL) customDbUrl: eissn: 1541-0048 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0011951 issn: 0090-0036 databaseCode: M2L dateStart: 19920101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/politicalscience providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Central customDbUrl: eissn: 1541-0048 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0011951 issn: 0090-0036 databaseCode: BENPR dateStart: 19920101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Consumer Health Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1541-0048 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0011951 issn: 0090-0036 databaseCode: M0R dateStart: 19920101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/familyhealth providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Psychology Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1541-0048 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0011951 issn: 0090-0036 databaseCode: M2M dateStart: 19920101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/psychology providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Public Health Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1541-0048 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0011951 issn: 0090-0036 databaseCode: 8C1 dateStart: 19920101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/publichealth providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Research Library (ProQuest) customDbUrl: eissn: 1541-0048 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0011951 issn: 0090-0036 databaseCode: M2O dateStart: 19920101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/pqrl providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Science Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1541-0048 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0011951 issn: 0090-0036 databaseCode: M2P dateStart: 19920101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/sciencejournals providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Social Science Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1541-0048 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0011951 issn: 0090-0036 databaseCode: M2R dateStart: 19920101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/socscijournals providerName: ProQuest
link	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1bb9MwFLZYxwMS4j4WGJOReEEiNI7t2H5CpWo1obWLugvlKXIcR1Ri6egF_j4-dlooSHvh5VMiO9dz7BzbJ9-H0BtOssS48bGL3OosZqKksc40j02qSm2I1Knn0rs6FeOxnE5V3k64Ldu0yk2f6Dvqam5gjrxLJDDPCOdDH26-x6AaBaurrYTGHtoHpjLWQfsfB-N8sl1HIIoHzTwF_09vFirdMId3e5_yE0jtyt5TcOx098P0T7T5d9LkH1-h4cP_vf9H6EEbf-JecJjH6I5tnqD7YfIOh3-SnqLB0HWEenGNz342Ic8Z66bC5-uZmVUWTyA-xT2QKcKX53hkG1_sxTDfYaIkca2C0Gfocji46J_Erd5CbFjKVrFNkspmlvESSO80TYlJecW1FEbTknGuU6pMQutSKNeMmTV1nWiqNBWqtrWhB6jTzBt7iLAA3U9VcUkTzdxZveE1MNW4IXGiSYS6m5ddmJaMHDQxvhVuUALmKcA8BZinCOaJ0NvtETeBiOOWukcbGxRtk1wWvw0QodfbYteYYIVEN3a-dnWE4lKC2nmEngdzby-WCtdZufgtQmLHEbYVgKh7t6SZffWE3Uy5GICyF7ff1kt0D54h5AIfoc5qsbav0F3zYzVbLo7RnphcAX7-AjgVHqVD2SfHrd-7vVHS9xi2LwDTU48jj2cec4--jsh_AY8cCaY
linkProvider	ProQuest
linkToHtml	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Lb9QwEB6VggQS4v0IFDASHJAaNrHjOD4gtIKutnS7VLRFewtexxErQbbsg4o_xW9kJt4EFqTeeuBsx4njz-MZe_x9AM9knEYW42P03Mo0TNRYhCY1MrRcj42NM8NrLr2PAzUcZqORPtiAn81dGEqrbGxibaiLqaU98k6cEfOMQgy9PvkWkmoUna42EhoeFnvuxymGbPNXu29xfJ9z3ts5etMPV6oCoU14sghdFBUudYkcE7WbETy2XBbSZMoaMU6kNFxoG4lyrDSCNXG2LCMjtBFKl660Atu9ABfRjitKIVOjNsAj9jSv0KfptnZzLIpBlex03x30KZEsfSloGvH1ZfAf3_bvFM0_1rze9f_tb92AayvvmnX9dLgJG666BVf91iTzN65uw04PzbyZfWXvTyufxc1MVbDD5cROCsc-kPfNuiTCxI4P2b6r6uJa6nObxTqLcc7H4g4cn0tP7sJmNa3cfWCKVE11ITMRmQRbrWFtiIcHA_7IxAF0msHN7YpqnRQ_vuQYchEccoJDTnDIPRwCeNE-ceJpRs6ou9WMeb4yOPP894AH8LQtRlNB5z-mctMl1lFaZhlpuQdwz8OrfRlXaIrROw1ArQGvrUA05Osl1eRzTUeeaPRwRPLg7M96Apf7R_uDfLA73HsIV6g_Put5CzYXs6V7BJfs98VkPntczykGn84blr8AieNZBg
linkToPdf	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Lb9QwEB6VghAS4llooICR4IBE2MSPOD4gtKJdtbRdVrRFvaWO44iVaLbsg4q_xq_DEyeBBam3HjjbceLM5_GMZzwfwAsRJ5Fx_rGz3Mok5DJnoU60CA1VuTZxqmldS-_znhwO0-NjNVqBn-1dGEyrbHViraiLicEz8l6cYuUZ6TDUK5u0iNHm4N3ZtxAZpDDS2tJpeIjs2h_nzn2bvd3ZdLJ-Selg6_D9dtgwDISGUz4PbRQVNrFc5FjmTTMaGyoKoVNpNMu5EJoyZSJW5lI54HJryjLSTGkmVWlLw9y4V-Cq5IJiOtl-dNhFMGIlPFufwpvbbYjUOVii1_8w2saksuQNwyVFl7fEf-zcv9M1_9j_Brf_5z93B241Vjfp-2VyF1ZsdQ9u-iNL4m9i3YetgVP_enpKPp5XPrub6KogB4uxGReWfEKrnPSRnIkcHZB9W9XNNQXoaxKrNHa6IGZrcHQpM3kAq9WksutAJLKdqkKkLNLcjVrDXWN9HsbSSMcB9FpBZ6YpwY5MIF8z54ohNDKERobQyDw0AnjVPXHmy49c0HejlX_WKKJZ9lv4ATzvmp0KwbiQruxk4fpIJdIUOd4DeOih1r2MSqeindUagFwCYdcBy5Mvt1TjL3WZcq6c5cP4o4s_6xlcd2jM9naGu4_hBk7HJ0NvwOp8urBP4Jr5Ph_Ppk_r5UXg5LJR-Qu5l2HW
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Firearm+Ownership+and+Suicide+Rates+Among+US+Men+and+Women%2C+1981-2013&rft.jtitle=American+journal+of+public+health+%281971%29&rft.au=Siegel%2C+Michael&rft.au=Rothman%2C+Emily+F&rft.date=2016-07-01&rft.eissn=1541-0048&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=7&rft.spage=1316&rft_id=info:doi/10.2105%2FAJPH.2016.303182&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27196643&rft.externalDocID=27196643
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0090-0036&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0090-0036&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0090-0036&client=summon