Deep‐learning models of the ascending proprioceptive pathway are subject to illusions

Proprioception is essential for perception and action. Like any other sense, proprioception is also subject to illusions. In this study, we model classic proprioceptive illusions in which tendon vibrations lead to biases in estimating the state of the body. We investigate these illusions with task‐d...

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Vydáno v:	Experimental physiology Ročník 110; číslo 10; s. 1511 - 1530
Hlavní autoři:	Perez Rotondo, Adriana, Simos, Merkourios, David, Florian, Pigeon, Sebastian, Blanke, Olaf, Mathis, Alexander
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	England Wiley 01.10.2025
Témata:	Deep Learning Humans illusion Illusions - physiology kinaesthetic perception muscle spindle Muscle Spindles - physiology perception proprioception Proprioception - physiology task‐driven learning tendon vibration Tendons - physiology Vibration deep learning kinaesthetic perception task‐driven learning tendon vibration muscle spindle proprioception illusion perception
ISSN:	0958-0670, 1469-445X, 1469-445X
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Popis
Shrnutí:	Proprioception is essential for perception and action. Like any other sense, proprioception is also subject to illusions. In this study, we model classic proprioceptive illusions in which tendon vibrations lead to biases in estimating the state of the body. We investigate these illusions with task‐driven models that have been trained to infer the state of the body from distributed sensory muscle spindle inputs (primary and secondary afferents). Recent work has shown that such models exhibit representations similar to the neural code along the ascending proprioceptive pathway. Importantly, we did not train the models on illusion experiments and simulated muscle–tendon vibrations by considering their effect on primary afferents. Our results demonstrate that task‐driven models are indeed susceptible to proprioceptive illusions, with the magnitude of the illusion depending on the vibration frequency. This work illustrates that primary afferents alone are sufficient to account for these classic illusions and provides a foundation for future theory‐driven experiments. What is the central question of this study? Are deep‐learning models of the ascending proprioceptive pathway subject to illusions like those induced by muscle tendon vibrations? What is the main finding and its importance? Task‐driven models trained on arm localization from proprioceptive input exhibit vibration‐induced illusory behaviour. This finding implies the sufficiency of simple feedforward processing of Ia afferents in explaining classic kinaesthetic illusions and enables future theory‐driven experiments.
Bibliografie:	Handling Editor: Toby Mundel Adriana Perez Rotondo and Merkourios Simos, contributed equally to this work. ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	0958-0670 1469-445X 1469-445X
DOI:	10.1113/EP092313