Topical imiquimod treatment of residual or recurrent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia lesions (TOPIC‐2): A randomised controlled trial
To investigate the efficacy of imiquimod in women with residual or recurrent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (rrCIN), compared with large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ). Randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. One academic and one regional hospital in the Netherlands. Thirt...
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| Published in: | BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Vol. 132; no. 8; pp. 1056 - 1064 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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England
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
01.07.2025
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| ISSN: | 1470-0328, 1471-0528, 1471-0528 |
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| Abstract | To investigate the efficacy of imiquimod in women with residual or recurrent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (rrCIN), compared with large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ).
Randomised controlled non-inferiority trial.
One academic and one regional hospital in the Netherlands.
Thirty-five women with rrCIN were included in the study between May 2016 and May 2021.
Women were randomised to receive treatment with 5% imiquimod cream (12.5 mg) intravaginally (three times a week for a duration of 16 weeks) or a LLETZ procedure (standard treatment).
The primary outcome was reduction to normal cytology at 6 months after starting treatment. Secondary outcomes were clearance of high-risk human papilloma virus (hr-HPV) in both groups and reduction to ≤CIN1 in the imiquimod group. Side effects were monitored.
Treatment success was 33% (6/18) in the imiquimod group versus 100% (16/16) in the LLETZ group (P < 0.001), whereas HPV clearance was 22% (4/18) in the imiquimod group versus 88% (14/16) in the LLETZ group (P < 0.001). After the randomisation of 35 women, the futility of treatment with imiquimod was proven and the trial was prematurely finished. In the follow-up period, three patients remained without additional treatment, whereas all other patients underwent LLETZ, conisation or hysterectomy. In the LLETZ group none of the patients received additional treatment during 2 years of follow-up.
This is the first randomised controlled trial to show that topical imiquimod has a significantly lower success rate in terms of reduction to normal cytology and hr-HPV clearance, compared with LLETZ, in women with rrCIN. Additionally, imiquimod has numerous side effects and after using imiquimod most women with rrCIN still required additional surgical treatment. |
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| AbstractList | To investigate the efficacy of imiquimod in women with residual or recurrent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (rrCIN), compared with large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ).
Randomised controlled non-inferiority trial.
One academic and one regional hospital in the Netherlands.
Thirty-five women with rrCIN were included in the study between May 2016 and May 2021.
Women were randomised to receive treatment with 5% imiquimod cream (12.5 mg) intravaginally (three times a week for a duration of 16 weeks) or a LLETZ procedure (standard treatment).
The primary outcome was reduction to normal cytology at 6 months after starting treatment. Secondary outcomes were clearance of high-risk human papilloma virus (hr-HPV) in both groups and reduction to ≤CIN1 in the imiquimod group. Side effects were monitored.
Treatment success was 33% (6/18) in the imiquimod group versus 100% (16/16) in the LLETZ group (P < 0.001), whereas HPV clearance was 22% (4/18) in the imiquimod group versus 88% (14/16) in the LLETZ group (P < 0.001). After the randomisation of 35 women, the futility of treatment with imiquimod was proven and the trial was prematurely finished. In the follow-up period, three patients remained without additional treatment, whereas all other patients underwent LLETZ, conisation or hysterectomy. In the LLETZ group none of the patients received additional treatment during 2 years of follow-up.
This is the first randomised controlled trial to show that topical imiquimod has a significantly lower success rate in terms of reduction to normal cytology and hr-HPV clearance, compared with LLETZ, in women with rrCIN. Additionally, imiquimod has numerous side effects and after using imiquimod most women with rrCIN still required additional surgical treatment. Objective To investigate the efficacy of imiquimod in women with residual or recurrent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (rrCIN), compared with large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ). Design Randomised controlled non‐inferiority trial. Setting One academic and one regional hospital in the Netherlands. Population Thirty‐five women with rrCIN were included in the study between May 2016 and May 2021. Methods Women were randomised to receive treatment with 5% imiquimod cream (12.5 mg) intravaginally (three times a week for a duration of 16 weeks) or a LLETZ procedure (standard treatment). Main outcome measures The primary outcome was reduction to normal cytology at 6 months after starting treatment. Secondary outcomes were clearance of high‐risk human papilloma virus (hr‐HPV) in both groups and reduction to ≤CIN1 in the imiquimod group. Side effects were monitored. Results Treatment success was 33% (6/18) in the imiquimod group versus 100% (16/16) in the LLETZ group (P < 0.001), whereas HPV clearance was 22% (4/18) in the imiquimod group versus 88% (14/16) in the LLETZ group (P < 0.001). After the randomisation of 35 women, the futility of treatment with imiquimod was proven and the trial was prematurely finished. In the follow‐up period, three patients remained without additional treatment, whereas all other patients underwent LLETZ, conisation or hysterectomy. In the LLETZ group none of the patients received additional treatment during 2 years of follow‐up. Conclusions This is the first randomised controlled trial to show that topical imiquimod has a significantly lower success rate in terms of reduction to normal cytology and hr‐HPV clearance, compared with LLETZ, in women with rrCIN. Additionally, imiquimod has numerous side effects and after using imiquimod most women with rrCIN still required additional surgical treatment. To investigate the efficacy of imiquimod in women with residual or recurrent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (rrCIN), compared with large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ).OBJECTIVETo investigate the efficacy of imiquimod in women with residual or recurrent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (rrCIN), compared with large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ).Randomised controlled non-inferiority trial.DESIGNRandomised controlled non-inferiority trial.One academic and one regional hospital in the Netherlands.SETTINGOne academic and one regional hospital in the Netherlands.Thirty-five women with rrCIN were included in the study between May 2016 and May 2021.POPULATIONThirty-five women with rrCIN were included in the study between May 2016 and May 2021.Women were randomised to receive treatment with 5% imiquimod cream (12.5 mg) intravaginally (three times a week for a duration of 16 weeks) or a LLETZ procedure (standard treatment).METHODSWomen were randomised to receive treatment with 5% imiquimod cream (12.5 mg) intravaginally (three times a week for a duration of 16 weeks) or a LLETZ procedure (standard treatment).The primary outcome was reduction to normal cytology at 6 months after starting treatment. Secondary outcomes were clearance of high-risk human papilloma virus (hr-HPV) in both groups and reduction to ≤CIN1 in the imiquimod group. Side effects were monitored.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURESThe primary outcome was reduction to normal cytology at 6 months after starting treatment. Secondary outcomes were clearance of high-risk human papilloma virus (hr-HPV) in both groups and reduction to ≤CIN1 in the imiquimod group. Side effects were monitored.Treatment success was 33% (6/18) in the imiquimod group versus 100% (16/16) in the LLETZ group (P < 0.001), whereas HPV clearance was 22% (4/18) in the imiquimod group versus 88% (14/16) in the LLETZ group (P < 0.001). After the randomisation of 35 women, the futility of treatment with imiquimod was proven and the trial was prematurely finished. In the follow-up period, three patients remained without additional treatment, whereas all other patients underwent LLETZ, conisation or hysterectomy. In the LLETZ group none of the patients received additional treatment during 2 years of follow-up.RESULTSTreatment success was 33% (6/18) in the imiquimod group versus 100% (16/16) in the LLETZ group (P < 0.001), whereas HPV clearance was 22% (4/18) in the imiquimod group versus 88% (14/16) in the LLETZ group (P < 0.001). After the randomisation of 35 women, the futility of treatment with imiquimod was proven and the trial was prematurely finished. In the follow-up period, three patients remained without additional treatment, whereas all other patients underwent LLETZ, conisation or hysterectomy. In the LLETZ group none of the patients received additional treatment during 2 years of follow-up.This is the first randomised controlled trial to show that topical imiquimod has a significantly lower success rate in terms of reduction to normal cytology and hr-HPV clearance, compared with LLETZ, in women with rrCIN. Additionally, imiquimod has numerous side effects and after using imiquimod most women with rrCIN still required additional surgical treatment.CONCLUSIONSThis is the first randomised controlled trial to show that topical imiquimod has a significantly lower success rate in terms of reduction to normal cytology and hr-HPV clearance, compared with LLETZ, in women with rrCIN. Additionally, imiquimod has numerous side effects and after using imiquimod most women with rrCIN still required additional surgical treatment. |
| Author | Kruse, Arnold‐Jan Willemsen, Sten P. van Kemenade, Folkert J. van Baars, Romy van de Sande, Anna J. M. Gerestein, Cornelis G. van Esch, Edith M. G. de Vos van Steenwijk, Peggy J. Koeneman, Margot M. Muntinga, Caroline L. P. van Beekhuizen, Helene J. van Doorn, Helena C. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 3 Division of Imaging and Oncology, Department of Gynaecological Oncology, University Medical Centre Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht the Netherlands 5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Catharina Cancer Institute, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven the Netherlands 7 Department of Epidemiology Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam the Netherlands 8 Department of Pathology Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam the Netherlands 4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Isala Clinics Zwolle the Netherlands 6 GROW ‐ School for Oncology and Developmental Biology Maastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands 1 Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam the Netherlands |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Catharina Cancer Institute, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven the Netherlands – name: 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht the Netherlands – name: 3 Division of Imaging and Oncology, Department of Gynaecological Oncology, University Medical Centre Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands – name: 7 Department of Epidemiology Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam the Netherlands – name: 6 GROW ‐ School for Oncology and Developmental Biology Maastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands – name: 4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Isala Clinics Zwolle the Netherlands – name: 8 Department of Pathology Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam the Netherlands – name: 1 Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam the Netherlands |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Anna J. M. orcidid: 0000-0002-7773-2758 surname: van de Sande fullname: van de Sande, Anna J. M. organization: Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam the Netherlands – sequence: 2 givenname: Romy surname: van Baars fullname: van Baars, Romy organization: Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam the Netherlands – sequence: 3 givenname: Margot M. orcidid: 0000-0003-4650-9032 surname: Koeneman fullname: Koeneman, Margot M. organization: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht the Netherlands – sequence: 4 givenname: Cornelis G. orcidid: 0000-0003-0490-2258 surname: Gerestein fullname: Gerestein, Cornelis G. organization: Division of Imaging and Oncology, Department of Gynaecological Oncology, University Medical Centre Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands – sequence: 5 givenname: Arnold‐Jan surname: Kruse fullname: Kruse, Arnold‐Jan organization: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht the Netherlands, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Isala Clinics Zwolle the Netherlands – sequence: 6 givenname: Edith M. G. orcidid: 0000-0001-7387-5922 surname: van Esch fullname: van Esch, Edith M. G. organization: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Catharina Cancer Institute, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven the Netherlands – sequence: 7 givenname: Peggy J. orcidid: 0000-0002-9822-9529 surname: de Vos van Steenwijk fullname: de Vos van Steenwijk, Peggy J. organization: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht the Netherlands, GROW ‐ School for Oncology and Developmental Biology Maastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands – sequence: 8 givenname: Caroline L. P. orcidid: 0000-0002-2886-3436 surname: Muntinga fullname: Muntinga, Caroline L. P. organization: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht the Netherlands, GROW ‐ School for Oncology and Developmental Biology Maastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands – sequence: 9 givenname: Sten P. orcidid: 0000-0002-1675-2931 surname: Willemsen fullname: Willemsen, Sten P. organization: Department of Epidemiology Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam the Netherlands – sequence: 10 givenname: Helena C. orcidid: 0000-0003-1062-4485 surname: van Doorn fullname: van Doorn, Helena C. organization: Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam the Netherlands – sequence: 11 givenname: Folkert J. orcidid: 0000-0002-4225-4354 surname: van Kemenade fullname: van Kemenade, Folkert J. organization: Department of Pathology Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam the Netherlands – sequence: 12 givenname: Helene J. orcidid: 0000-0001-8899-7412 surname: van Beekhuizen fullname: van Beekhuizen, Helene J. organization: Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam the Netherlands |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38556619$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1097/CJI.0000000000000158 10.3390/jcm10245777 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.06.026 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000034 10.1002/ijgo.14953 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.01.015 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70067-6 10.3109/01443615.2010.487580 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00624-9 10.1016/S0029-7844(03)00741-5 10.1136/bmj.k499 10.1136/jitc-2022-005288 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000251 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004663 10.1016/j.gore.2020.100608 10.26502/ami.93650049 10.1186/1471-2334-1-3 10.1097/LGT.0000000000000542 10.1016/S1068-607X(98)00035-3 10.1097/CJI.0000000000000414 10.1097/00004347-199304000-00018 10.1111/1471-0528.12209 10.1136/bmj.i3633 10.1016/0895-4356(90)90107-Z 10.1093/aje/kwn036 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31825bc6e8 10.1093/jnci/djp089 |
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| Copyright | 2024 The Authors. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2024. This work is published under Creative Commons Attribution – Non-Commercial – No Derivatives License~http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ (the "License"). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2024 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. |
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| Issue | 8 |
| Keywords | high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion large loop excision of the transformation zone transformation zone prevention of cervical cancer human papillomavirus imiquimod cervical dysplasia quality of life cervical intraepithelial neoplasia efficacy |
| Language | English |
| License | 2024 The Authors. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Trial registration: Medical Ethical Committee approval number: NL 53792.078.15/MEC‐2015‐389. Affiliation: Erasmus MC. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02669459, 27 January 2016. |
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| Snippet | To investigate the efficacy of imiquimod in women with residual or recurrent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (rrCIN), compared with large loop excision of... Objective To investigate the efficacy of imiquimod in women with residual or recurrent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (rrCIN), compared with large loop... |
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| SubjectTerms | Administration, Intravaginal Adult Antineoplastic Agents - administration & dosage Cellular biology Cytology Female Human papillomavirus Humans Hysterectomy Imiquimod Imiquimod - administration & dosage Imiquimod - adverse effects Lesions Middle Aged Neoplasm Recurrence, Local - drug therapy Neoplasm Recurrence, Local - pathology Neoplasm, Residual - drug therapy Netherlands Papillomavirus Infections Patients Randomised Controlled Trial Side effects Treatment Outcome Uterine Cervical Dysplasia - drug therapy Uterine Cervical Dysplasia - pathology Uterine Cervical Dysplasia - surgery Uterine Cervical Dysplasia - virology Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - drug therapy Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - pathology Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - surgery Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - virology |
| Title | Topical imiquimod treatment of residual or recurrent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia lesions (TOPIC‐2): A randomised controlled trial |
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