Business as Plan B: Institutional Foundations of Gender Inequality in Entrepreneurship across 24 Industrialized Countries

This article develops and empirically evaluates an institutional theory of gender inequalities in business start-up, ownership, and growth orientation. I argue that in contexts in which institutional arrangements such as paid leave, subsidized childcare, and part-time employment opportunities mitiga...

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Published in:	Administrative science quarterly Vol. 60; no. 4; pp. 671 - 711
Main Author:	Thébaud, Sarah
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Los Angeles, CA SAGE Publications 01.12.2015 SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC
Subjects:	Business Business growth Business ownership Child care Context Employment Employment opportunities Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurship Families & family life Family conflict Family policy Family work relationship Gender Gender equity Gender inequality Industrialized nations Inequality Job opportunities Manycountries New technology Occupational segregation Organization theory Owners Ownership Part time employment Representation Segregation Social theories Studies Technology Ventures Women Work Work life balance Working women growth-oriented entrepreneurship entrepreneurship work–family policy work–family conflict gender inequality
ISSN:	0001-8392, 1930-3815
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Abstract	This article develops and empirically evaluates an institutional theory of gender inequalities in business start-up, ownership, and growth orientation. I argue that in contexts in which institutional arrangements such as paid leave, subsidized childcare, and part-time employment opportunities mitigate work-family conflict, women are less likely to opt for business ownership as a fallback employment strategy. As a result, women in these contexts may be relatively less well represented among entrepreneurs as a whole but more well represented in growth-oriented forms of entrepreneurship. To evaluate this claim, I analyze survey data from 24 countries over the span of eight years. Multilevel analyses show that supportive work–family institutions are associated with larger gender gaps in the odds of early-stage and established business ownership but smaller gender gaps among business owners in terms of their business size, growth aspirations, and propensity to innovate or use new technology. Consistent with my theoretical argument, women business owners are also less likely to report pursuing entrepreneurship because they lacked attractive employment options in contexts in which supportive institutions are in place. Findings suggest that institutional contexts characterized by salient work–family conflict may fuel women's aggregate representation in business activity but reinforce their segregation into less growth-oriented (and thus lower-status) ventures.
AbstractList	This article develops and empirically evaluates an institutional theory of gender inequalities in business start-up, ownership, and growth orientation. I argue that in contexts in which institutional arrangements such as paid leave, subsidized childcare, and part-time employment opportunities mitigate work–family conflict, women are less likely to opt for business ownership as a fallback employment strategy. As a result, women in these contexts may be relatively less well represented among entrepreneurs as a whole but more well represented in growth-oriented forms of entrepreneurship. To evaluate this claim, I analyze survey data from 24 countries over the span of eight years. Multilevel analyses show that supportive work–family institutions are associated with larger gender gaps in the odds of early-stage and established business ownership but smaller gender gaps among business owners in terms of their business size, growth aspirations, and propensity to innovate or use new technology. Consistent with my theoretical argument, women business owners are also less likely to report pursuing entrepreneurship because they lacked attractive employment options in contexts in which supportive institutions are in place. Findings suggest that institutional contexts characterized by salient work–family conflict may fuel women’s aggregate representation in business activity but reinforce their segregation into less growth-oriented (and thus lower-status) ventures. This article develops and empirically evaluates an institutional theory of gender inequalities in business start-up, ownership, and growth orientation. I argue that in contexts in which institutional arrangements such as paid leave, subsidized childcare, and part-time employment opportunities mitigate work-family conflict, women are less likely to opt for business ownership as a fallback employment strategy. As a result, women in these contexts may be relatively less well represented among entrepreneurs as a whole but more well represented in growth-oriented forms of entrepreneurship. To evaluate this claim, I analyze survey data from 24 countries over the span of eight years. Multilevel analyses show that supportive work-family institutions are associated with larger gender gaps in the odds of early-stage and established business ownership but smaller gender gaps among business owners in terms of their business size, growth aspirations, and propensity to innovate or use new technology. Consistent with my theoretical argument, women business owners are also less likely to report pursuing entrepreneurship because they lacked attractive employment options in contexts in which supportive institutions are in place. Findings suggest that institutional contexts characterized by salient work-family conflict may fuel women's aggregate representation in business activity but reinforce their segregation into less growth-oriented (and thus lower-status) ventures. [web URL: http://asq.sagepub.com/content/60/4/671.abstract]
Author	Thébaud, Sarah
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Sarah surname: Thébaud fullname: Thébaud, Sarah
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Copyright	Copyright © 2015 Johnson Graduate School, Cornell University The Author(s) 2015 Copyright SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC. Dec 2015
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Snippet	This article develops and empirically evaluates an institutional theory of gender inequalities in business start-up, ownership, and growth orientation. I argue...
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SubjectTerms	Business Business growth Business ownership Child care Context Employment Employment opportunities Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurship Families & family life Family conflict Family policy Family work relationship Gender Gender equity Gender inequality Industrialized nations Inequality Job opportunities Manycountries New technology Occupational segregation Organization theory Owners Ownership Part time employment Representation Segregation Social theories Studies Technology Ventures Women Work Work life balance Working women
Title	Business as Plan B: Institutional Foundations of Gender Inequality in Entrepreneurship across 24 Industrialized Countries
URI	https://www.jstor.org/stable/24758809 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0001839215591627 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1733941428 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1933378972 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1758942026
Volume	60
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