A realist evaluation of community champion and participatory action approaches during the COVID-19 pandemic
During the COVID-19 pandemic, public health teams tried several approaches to circulate accurate health information and engage with community members to understand what they need from public health services. Two such approaches were community champions and community participatory action research (CP...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Frontiers in public health Jg. 12; S. 1355944 |
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| Abstract | During the COVID-19 pandemic, public health teams tried several approaches to circulate accurate health information and engage with community members to understand what they need from public health services. Two such approaches were community champions and community participatory action research (CPAR). This study evaluates two champion programmes and a CPAR programme in terms of what worked, for whom, and in what contexts, including the funding and resourcing associated with implementation.
Between June 2022 and June 2023, a realist evaluation of three distinct case studies (COVID-19 champions, Vaccine Champions, and CPAR programmes) in the city of Southampton in England was conducted in three stages: development of initial programme theories and collection of additional contextual information, including funding and resources associated with delivering each programme; initial programme theory testing; synthesis of final programme theories. Data was collected primarily through semi-structured interviews (
= 29) across programme and training leads, voluntary services, community organisations, volunteers, and local community members, and one focus group with local community members (
= 8).
The City Council used £642 k from two funding awards to deliver the programmes: COVID-19 Champions £41 k; Vaccine Champions £485 k; and CPAR programmes £115 k. Twenty-eight initial programme theories were generated, which were "tested" to support, refine, or refute context-mechanism-outcome relationships, resulting finally in a set of 22 programme theories across the three programmes. Six demi-regularities were generated, each featuring in multiple programme theories, and providing data on how and why these programmes can work, and in which contexts: (1) building trust through community connections; (2) fostering relationships and collaboration; (3) provision of training and resources; (4) local community knowledge and expertise; (5) community representation and leadership; (6) appropriate communication and information sharing.
This study provides new knowledge and understanding of the factors affecting the implementation of community champion and CPAR approaches during public health emergencies. These findings suggest that representation and involvement of community members, establishing and building on trust, adequate training and resources, and clear communication from trusted community members and organisations are catalysts for meaningful engagement with communities.
Research Registry identifier: researchregistry8094. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, public health teams tried several approaches to circulate accurate health information and engage with community members to understand what they need from public health services. Two such approaches were community champions and community participatory action research (CPAR). This study evaluates two champion programmes and a CPAR programme in terms of what worked, for whom, and in what contexts, including the funding and resourcing associated with implementation.MethodsBetween June 2022 and June 2023, a realist evaluation of three distinct case studies (COVID-19 champions, Vaccine Champions, and CPAR programmes) in the city of Southampton in England was conducted in three stages: development of initial programme theories and collection of additional contextual information, including funding and resources associated with delivering each programme; initial programme theory testing; synthesis of final programme theories. Data was collected primarily through semi-structured interviews (n = 29) across programme and training leads, voluntary services, community organisations, volunteers, and local community members, and one focus group with local community members (n = 8).ResultsThe City Council used £642 k from two funding awards to deliver the programmes: COVID-19 Champions £41 k; Vaccine Champions £485 k; and CPAR programmes £115 k. Twenty-eight initial programme theories were generated, which were “tested” to support, refine, or refute context-mechanism-outcome relationships, resulting finally in a set of 22 programme theories across the three programmes. Six demi-regularities were generated, each featuring in multiple programme theories, and providing data on how and why these programmes can work, and in which contexts: (1) building trust through community connections; (2) fostering relationships and collaboration; (3) provision of training and resources; (4) local community knowledge and expertise; (5) community representation and leadership; (6) appropriate communication and information sharing.ConclusionThis study provides new knowledge and understanding of the factors affecting the implementation of community champion and CPAR approaches during public health emergencies. These findings suggest that representation and involvement of community members, establishing and building on trust, adequate training and resources, and clear communication from trusted community members and organisations are catalysts for meaningful engagement with communities.Evaluation registration: Research Registry identifier: researchregistry8094. During the COVID-19 pandemic, public health teams tried several approaches to circulate accurate health information and engage with community members to understand what they need from public health services. Two such approaches were community champions and community participatory action research (CPAR). This study evaluates two champion programmes and a CPAR programme in terms of what worked, for whom, and in what contexts, including the funding and resourcing associated with implementation. Between June 2022 and June 2023, a realist evaluation of three distinct case studies (COVID-19 champions, Vaccine Champions, and CPAR programmes) in the city of Southampton in England was conducted in three stages: development of initial programme theories and collection of additional contextual information, including funding and resources associated with delivering each programme; initial programme theory testing; synthesis of final programme theories. Data was collected primarily through semi-structured interviews ( = 29) across programme and training leads, voluntary services, community organisations, volunteers, and local community members, and one focus group with local community members ( = 8). The City Council used £642 k from two funding awards to deliver the programmes: COVID-19 Champions £41 k; Vaccine Champions £485 k; and CPAR programmes £115 k. Twenty-eight initial programme theories were generated, which were "tested" to support, refine, or refute context-mechanism-outcome relationships, resulting finally in a set of 22 programme theories across the three programmes. Six demi-regularities were generated, each featuring in multiple programme theories, and providing data on how and why these programmes can work, and in which contexts: (1) building trust through community connections; (2) fostering relationships and collaboration; (3) provision of training and resources; (4) local community knowledge and expertise; (5) community representation and leadership; (6) appropriate communication and information sharing. This study provides new knowledge and understanding of the factors affecting the implementation of community champion and CPAR approaches during public health emergencies. These findings suggest that representation and involvement of community members, establishing and building on trust, adequate training and resources, and clear communication from trusted community members and organisations are catalysts for meaningful engagement with communities. Research Registry identifier: researchregistry8094. During the COVID-19 pandemic, public health teams tried several approaches to circulate accurate health information and engage with community members to understand what they need from public health services. Two such approaches were community champions and community participatory action research (CPAR). This study evaluates two champion programmes and a CPAR programme in terms of what worked, for whom, and in what contexts, including the funding and resourcing associated with implementation.BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, public health teams tried several approaches to circulate accurate health information and engage with community members to understand what they need from public health services. Two such approaches were community champions and community participatory action research (CPAR). This study evaluates two champion programmes and a CPAR programme in terms of what worked, for whom, and in what contexts, including the funding and resourcing associated with implementation.Between June 2022 and June 2023, a realist evaluation of three distinct case studies (COVID-19 champions, Vaccine Champions, and CPAR programmes) in the city of Southampton in England was conducted in three stages: development of initial programme theories and collection of additional contextual information, including funding and resources associated with delivering each programme; initial programme theory testing; synthesis of final programme theories. Data was collected primarily through semi-structured interviews (n = 29) across programme and training leads, voluntary services, community organisations, volunteers, and local community members, and one focus group with local community members (n = 8).MethodsBetween June 2022 and June 2023, a realist evaluation of three distinct case studies (COVID-19 champions, Vaccine Champions, and CPAR programmes) in the city of Southampton in England was conducted in three stages: development of initial programme theories and collection of additional contextual information, including funding and resources associated with delivering each programme; initial programme theory testing; synthesis of final programme theories. Data was collected primarily through semi-structured interviews (n = 29) across programme and training leads, voluntary services, community organisations, volunteers, and local community members, and one focus group with local community members (n = 8).The City Council used £642 k from two funding awards to deliver the programmes: COVID-19 Champions £41 k; Vaccine Champions £485 k; and CPAR programmes £115 k. Twenty-eight initial programme theories were generated, which were "tested" to support, refine, or refute context-mechanism-outcome relationships, resulting finally in a set of 22 programme theories across the three programmes. Six demi-regularities were generated, each featuring in multiple programme theories, and providing data on how and why these programmes can work, and in which contexts: (1) building trust through community connections; (2) fostering relationships and collaboration; (3) provision of training and resources; (4) local community knowledge and expertise; (5) community representation and leadership; (6) appropriate communication and information sharing.ResultsThe City Council used £642 k from two funding awards to deliver the programmes: COVID-19 Champions £41 k; Vaccine Champions £485 k; and CPAR programmes £115 k. Twenty-eight initial programme theories were generated, which were "tested" to support, refine, or refute context-mechanism-outcome relationships, resulting finally in a set of 22 programme theories across the three programmes. Six demi-regularities were generated, each featuring in multiple programme theories, and providing data on how and why these programmes can work, and in which contexts: (1) building trust through community connections; (2) fostering relationships and collaboration; (3) provision of training and resources; (4) local community knowledge and expertise; (5) community representation and leadership; (6) appropriate communication and information sharing.This study provides new knowledge and understanding of the factors affecting the implementation of community champion and CPAR approaches during public health emergencies. These findings suggest that representation and involvement of community members, establishing and building on trust, adequate training and resources, and clear communication from trusted community members and organisations are catalysts for meaningful engagement with communities.Evaluation registration: Research Registry identifier: researchregistry8094.ConclusionThis study provides new knowledge and understanding of the factors affecting the implementation of community champion and CPAR approaches during public health emergencies. These findings suggest that representation and involvement of community members, establishing and building on trust, adequate training and resources, and clear communication from trusted community members and organisations are catalysts for meaningful engagement with communities.Evaluation registration: Research Registry identifier: researchregistry8094. |
| Author | Bontoft, Charis Howlett, Neil Simmons, Isobel Miners, Lisa Wagner, Adam P. Brown, Katherine Fakoya, Olujoke |
| AuthorAffiliation | 2 Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia , Norwich , United Kingdom 1 Department of Psychology, Sport, and Geography, University of Hertfordshire , Hatfield , United Kingdom |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1093/heapol/czu126 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2012.00665.x 10.3390/pharmacy10060143 10.1177/1090198119882989 10.1177/1356389016638615 10.1186/s12960-019-0422-0 10.1177/1609406919859754 10.1186/s12919-023-00259-w 10.3390/vaccines10111893 10.1186/s12889-023-17470-1 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60325-0 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094220 10.1136/bmj.n1138 10.1186/1471-2458-10-787 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003188 10.1186/s12961-021-00757-3 10.1186/s12889-021-11390-8 10.1177/2373379915601119 10.2196/21726 10.1177/1524839918818831 10.1136/jech-2021-218415 10.1186/1756-0500-7-936 10.1186/s13012-022-01201-y 10.1371/journal.pone.0141091 10.1186/s12889-015-1949-1 10.1080/13645579.2019.1697167 10.1186/s13012-015-0237-x |
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| Copyright | Copyright © 2024 Howlett, Fakoya, Bontoft, Simmons, Miners, Wagner and Brown. Copyright © 2024 Howlett, Fakoya, Bontoft, Simmons, Miners, Wagner and Brown. 2024 Howlett, Fakoya, Bontoft, Simmons, Miners, Wagner and Brown |
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| Keywords | COVID-19 COVID-19 champion vaccine champion community participatory action research realist evaluation community champions |
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| License | Copyright © 2024 Howlett, Fakoya, Bontoft, Simmons, Miners, Wagner and Brown. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
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| SubjectTerms | community champions community participatory action research Community-Based Participatory Research COVID-19 COVID-19 - epidemiology COVID-19 - prevention & control COVID-19 champion England Focus Groups Humans Pandemics - prevention & control Program Evaluation Public Health realist evaluation SARS-CoV-2 vaccine champion |
| Title | A realist evaluation of community champion and participatory action approaches during the COVID-19 pandemic |
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