Energy-Efficient MU-Massive-MIMO Hybrid Precoder Design: Low-Resolution Phase Shifters and Digital-to-Analog Converters for 2D Antenna Array Structures

This paper investigates a multi-user massive multiple-input multiple-output (MU-mMIMO) hybrid precoding (HP) scheme using low-resolution phase shifters (PSs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs). The proposed HP approach involves two stages: RF beamforming based on the slowly time-varying channel...

Celý popis

Uloženo v:

Podrobná bibliografie
Vydáno v:	IEEE open journal of the Communications Society Ročník 2; s. 1842 - 1861
Hlavní autoři:	Mahmood, Mobeen, Koc, Asil, Le-Ngoc, Tho
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	New York IEEE 2021 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Témata:	Algorithms Antenna arrays Baseband Beamforming concentric circular array (CCA) Correlation analysis Digital to analog conversion Digital to analog converters Digital-analog conversion Energy conversion efficiency Energy efficiency hybrid precoding Linear arrays low-resolution digital-to-analog converters (DACs) low-resolution phase shifters (PSs) Massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) Matched pursuit Measurement Phase shifters Phased arrays Precoding Quantization (signal) Radio frequency uniform circular array (UCA) uniform linear array (ULA) uniform rectangular array (URA)
ISSN:	2644-125X, 2644-125X
On-line přístup:	Získat plný text
Tagy:	Přidat tag Žádné tagy, Buďte první, kdo vytvoří štítek k tomuto záznamu!

Abstract	This paper investigates a multi-user massive multiple-input multiple-output (MU-mMIMO) hybrid precoding (HP) scheme using low-resolution phase shifters (PSs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs). The proposed HP approach involves two stages: RF beamforming based on the slowly time-varying channel second-order correlation matrix, and baseband MU precoding based on the instantaneous effective baseband channel to mitigate MU-interference by a regularized zero-forcing (RZF) technique. We consider three HP design architectures: (i) HP using full-resolution PSs and DACs, with a baseband transfer block for constant-modulus RF beamformer, (ii) HP using <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">b </tex-math></inline-formula>-bit PSs and full-resolution DACs, with an orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) based algorithm that can approach the optimal unconstrained RF beamformer, and (iii) HP using <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">b </tex-math></inline-formula>-bit PSs and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">q </tex-math></inline-formula>-bit DACs, taking into account also DAC quantization noise. Illustrative results show that the proposed HP schemes with low-resolution PSs can approach the sum-rate of full-resolution PSs by using only 2-bit PSs, while offering higher energy efficiency. Furthermore, a study of sum-rate results for various PS and DAC quantization levels reveals that HP can achieve near-optimal performance with only 2-bit PSs and 5-bit DACs. Moreover, a comparison of the different array configurations, namely, uniform linear array (ULA), uniform circular array (UCA), uniform rectangular array (URA), and concentric circular array (CCA), indicates that URA and CCA outperform UCA and ULA in terms of spectral and energy efficiencies.
AbstractList	This paper investigates a multi-user massive multiple-input multiple-output (MU-mMIMO) hybrid precoding (HP) scheme using low-resolution phase shifters (PSs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs). The proposed HP approach involves two stages: RF beamforming based on the slowly time-varying channel second-order correlation matrix, and baseband MU precoding based on the instantaneous effective baseband channel to mitigate MU-interference by a regularized zero-forcing (RZF) technique. We consider three HP design architectures: (i) HP using full-resolution PSs and DACs, with a baseband transfer block for constant-modulus RF beamformer, (ii) HP using <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">b </tex-math></inline-formula>-bit PSs and full-resolution DACs, with an orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) based algorithm that can approach the optimal unconstrained RF beamformer, and (iii) HP using <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">b </tex-math></inline-formula>-bit PSs and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">q </tex-math></inline-formula>-bit DACs, taking into account also DAC quantization noise. Illustrative results show that the proposed HP schemes with low-resolution PSs can approach the sum-rate of full-resolution PSs by using only 2-bit PSs, while offering higher energy efficiency. Furthermore, a study of sum-rate results for various PS and DAC quantization levels reveals that HP can achieve near-optimal performance with only 2-bit PSs and 5-bit DACs. Moreover, a comparison of the different array configurations, namely, uniform linear array (ULA), uniform circular array (UCA), uniform rectangular array (URA), and concentric circular array (CCA), indicates that URA and CCA outperform UCA and ULA in terms of spectral and energy efficiencies. This paper investigates a multi-user massive multiple-input multiple-output (MU-mMIMO) hybrid precoding (HP) scheme using low-resolution phase shifters (PSs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs). The proposed HP approach involves two stages: RF beamforming based on the slowly time-varying channel second-order correlation matrix, and baseband MU precoding based on the instantaneous effective baseband channel to mitigate MU-interference by a regularized zero-forcing (RZF) technique. We consider three HP design architectures: (i) HP using full-resolution PSs and DACs, with a baseband transfer block for constant-modulus RF beamformer, (ii) HP using [Formula Omitted]-bit PSs and full-resolution DACs, with an orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) based algorithm that can approach the optimal unconstrained RF beamformer, and (iii) HP using [Formula Omitted]-bit PSs and [Formula Omitted]-bit DACs, taking into account also DAC quantization noise. Illustrative results show that the proposed HP schemes with low-resolution PSs can approach the sum-rate of full-resolution PSs by using only 2-bit PSs, while offering higher energy efficiency. Furthermore, a study of sum-rate results for various PS and DAC quantization levels reveals that HP can achieve near-optimal performance with only 2-bit PSs and 5-bit DACs. Moreover, a comparison of the different array configurations, namely, uniform linear array (ULA), uniform circular array (UCA), uniform rectangular array (URA), and concentric circular array (CCA), indicates that URA and CCA outperform UCA and ULA in terms of spectral and energy efficiencies. This paper investigates a multi-user massive multiple-input multiple-output (MU-mMIMO) hybrid precoding (HP) scheme using low-resolution phase shifters (PSs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs). The proposed HP approach involves two stages: RF beamforming based on the slowly time-varying channel second-order correlation matrix, and baseband MU precoding based on the instantaneous effective baseband channel to mitigate MU-interference by a regularized zero-forcing (RZF) technique. We consider three HP design architectures: (i) HP using full-resolution PSs and DACs, with a baseband transfer block for constant-modulus RF beamformer, (ii) HP using <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$b$ </tex-math>-bit PSs and full-resolution DACs, with an orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) based algorithm that can approach the optimal unconstrained RF beamformer, and (iii) HP using <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$b$ </tex-math>-bit PSs and <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q$ </tex-math>-bit DACs, taking into account also DAC quantization noise. Illustrative results show that the proposed HP schemes with low-resolution PSs can approach the sum-rate of full-resolution PSs by using only 2-bit PSs, while offering higher energy efficiency. Furthermore, a study of sum-rate results for various PS and DAC quantization levels reveals that HP can achieve near-optimal performance with only 2-bit PSs and 5-bit DACs. Moreover, a comparison of the different array configurations, namely, uniform linear array (ULA), uniform circular array (UCA), uniform rectangular array (URA), and concentric circular array (CCA), indicates that URA and CCA outperform UCA and ULA in terms of spectral and energy efficiencies.
Author	Mahmood, Mobeen Le-Ngoc, Tho Koc, Asil
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Mobeen orcidid: 0000-0002-2454-3953 surname: Mahmood fullname: Mahmood, Mobeen email: mobeen.mahmood@mail.mcgill.ca organization: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada – sequence: 2 givenname: Asil orcidid: 0000-0002-8757-0377 surname: Koc fullname: Koc, Asil organization: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada – sequence: 3 givenname: Tho orcidid: 0000-0002-9308-8894 surname: Le-Ngoc fullname: Le-Ngoc, Tho organization: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
BookMark	eNpNkV9r2zAUxc3oYF3XT9AXwZ6V6a9l7y0k2ZqRkLJ0sDchy9eugid1ktyRT9Kv27QuZU_3cjnnXA6_j8WZDx6K4oqSGaWk_rL7sdht9zNGGJ1xSqgS6l1xzkohMGXy99l_-4fiMqUDIYRJSikX58XjykPsj3jVdc468Bltf-GtSck9AN6utzt0fWyia9FNBBtaiGgJyfX-K9qEf_gnpDCM2QWPbu5MArS_c12GmJDxLVq63mUz4Bzw3Jsh9GgR_APEF0EXImJLNPcZvDdoHqM5on2Oo81jhPSpeN-ZIcHl67wobr-tbhfXeLP7vl7MN9gKJjJuyobQilQSVF23tbQdB9qRqiOMgSytapVSpDVAWlHapmyVEHVVGUWINKTlF8V6im2DOej76P6YeNTBOP1yCLHXJmZnB9CmFLSRrCopr4USVUWFZIZKJQxQY9Up6_OUdR_D3xFS1ocwxlPxpJksCeWs4vyk4pPKxpBShO7tKyX6maeeeOpnnvqV58l1NbkcALw5akmUlCV_AoP5nTc
CODEN	IOJCAZ
Cites_doi	10.1109/LCOMM.2016.2621741 10.1109/JSAC.2013.130205 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2649539 10.1109/TWC.2014.011714.130846 10.1109/49.995514 10.1109/JSTSP.2016.2520912 10.1109/TVT.2020.3025055 10.1109/TWC.2018.2830343 10.1109/TWC.2020.2999897 10.1109/VTCFall.2019.8891298 10.1109/SPAWC.2015.7227015 10.1109/JSTSP.2016.2523903 10.1109/TCOMM.2019.2950905 10.1109/GLOCOMW.2016.7848954 10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2514261 10.1109/LCOMM.2018.2852304 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2992713 10.1109/TSP.2017.2699643 10.1109/JSTSP.2014.2313808 10.1109/TAP.2007.913176 10.1109/MCOM.2014.6736761 10.1109/26.837052 10.1109/CCECE.2019.8861837 10.15325/BLTJ.2015.2407793 10.1109/JSTSP.2018.2813973 10.1109/JSTSP.2018.2824762 10.1109/TWC.2017.2673845 10.1109/JSAC.2020.3000878 10.1109/TCOMM.2015.2502954 10.1109/TCOMM.2017.2723000 10.1109/PIMRC48278.2020.9217156 10.1109/TWC.2017.2661749 10.1109/JSTSP.2018.2819129 10.1109/TWC.2017.2757919 10.1109/TCOMM.2015.2429646 10.1109/TVT.2018.2879083 10.1109/TVT.2019.2893072 10.1109/TWC.2016.2599526 10.1109/TWC.2017.2705041 10.1109/LCOMM.2020.2971467 10.1109/TWC.2016.2519883 10.1109/TIT.2013.2269476 10.1109/JSTSP.2014.2317671 10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600400 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2688345 10.1109/TWC.2017.2671869 10.1109/MSP.2011.2178495 10.1109/JSYST.2017.2776401 10.1109/TIT.2007.909108 10.1109/TAP.2013.2241719 10.1109/LWC.2014.2363831 10.1109/TCOMM.2004.840638
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2021
Copyright_xml	– notice: Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2021
DBID	97E ESBDL RIA RIE AAYXX CITATION 7SP 8FD L7M DOA
DOI	10.1109/OJCOMS.2021.3101747
DatabaseName	IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 2005–Present IEEE Xplore Open Access Journals IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998–Present IEEE Xplore CrossRef Electronics & Communications Abstracts Technology Research Database Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
DatabaseTitle	CrossRef Technology Research Database Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Electronics & Communications Abstracts
DatabaseTitleList	Technology Research Database
Database_xml	– sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website – sequence: 2 dbid: RIE name: IEEE Xplore url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ sourceTypes: Publisher
DeliveryMethod	fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Engineering
EISSN	2644-125X
EndPage	1861
ExternalDocumentID	oai_doaj_org_article_a641b5286139474881452a1574ae1ac7 10_1109_OJCOMS_2021_3101747 9507556
Genre	orig-research
GrantInformation_xml	– fundername: Huawei Technologies Canada funderid: 10.13039/501100003816 – fundername: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada funderid: 10.13039/501100000038
GroupedDBID	0R~ 97E AAJGR ABAZT ABVLG ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS BEFXN BFFAM BGNUA BKEBE BPEOZ EBS ESBDL GROUPED_DOAJ JAVBF M~E OCL OK1 RIA RIE AAYXX CITATION 7SP 8FD L7M
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c424t-b6b018085e799d95cf3e1f08f022e56c7d7770dae0d46cb6d744988a7005a0d3
IEDL.DBID	DOA
ISICitedReferencesCount	27
ISICitedReferencesURI	http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000685212800002&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN	2644-125X
IngestDate	Fri Oct 03 12:44:06 EDT 2025 Mon Jun 30 06:43:33 EDT 2025 Sat Nov 29 05:54:13 EST 2025 Wed Aug 27 02:27:37 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess	true
IsOpenAccess	true
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Language	English
License	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
LinkModel	DirectLink
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c424t-b6b018085e799d95cf3e1f08f022e56c7d7770dae0d46cb6d744988a7005a0d3
Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14
ORCID	0000-0002-2454-3953 0000-0002-9308-8894 0000-0002-8757-0377
OpenAccessLink	https://doaj.org/article/a641b5286139474881452a1574ae1ac7
PQID	2560132833
PQPubID	5075783
PageCount	20
ParticipantIDs	ieee_primary_9507556 proquest_journals_2560132833 doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_a641b5286139474881452a1574ae1ac7 crossref_primary_10_1109_OJCOMS_2021_3101747
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	20210000 2021-00-00 20210101 2021-01-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2021-01-01
PublicationDate_xml	– year: 2021 text: 20210000
PublicationDecade	2020
PublicationPlace	New York
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: New York
PublicationTitle	IEEE open journal of the Communications Society
PublicationTitleAbbrev	OJCOMS
PublicationYear	2021
Publisher	IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher_xml	– name: IEEE – name: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
References	ref13 ref56 ref12 ref15 ref14 ref53 zheng (ref41) 2020 ref52 ref55 ref11 ref54 ref10 ref17 ref16 ref19 ref18 ref51 ref50 ref46 ref45 ref48 ref47 ref44 ref49 ref8 ref7 ref9 ref4 ref3 ref6 ref5 ref40 ref35 ref34 ref36 ref31 mahmood (ref43) 2021 ref30 ref33 ref32 ref2 ref1 ref39 ref38 koc (ref37) 2020 ref24 mahmood (ref42) 2020 ref23 ref26 ref25 ref20 ref22 ref21 ref28 ref27 ref29
References_xml	– ident: ref12 doi: 10.1109/LCOMM.2016.2621741 – ident: ref44 doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2013.130205 – start-page: 1 year: 2020 ident: ref37 article-title: Hybrid millimeter-wave massive MIMO systems with low CSI overhead and Few-Bit DACs/ADCs publication-title: Proc IEEE 92nd Veh Technol Conf (VTC-Fall) – ident: ref10 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2649539 – ident: ref48 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2014.011714.130846 – ident: ref53 doi: 10.1109/49.995514 – ident: ref24 doi: 10.1109/JSTSP.2016.2520912 – ident: ref55 doi: 10.1109/TVT.2020.3025055 – ident: ref32 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2018.2830343 – ident: ref22 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2020.2999897 – ident: ref38 doi: 10.1109/VTCFall.2019.8891298 – ident: ref23 doi: 10.1109/SPAWC.2015.7227015 – ident: ref13 doi: 10.1109/JSTSP.2016.2523903 – ident: ref29 doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2019.2950905 – ident: ref21 doi: 10.1109/GLOCOMW.2016.7848954 – ident: ref56 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2514261 – ident: ref27 doi: 10.1109/LCOMM.2018.2852304 – ident: ref39 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2992713 – ident: ref9 doi: 10.1109/TSP.2017.2699643 – ident: ref15 doi: 10.1109/JSTSP.2014.2313808 – ident: ref54 doi: 10.1109/TAP.2007.913176 – ident: ref3 doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2014.6736761 – ident: ref52 doi: 10.1109/26.837052 – ident: ref19 doi: 10.1109/CCECE.2019.8861837 – ident: ref2 doi: 10.15325/BLTJ.2015.2407793 – ident: ref36 doi: 10.1109/JSTSP.2018.2813973 – ident: ref34 doi: 10.1109/JSTSP.2018.2824762 – ident: ref18 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2017.2673845 – ident: ref31 doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2020.3000878 – ident: ref11 doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2015.2502954 – ident: ref33 doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2017.2723000 – ident: ref40 doi: 10.1109/PIMRC48278.2020.9217156 – ident: ref35 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2017.2661749 – ident: ref26 doi: 10.1109/JSTSP.2018.2819129 – ident: ref51 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2017.2757919 – start-page: 1 year: 2020 ident: ref42 article-title: 2D antenna array structures for hybrid massive MIMO precoding publication-title: Proc IEEE Global Commun Conf (GLOBECOM) – ident: ref16 doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2015.2429646 – ident: ref28 doi: 10.1109/TVT.2018.2879083 – ident: ref20 doi: 10.1109/TVT.2019.2893072 – ident: ref25 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2016.2599526 – start-page: 1 year: 2020 ident: ref41 article-title: Sub-connected hybrid precoding architectures in massive MIMO systems publication-title: Proc IEEE Global Commun Conf (GLOBECOM) – ident: ref50 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2017.2705041 – ident: ref49 doi: 10.1109/LCOMM.2020.2971467 – ident: ref8 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2016.2519883 – ident: ref14 doi: 10.1109/TIT.2013.2269476 – ident: ref4 doi: 10.1109/JSTSP.2014.2317671 – ident: ref6 doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600400 – ident: ref30 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2688345 – ident: ref17 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2017.2671869 – ident: ref1 doi: 10.1109/MSP.2011.2178495 – ident: ref5 doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2017.2776401 – ident: ref47 doi: 10.1109/TIT.2007.909108 – year: 2021 ident: ref43 article-title: Massive-MIMO hybrid precoder design using few-bit DACs for 2D antenna array structures publication-title: Proc IEEE Int Conf Commun (ICC) – ident: ref46 doi: 10.1109/TAP.2013.2241719 – ident: ref7 doi: 10.1109/LWC.2014.2363831 – ident: ref45 doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2004.840638
SSID	ssj0002511134
Score	2.287547
Snippet	This paper investigates a multi-user massive multiple-input multiple-output (MU-mMIMO) hybrid precoding (HP) scheme using low-resolution phase shifters (PSs)...
SourceID	doaj proquest crossref ieee
SourceType	Open Website Aggregation Database Index Database Publisher
StartPage	1842
SubjectTerms	Algorithms Antenna arrays Baseband Beamforming concentric circular array (CCA) Correlation analysis Digital to analog conversion Digital to analog converters Digital-analog conversion Energy conversion efficiency Energy efficiency hybrid precoding Linear arrays low-resolution digital-to-analog converters (DACs) low-resolution phase shifters (PSs) Massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) Matched pursuit Measurement Phase shifters Phased arrays Precoding Quantization (signal) Radio frequency uniform circular array (UCA) uniform linear array (ULA) uniform rectangular array (URA)
SummonAdditionalLinks	– databaseName: IEEE Xplore dbid: RIE link: http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV3BbtQwELXaigMcKFAQCwX5wLGmceLENrd2d6uCmu5KW6TeIjuetHtJ0O4W1C_hd5lx0lUluHCLItuy8saeeY7nDWOfVOMbbzQIUKYRClIQJs0yQcKEIejCah_V9S_05aW5vrbzHXa0zYUBgHj5DD7TY_yXH7r6jo7Kji0GL3le7LJdrYs-V2t7nkKhsszUICwkE3s8-zaelQukgKlEZoqWRyVUHjmfqNE_FFX5ayeO7uVs__8m9oI9H8JIftLj_pLtQPuKPXskLnjAfk9jWp-YRpEI7M_L76LEWBn3N1F-LWf8_J7StficSHGAFZ_E2xxf-EX3S9Cxfm-UfH6Lno4vbpdUTnzNXRv4ZHlDxUbEphOkatLd8DHdXl_FBhgG83TCT-hyfOtwjit3zxdRp_YOyf1rdnU2vRqfi6EMg6hVqjbCF55UvkwO2tpg87rJQDaJadD9Q17UOmitk-AgCaqofRG0UtYYp3GBuyRkb9he27XwlvHCI24KOYmsvfLITMEkaaNSD41EamRH7OgBnupHL7ZRRZKS2KpHsyI0qwHNETslCLdNSSk7vkBsqmHhVa5Q0uepwbDFKo3blVR56mSulQPpahzkgPDcDjJAOWKHDwZRDat6XUX6mmFAlr37d6_37ClNsD-iOWR7-GnhA3tS_9ws16uP0WD_AJRz6TM priority: 102 providerName: IEEE
Title	Energy-Efficient MU-Massive-MIMO Hybrid Precoder Design: Low-Resolution Phase Shifters and Digital-to-Analog Converters for 2D Antenna Array Structures
URI	https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9507556 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2560132833 https://doaj.org/article/a641b5286139474881452a1574ae1ac7
Volume	2
WOSCitedRecordID	wos000685212800002&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText	1
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights	– providerCode: PRVAON databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals customDbUrl: eissn: 2644-125X dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0002511134 issn: 2644-125X databaseCode: DOA dateStart: 20200101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/ providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – providerCode: PRVHPJ databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources customDbUrl: eissn: 2644-125X dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0002511134 issn: 2644-125X databaseCode: M~E dateStart: 20200101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org providerName: ISSN International Centre
link	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1Nb9QwELVQxQEOCCiIhVL5wBGrseP4g1vZ3aqgprvSFqk3y46ddi_Zandp1Qt_g7_LjJNWK3HgwiWHKEocz7NnnjXzhpBPsg1tMDqxJE3LZBKJGVGWDIUJY9TK6pDV9c_0-bm5vLTznVZfmBPWywP3E3fkleShEgbcjpUa4MZlJTyvtPSJ-ybXkRfa7pAp3IMxcOalHGSGeGGPZt_Hs3oBhFBw4KmAQ2yosuOKsmL_0GLlr305O5uTl-TFECXS4350r8iT1L0mz3e0A_fJ72mu2mPTrAEBroPWP1gNoTBsX6z-Vs_o6T1WY9E5ct6Y1nSSkzW-0LPVHcNT-x5zdH4NjowurpfYLXxDfRfpZHmFvUTYdsVQtGR1RceYnL7OD0CUS8WEHmPue-dhjGt_TxdZhvYncPc35OJkejE-ZUOXBdZIIbcsqIAiXqZK2tpoq6YtE28L04J3T5VqdNRaF9GnIkrVBBW1lNYYr2H9-iKWb8let-rSO0JV0FpJoBy8CTIA8UymEK0UIbUcmI8dkc8P8-1uei0NlzlIYV1vHofmcYN5RuQr2uTxURTCzjcAHm6Ah_sXPEZkHy36-BIL8W9VqRE5eLCwGxbtxmV2WkK8Vb7_H5_-QJ7h7_TnNQdkDwyRPpKnze12uVkfZrzCtf41PcxVh38A7UzsdA
linkProvider	Directory of Open Access Journals
linkToHtml	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV3Pb9MwFLbGQGIcxo-BVjbAB44zix0ntrmNtlMHTVupRdrNsmNn6yWZ2m5ofwn_Ls9OVk2CC7cosi0r37P9Pue97yH0mVe2slJ44rmsCPfME8nSlARhQudEroSN6vpjMZnIy0s120En21wY730MPvNfwmP8l--a8jZclZ0qcF6yLH-Cnmacs6TN1treqARnmaa8kxaiiTqdfu9PizmQQEaBm4LthSIqj46fqNLflVX5ay-OB8z5y_-b2iu03zmS-KxF_jXa8fUb9OKRvOAB-j2MiX1kGGUioD8ufpICvGXY4UhxUUzx6D4kbOFZoMXOr_AgxnN8xePmFwkX-61Z4tk1nHV4fr0MBcXX2NQOD5ZXodwI2TQk6Jo0V7gf4tdXsQE4wpgN8FkIj68NzHFl7vE8KtXeAr1_ixbnw0V_RLpCDKTkjG-IzW3Q-ZKZF0o5lZVV6mmVyAocAJ_lpXBCiMQZnzielzZ3gnMlpRGwxE3i0ndot25qf4hwboXIObASWlpugZt6mbCKM-srCuRI9dDJAzz6ppXb0JGmJEq3aOqApu7Q7KFvAcJt06CVHV8ANrpbetrknNqMSXBcFBewYVGeMUMzwY2npoRBDgKe20E6KHvo-MEgdLeu1zoS2BRcsvT9v3t9Qs9Hi2KsxxeTH0doL0y2vbA5Rrvwmf0H9Ky82yzXq4_ReP8A2KDseg
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Energy-Efficient+MU-Massive-MIMO+Hybrid+Precoder+Design%3A+Low-Resolution+Phase+Shifters+and+Digital-to-Analog+Converters+for+2D+Antenna+Array+Structures&rft.jtitle=IEEE+open+journal+of+the+Communications+Society&rft.au=Mahmood%2C+Mobeen&rft.au=Koc%2C+Asil&rft.au=Le-Ngoc%2C+Tho&rft.date=2021&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.eissn=2644-125X&rft.volume=2&rft.spage=1842&rft.epage=1861&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2FOJCOMS.2021.3101747&rft.externalDocID=9507556
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2644-125X&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2644-125X&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2644-125X&client=summon