Transmission ratio distortion at the growth hormone gene (GH1) in bovine preimplantation embryos: An in vitro culture-induced phenomenon?
The growth hormone gene (GH1) and its polypeptide product (GH) have a crucial role in reproduction, embryogenesis and general development. A polymorphism present in the fifth exon of the bovine GH1 gene (GH1 p.Leu127Val) has been associated with GH release and milk production in cattle. The objectiv...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Molecular reproduction and development Jg. 75; H. 5; S. 715 - 722 |
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| Abstract | The growth hormone gene (GH1) and its polypeptide product (GH) have a crucial role in reproduction, embryogenesis and general development. A polymorphism present in the fifth exon of the bovine GH1 gene (GH1 p.Leu127Val) has been associated with GH release and milk production in cattle. The objective of the present study was to examine the genotype frequencies of the GH1 p.Leu127Val polymorphism in bovine blastocysts produced in vitro and in vivo to determine if allelic variation of the GH1 gene affects embryo development and survival. A heterozygous (p.Leu127/Val127) sire was used for in vitro fertilization of oocytes of unknown maternal genotype (n = 104) and known maternal genotype (n = 115). PCR amplification and genotyping of the GH1 gene from Day 8 blastocysts derived from these fertilized oocytes demonstrated that there was significant over‐representation from the expected Mendelian ratio of GH1 p.Leu127/Leu127 homozygotes from oocytes of known maternal genotype (P = 0.006). Contrary to this, analysis of in vivo‐produced bovine blastocysts of known parental GH1 genotype (n = 69) did not reveal an overrepresentation of GH1 p.Leu127/Leu127 homozygotes. These results suggest that developing in vitro‐produced embryos are exposed to a selection process, probably due to a less favorable culture environment, that acts to increase the number of GH1 p.Leu127/Leu127 homozygotes, thereby giving rise to the observed transmission ratio distortion (TRD) of GH1 genotypes when compared to in vivo produced embryos. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 75: 715–722, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. |
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| AbstractList | The growth hormone gene (GH1) and its polypeptide product (GH) have a crucial role in reproduction, embryogenesis and general development. A polymorphism present in the fifth exon of the bovine GH1 gene (GH1 p.Leu127Val) has been associated with GH release and milk production in cattle. The objective of the present study was to examine the genotype frequencies of the GH1 p.Leu127Val polymorphism in bovine blastocysts produced in vitro and in vivo to determine if allelic variation of the GH1 gene affects embryo development and survival. A heterozygous (p.Leu127/Val127) sire was used for in vitro fertilization of oocytes of unknown maternal genotype (n = 104) and known maternal genotype (n = 115). PCR amplification and genotyping of the GH1 gene from Day 8 blastocysts derived from these fertilized oocytes demonstrated that there was significant over-representation from the expected Mendelian ratio of GH1 p.Leu127/Leu127 homozygotes from oocytes of known maternal genotype (P = 0.006). Contrary to this, analysis of in vivo-produced bovine blastocysts of known parental GH1 genotype (n = 69) did not reveal an overrepresentation of GH1 p.Leu127/Leu127 homozygotes. These results suggest that developing in vitro-produced embryos are exposed to a selection process, probably due to a less favorable culture environment, that acts to increase the number of GH1 p.Leu127/Leu127 homozygotes, thereby giving rise to the observed transmission ratio distortion (TRD) of GH1 genotypes when compared to in vivo produced embryos. The growth hormone gene ( GH1 ) and its polypeptide product (GH) have a crucial role in reproduction, embryogenesis and general development. A polymorphism present in the fifth exon of the bovine GH1 gene ( GH1 p.Leu127Val) has been associated with GH release and milk production in cattle. The objective of the present study was to examine the genotype frequencies of the GH1 p.Leu127Val polymorphism in bovine blastocysts produced in vitro and in vivo to determine if allelic variation of the GH1 gene affects embryo development and survival. A heterozygous (p.Leu127/Val127) sire was used for in vitro fertilization of oocytes of unknown maternal genotype (n = 104) and known maternal genotype (n = 115). PCR amplification and genotyping of the GH1 gene from Day 8 blastocysts derived from these fertilized oocytes demonstrated that there was significant over‐representation from the expected Mendelian ratio of GH1 p.Leu127/Leu127 homozygotes from oocytes of known maternal genotype ( P = 0.006). Contrary to this, analysis of in vivo‐produced bovine blastocysts of known parental GH1 genotype (n = 69) did not reveal an overrepresentation of GH1 p.Leu127/Leu127 homozygotes. These results suggest that developing in vitro‐produced embryos are exposed to a selection process, probably due to a less favorable culture environment, that acts to increase the number of GH1 p.Leu127/Leu127 homozygotes, thereby giving rise to the observed transmission ratio distortion (TRD) of GH1 genotypes when compared to in vivo produced embryos. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 75: 715–722, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. The growth hormone gene (GH1) and its polypeptide product (GH) have a crucial role in reproduction, embryogenesis and general development. A polymorphism present in the fifth exon of the bovine GH1 gene (GH1 p.Leu127Val) has been associated with GH release and milk production in cattle. The objective of the present study was to examine the genotype frequencies of the GH1 p.Leu127Val polymorphism in bovine blastocysts produced in vitro and in vivo to determine if allelic variation of the GH1 gene affects embryo development and survival. A heterozygous (p.Leu127/Val127) sire was used for in vitro fertilization of oocytes of unknown maternal genotype (n = 104) and known maternal genotype (n = 115). PCR amplification and genotyping of the GH1 gene from Day 8 blastocysts derived from these fertilized oocytes demonstrated that there was significant over-representation from the expected Mendelian ratio of GH1 p.Leu127/Leu127 homozygotes from oocytes of known maternal genotype (P = 0.006). Contrary to this, analysis of in vivo-produced bovine blastocysts of known parental GH1 genotype (n = 69) did not reveal an overrepresentation of GH1 p.Leu127/Leu127 homozygotes. These results suggest that developing in vitro-produced embryos are exposed to a selection process, probably due to a less favorable culture environment, that acts to increase the number of GH1 p.Leu127/Leu127 homozygotes, thereby giving rise to the observed transmission ratio distortion (TRD) of GH1 genotypes when compared to in vivo produced embryos. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 75: 715-722, 2008. The growth hormone gene (GH1) and its polypeptide product (GH) have a crucial role in reproduction, embryogenesis and general development. A polymorphism present in the fifth exon of the bovine GH1 gene (GH1 p.Leu127Val) has been associated with GH release and milk production in cattle. The objective of the present study was to examine the genotype frequencies of the GH1 p.Leu127Val polymorphism in bovine blastocysts produced in vitro and in vivo to determine if allelic variation of the GH1 gene affects embryo development and survival. A heterozygous (p.Leu127/Val127) sire was used for in vitro fertilization of oocytes of unknown maternal genotype (n = 104) and known maternal genotype (n = 115). PCR amplification and genotyping of the GH1 gene from Day 8 blastocysts derived from these fertilized oocytes demonstrated that there was significant over-representation from the expected Mendelian ratio of GH1 p.Leu127/Leu127 homozygotes from oocytes of known maternal genotype (P = 0.006). Contrary to this, analysis of in vivo-produced bovine blastocysts of known parental GH1 genotype (n = 69) did not reveal an overrepresentation of GH1 p.Leu127/Leu127 homozygotes. These results suggest that developing in vitro-produced embryos are exposed to a selection process, probably due to a less favorable culture environment, that acts to increase the number of GH1 p.Leu127/Leu127 homozygotes, thereby giving rise to the observed transmission ratio distortion (TRD) of GH1 genotypes when compared to in vivo produced embryos.The growth hormone gene (GH1) and its polypeptide product (GH) have a crucial role in reproduction, embryogenesis and general development. A polymorphism present in the fifth exon of the bovine GH1 gene (GH1 p.Leu127Val) has been associated with GH release and milk production in cattle. The objective of the present study was to examine the genotype frequencies of the GH1 p.Leu127Val polymorphism in bovine blastocysts produced in vitro and in vivo to determine if allelic variation of the GH1 gene affects embryo development and survival. A heterozygous (p.Leu127/Val127) sire was used for in vitro fertilization of oocytes of unknown maternal genotype (n = 104) and known maternal genotype (n = 115). PCR amplification and genotyping of the GH1 gene from Day 8 blastocysts derived from these fertilized oocytes demonstrated that there was significant over-representation from the expected Mendelian ratio of GH1 p.Leu127/Leu127 homozygotes from oocytes of known maternal genotype (P = 0.006). Contrary to this, analysis of in vivo-produced bovine blastocysts of known parental GH1 genotype (n = 69) did not reveal an overrepresentation of GH1 p.Leu127/Leu127 homozygotes. These results suggest that developing in vitro-produced embryos are exposed to a selection process, probably due to a less favorable culture environment, that acts to increase the number of GH1 p.Leu127/Leu127 homozygotes, thereby giving rise to the observed transmission ratio distortion (TRD) of GH1 genotypes when compared to in vivo produced embryos. The growth hormone gene (GH1) and its polypeptide product (GH) have a crucial role in reproduction, embryogenesis and general development. A polymorphism present in the fifth exon of the bovine GH1 gene (GH1 p.Leu127Val) has been associated with GH release and milk production in cattle. The objective of the present study was to examine the genotype frequencies of the GH1 p.Leu127Val polymorphism in bovine blastocysts produced in vitro and in vivo to determine if allelic variation of the GH1 gene affects embryo development and survival. A heterozygous (p.Leu127/Val127) sire was used for in vitro fertilization of oocytes of unknown maternal genotype (n = 104) and known maternal genotype (n = 115). PCR amplification and genotyping of the GH1 gene from Day 8 blastocysts derived from these fertilized oocytes demonstrated that there was significant over‐representation from the expected Mendelian ratio of GH1 p.Leu127/Leu127 homozygotes from oocytes of known maternal genotype (P = 0.006). Contrary to this, analysis of in vivo‐produced bovine blastocysts of known parental GH1 genotype (n = 69) did not reveal an overrepresentation of GH1 p.Leu127/Leu127 homozygotes. These results suggest that developing in vitro‐produced embryos are exposed to a selection process, probably due to a less favorable culture environment, that acts to increase the number of GH1 p.Leu127/Leu127 homozygotes, thereby giving rise to the observed transmission ratio distortion (TRD) of GH1 genotypes when compared to in vivo produced embryos. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 75: 715–722, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. |
| Author | MacHugh, David E. Hayes, Patricia A. Evans, Alex C.O. Park, Stephen D.E. Lonergan, Patrick Meade, Kieran G. Murphy, Angela M. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Angela M. surname: Murphy fullname: Murphy, Angela M. organization: Animal Genomics Laboratory and Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland – sequence: 2 givenname: Kieran G. surname: Meade fullname: Meade, Kieran G. organization: Animal Genomics Laboratory and Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland – sequence: 3 givenname: Patricia A. surname: Hayes fullname: Hayes, Patricia A. organization: Animal Genomics Laboratory and Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland – sequence: 4 givenname: Stephen D.E. surname: Park fullname: Park, Stephen D.E. organization: Animal Genomics Laboratory and Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland – sequence: 5 givenname: Alex C.O. surname: Evans fullname: Evans, Alex C.O. organization: Animal Genomics Laboratory and Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland – sequence: 6 givenname: Patrick surname: Lonergan fullname: Lonergan, Patrick organization: Animal Genomics Laboratory and Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland – sequence: 7 givenname: David E. surname: MacHugh fullname: MacHugh, David E. email: david.machugh@ucd.ie organization: Animal Genomics Laboratory and Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland |
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| Keywords | Culture medium Embryonic development Blastocyst Ox Distortion Genotype embryo Gene expression In vitro Somatotropin Vertebrata Mammalia Animal IVF Genetics Artiodactyla Ungulata Polymorphism |
| Language | English |
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Rizos D, Fair T, Papadopoulos S, Boland MP, Lonergan P. 2002a. Developmental, qualitative, and ultrastructural differences between ovine and bovine embryos produced in vivo or in vitro. Mol Reprod Dev 62: 320-327. Sorensen P, Grochowska R, Holm L, Henryon M, Lovendahl P. 2002. Polymorphism in the bovine growth hormone gene affects endocrine release in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 85: 1887-1893. Lovendahl P, Angus KD, Woolliams JA. 1991. The effect of genetic selection for milk yield on the response to growth hormone secretagogues in immature cattle. J Endocrinol 128: 419-424. Kolle S, Stojkovic M, Reese S, Reichenbach HD, Wolf E, Sinowatz F. 2004. Effects of growth hormone on the ultrastructure of bovine preimplantation embryos. Cell Tissue Res 317: 101-108. Fair T, Lonergan P, Dinnyes A, Cottell DC, Hyttel P, Ward FA, Boland MP. 2001. Ultrastructure of bovine blastocysts following cryopreservation: Effect of method of blastocyst production. Mol Reprod Dev 58: 186-195. Lyon MF. 2003. 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Kleijer WJ, Garritsen VH, van der Sterre ML, Berning C, Haberle J, Huijmans JG. 2006. Prenatal diagnosis of citrullinemia and argininosuccinic aciduria: Evidence for a transmission ratio distortion in citrullinemia. Prenat Diagn 26: 242-247. Kolle S, Sinowatz F, Boie G, Lincoln D. 1998. Developmental changes in the expression of the growth hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid and protein in the bovine ovary. Biol Reprod 59: 836-842. MacHugh DE, Shriver MD, Loftus RT, Cunningham P, Bradley DG. 1997. Microsatellite DNA variation and the evolution, domestication and phylogeography of taurine and zebu cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus). Genetics 146: 1071-1086. Lechniak D, Adamowicz T, Stanislawski D, Kaczmarek D. 2002. In vitro maturation and fertilisation of bovine oocytes in relation to GH gene polymorphism (Leu/Val). Reprod Nutr Dev 42: 275-280. Andersson L, Bohme J, Rask L, Peterson PA. 1986. Genomic hybridization of bovine class II major histocompatibility genes. 1. Extensive polymorphism of DQ alpha and DQ beta genes. Anim Genet 17: 95-112. Warzych E, Namysl J, Kubiatowicz M, Lechniak D. 2004. Growth hormone gene expression in oocytes and zygotes produced by cows heterozygous (Leu127Val) at GH locus. Reprod Biol 4: 259-269. Izadyar F, Colenbrander B, Bevers MM. 1996. In vitro maturation of bovine oocytes in the presence of growth hormone accelerates nuclear maturation and promotes subsequent embryonic development. Mol Reprod Dev 45: 372-377. Rizos D, Ward F, Duffy P, Boland MP, Lonergan P. 2002b. Consequences of bovine oocyte maturation, fertilization or early embryo development in vitro versus in vivo: Implications for blastocyst yield and blastocyst quality. Mol Reprod Dev 61: 234-248. Zhang HM, Brown DR, Denise SK, Ax RL. 1992. Nucleotide sequence determination of a bovine somatotropin allele. In Anim Genet 23: 578. Butler AA, Le Roith D. 2001. Control of growth by the somatropic axis: Growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factors have related and independent roles. Annu Rev Physiol 63: 141-164. McMeniman CJ, Barker SC. 2006. Transmission ratio distortion in the human body louse, Pediculus humanus (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Heredity 96: 63-68. Buckleton J, Triggs C. 2006. Dealing with allelic dropout when reporting the evidential value in DNA relatedness analysis. Forensic Sci Int 160: 134-139. Wrenzycki C, Herrmann D, Lucas-Hahn A, Korsawe K, Lemme E, Niemann H. 2005. Messenger RNA expression patterns in bovine embryos derived from in vitro procedures and their implications for development. Reprod Fertil Dev 17: 23-35. van Wissen B, Bomsel-Helmreich O, Frydman R. 1995. Sperm-zona binding and sperm-oocyte penetration analysed by DNA fluorescence: A test for gamete quality after in-vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod 10: 3218-3225. 1998; 49 2005; 170 1994; 111 1971; 43 2006; 96 2006; 119 1991; 74 2002; 12 1997; 47 2006; 14 2006; 37 1995; 10 2006; 7 2004; 4 1986; 17 2003; 37 1999; 82 1996; 13 2001; 63 2001; 64 1997; 146 1995; 86 1998; 59 2002a; 62 2002; 85 2000; 15 2002; 42 2006; 65 1999; 39 1993; 10 2006; 26 2003; 68 2002b; 61 1999; 52 1992; 48 2006; 160 2004; 317 1991; 128 2001; 79 1995; 140 2005; 17 2001; 58 1992; 23 2003; 64 1996; 45 1998; 8 Warzych E (e_1_2_1_44_1) 2004; 4 Lucy MC (e_1_2_1_29_1) 1991; 74 e_1_2_1_20_1 e_1_2_1_41_1 e_1_2_1_40_1 e_1_2_1_23_1 MacHugh DE (e_1_2_1_32_1) 1997; 146 e_1_2_1_46_1 e_1_2_1_24_1 e_1_2_1_45_1 e_1_2_1_21_1 e_1_2_1_22_1 e_1_2_1_43_1 e_1_2_1_27_1 Grochowska R (e_1_2_1_11_1) 2001; 79 e_1_2_1_28_1 e_1_2_1_25_1 e_1_2_1_26_1 e_1_2_1_47_1 van Wissen B (e_1_2_1_42_1) 1995; 10 e_1_2_1_7_1 e_1_2_1_31_1 e_1_2_1_8_1 e_1_2_1_30_1 e_1_2_1_5_1 e_1_2_1_6_1 e_1_2_1_3_1 e_1_2_1_12_1 e_1_2_1_35_1 e_1_2_1_4_1 e_1_2_1_13_1 e_1_2_1_34_1 e_1_2_1_10_1 e_1_2_1_33_1 e_1_2_1_2_1 e_1_2_1_16_1 e_1_2_1_39_1 e_1_2_1_17_1 e_1_2_1_38_1 e_1_2_1_14_1 e_1_2_1_37_1 e_1_2_1_15_1 e_1_2_1_36_1 e_1_2_1_9_1 e_1_2_1_18_1 e_1_2_1_19_1 |
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affects endocrine release in dairy calves publication-title: J Dairy Sci – volume: 45 start-page: 372 year: 1996 end-page: 377 article-title: In vitro maturation of bovine oocytes in the presence of growth hormone accelerates nuclear maturation and promotes subsequent embryonic development publication-title: Mol Reprod Dev – volume: 17 start-page: 23 year: 2005 end-page: 35 article-title: Messenger RNA expression patterns in bovine embryos derived from in vitro procedures and their implications for development publication-title: Reprod Fertil Dev – volume: 82 start-page: 788 year: 1999 end-page: 794 article-title: Association of growth hormone loci with milk yield traits in Holstein bulls publication-title: J Dairy Sci – volume: 12 start-page: 137 year: 2002 end-page: 146 article-title: The role of growth hormone in fetal development publication-title: Growth Horm IGF Res – volume: 43 start-page: 189 year: 1971 end-page: 195 article-title: Bovine growth hormone: Evidence for two 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maturation of bovine oocytes is exerted through cumulus cells and not mediated by IGF‐I publication-title: Mol Reprod Dev – volume: 79 start-page: 470 year: 2001 end-page: 476 article-title: Genetic variation in stimulated GH release and in IGF‐I of young dairy cattle and their associations with the leucine/valine polymorphism in the GH gene publication-title: J Anim Sci – volume: 62 start-page: 320 year: 2002a end-page: 327 article-title: Developmental, qualitative, and ultrastructural differences between ovine and bovine embryos produced in vivo or in vitro publication-title: Mol Reprod Dev – volume: 39 start-page: 171 year: 1999 end-page: 180 article-title: Stimulated growth hormone (GH) release in Friesian cattle with respect to GH genotypes publication-title: Reprod Nutr Dev – volume: 61 start-page: 234 year: 2002b end-page: 248 article-title: Consequences of bovine oocyte maturation, fertilization or early embryo development in vitro versus in vivo: Implications for blastocyst yield and blastocyst quality publication-title: Mol Reprod Dev – volume: 96 start-page: 63 year: 2006 end-page: 68 article-title: Transmission ratio distortion in the human body louse, (Insecta: Phthiraptera) publication-title: Heredity – volume: 37 start-page: 211 year: 2006 end-page: 214 article-title: The growth hormone 1 G H1:c.457C>G mutation is associated with intramuscular and rump fat distribution in a large sample of Australian feedlot cattle publication-title: Anim Genet – volume: 146 start-page: 1071 year: 1997 end-page: 1086 article-title: Microsatellite DNA variation and the evolution, domestication and phylogeography of taurine and zebu cattle ( and ) publication-title: Genetics – volume: 111 start-page: 253 year: 1994 end-page: 256 article-title: Influence of growth‐hormone genotypes on breeding values of Simmental bulls publication-title: J Anim Breed Genet – volume: 7 start-page: 51 year: 2006 end-page: 58 article-title: An investigation of transmission ratio distortion in the central region of the human MHC publication-title: Genes Immun – volume: 68 start-page: 1584 year: 2003 end-page: 1589 article-title: Growth hormone‐related effects on apoptosis, mitosis, and expression of connexin 43 in bovine in vitro maturation cumulus‐oocyte complexes publication-title: Biol Reprod – volume: 37 start-page: 393 year: 2003 end-page: 408 article-title: Transmission ratio distortion in mice publication-title: Annu Rev Genet – volume: 48 start-page: 361 year: 1992 end-page: 372 article-title: Performing the exact test of Hardy–Weinberg proportion for multiple alleles publication-title: Biometrics – volume: 49 start-page: 444 year: 1998 end-page: 453 article-title: The promotory effect of growth hormone on the developmental competence of in vitro matured bovine oocytes is due to improved cytoplasmic maturation publication-title: Mol Reprod Dev – volume: 23 start-page: 578 year: 1992 article-title: Nucleotide sequence determination of a bovine somatotropin allele publication-title: In Anim Genet – volume: 8 start-page: 3 year: 1998 end-page: 11 article-title: The molecular basis of growth hormone action publication-title: Growth Horm IGF Res – volume: 63 start-page: 141 year: 2001 end-page: 164 article-title: Control of growth by the somatropic axis: Growth hormone and the insulin‐like growth factors have related and independent roles publication-title: Annu Rev Physiol – volume: 64 start-page: 275 year: 2003 end-page: 283 article-title: Expression of growth hormone and its transcription factor, Pit‐1, in early bovine development publication-title: Mol Reprod Dev – volume: 42 start-page: 275 year: 2002 end-page: 280 article-title: In vitro maturation and fertilisation of bovine oocytes in relation to GH gene polymorphism (Leu/Val) publication-title: Reprod Nutr Dev – volume: 86 start-page: 248 year: 1995 end-page: 249 article-title: GENEPOP (Version 1.2): Population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism 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| SubjectTerms | Amino Acid Substitution Animals Biological and medical sciences Blastocyst - physiology Cattle embryo Embryo Culture Techniques Embryology: invertebrates and vertebrates. Teratology Embryonic Development - genetics Exons - physiology Female Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology gene expression Growth Hormone - biosynthesis Growth Hormone - genetics Homozygote IVF Lactation - genetics Molecular embryology Polymorphism, Genetic Pregnancy |
| Title | Transmission ratio distortion at the growth hormone gene (GH1) in bovine preimplantation embryos: An in vitro culture-induced phenomenon? |
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