Marine cold-spells
•A large body of literature exists on extreme cold ocean temperature events.•These events have well documented negative impacts but no consistent definition.•We propose here a definition for use in the detection of marine cold-spells (MCSs).•MCSs are decreasing in count, duration, and intensity over...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Progress in oceanography Jg. 198; S. 102684 |
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
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01.11.2021
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| ISSN: | 0079-6611 |
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| Abstract | •A large body of literature exists on extreme cold ocean temperature events.•These events have well documented negative impacts but no consistent definition.•We propose here a definition for use in the detection of marine cold-spells (MCSs).•MCSs are decreasing in count, duration, and intensity over most ocean surfaces.•MCSs are increasing in count and duration in the Southern Ocean.
Characterising ocean temperature variability and extremes is fundamental for understanding the thermal bounds in which marine ecosystems have adapted. While there is growing evidence of how marine heatwaves threaten marine ecosystems, prolonged periods of extremely cold ocean temperatures, marine cold-spells, have received less global attention. We synthesize the literature on cold ocean temperature extremes and their ecological impacts and physical mechanisms. Ecological impacts of these events were observed across a range of species and biophysical processes, including mass mortalities, range shifts, marine habitat loss, and altered phenology. The development of marine cold-spells is often due to wind-induced ocean processes, but a range of physical mechanisms are documented in the literature. Given the need for consistent comparison of marine cold-spells, we develop a definition for detecting these events from temperature time series and for classifying them into four categories. This definition is used to consistently detect marine cold-spells globally over the satellite record and to compare the characteristics of notable cold events. Globally, marine cold-spells’ occurrence, duration, and intensity are decreasing, with some areas, such as the Southern Ocean, showing signs of increase over the past 15 years. All marine cold-spell categories are affected by these decreases, with the exception of “IV Extreme” events, which were so rare that there has been little decrease. While decreasing occurrences of marine cold-spells could be viewed as providing a beneficial reduction in cold stress for marine ecosystems, fewer cold spells will alter the temperature regime that marine ecosystems experience and could have important consequences on ecological structure and function. |
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| AbstractList | Characterising ocean temperature variability and extremes is fundamental for understanding the thermal bounds in which marine ecosystems have adapted. While there is growing evidence of how marine heatwaves threaten marine ecosystems, prolonged periods of extremely cold ocean temperatures, marine cold-spells, have received less global attention. We synthesize the literature on cold ocean temperature extremes and their ecological impacts and physical mechanisms. Ecological impacts of these events were observed across a range of species and biophysical processes, including mass mortalities, range shifts, marine habitat loss, and altered phenology. The development of marine cold-spells is often due to wind-induced ocean processes, but a range of physical mechanisms are documented in the literature. Given the need for consistent comparison of marine cold-spells, we develop a definition for detecting these events from temperature time series and for classifying them into four categories. This definition is used to consistently detect marine cold-spells globally over the satellite record and to compare the characteristics of notable cold events. Globally, marine cold-spells’ occurrence, duration, and intensity are decreasing, with some areas, such as the Southern Ocean, showing signs of increase over the past 15 years. All marine cold-spell categories are affected by these decreases, with the exception of “IV Extreme” events, which were so rare that there has been little decrease. While decreasing occurrences of marine cold-spells could be viewed as providing a beneficial reduction in cold stress for marine ecosystems, fewer cold spells will alter the temperature regime that marine ecosystems experience and could have important consequences on ecological structure and function. •A large body of literature exists on extreme cold ocean temperature events.•These events have well documented negative impacts but no consistent definition.•We propose here a definition for use in the detection of marine cold-spells (MCSs).•MCSs are decreasing in count, duration, and intensity over most ocean surfaces.•MCSs are increasing in count and duration in the Southern Ocean. Characterising ocean temperature variability and extremes is fundamental for understanding the thermal bounds in which marine ecosystems have adapted. While there is growing evidence of how marine heatwaves threaten marine ecosystems, prolonged periods of extremely cold ocean temperatures, marine cold-spells, have received less global attention. We synthesize the literature on cold ocean temperature extremes and their ecological impacts and physical mechanisms. Ecological impacts of these events were observed across a range of species and biophysical processes, including mass mortalities, range shifts, marine habitat loss, and altered phenology. The development of marine cold-spells is often due to wind-induced ocean processes, but a range of physical mechanisms are documented in the literature. Given the need for consistent comparison of marine cold-spells, we develop a definition for detecting these events from temperature time series and for classifying them into four categories. This definition is used to consistently detect marine cold-spells globally over the satellite record and to compare the characteristics of notable cold events. Globally, marine cold-spells’ occurrence, duration, and intensity are decreasing, with some areas, such as the Southern Ocean, showing signs of increase over the past 15 years. All marine cold-spell categories are affected by these decreases, with the exception of “IV Extreme” events, which were so rare that there has been little decrease. While decreasing occurrences of marine cold-spells could be viewed as providing a beneficial reduction in cold stress for marine ecosystems, fewer cold spells will alter the temperature regime that marine ecosystems experience and could have important consequences on ecological structure and function. Characterising ocean temperature variability and extremes is fundamental for understanding the thermal bounds in which marine ecosystems have adapted. While there is growing evidence of how marine heatwaves threaten marine ecosystems, prolonged periods of extremely cold ocean temperatures, marine cold-spells, have received less global attention. We synthesize the literature on cold ocean temperature extremes and their ecological impacts and physical mechanisms. Ecological impacts of these events were observed across a range of species and biophysical processes, including mass mortalities, range shifts, marine habitat loss, and altered phenology. The development of marine cold-spells is often due to windinduced ocean processes, but a range of physical mechanisms are documented in the literature. Given the need for consistent comparison of marine cold-spells, we develop a definition for detecting these events from temperature time series and for classifying them into four categories. This definition is used to consistently detect marine cold-spells globally over the satellite record and to compare the characteristics of notable cold events. Globally, marine cold-spells' occurrence, duration, and intensity are decreasing, with some areas, such as the Southern Ocean, showing signs of increase over the past 15 years. All marine coldspell categories are affected by these decreases, with the exception of "IV Extreme" events, which were so rare that there has been little decrease. While decreasing occurrences of marine cold-spells could be viewed as providing a beneficial reduction in cold stress for marine ecosystems, fewer cold spells will alter the temperature regime that marine ecosystems experience and could have important consequences on ecological structure and function. |
| ArticleNumber | 102684 |
| Author | Schlegel, Robert W. Darmaraki, Sofia Filbee-Dexter, Karen Oliver, Eric C.J. Benthuysen, Jessica A. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Robert W. surname: Schlegel fullname: Schlegel, Robert W. email: robert.schlegel@imev-mer.fr organization: Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada – sequence: 2 givenname: Sofia surname: Darmaraki fullname: Darmaraki, Sofia organization: Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada – sequence: 3 givenname: Jessica A. surname: Benthuysen fullname: Benthuysen, Jessica A. organization: Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA, Australia – sequence: 4 givenname: Karen surname: Filbee-Dexter fullname: Filbee-Dexter, Karen organization: School of Biological Sciences and Oceans Institute, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia – sequence: 5 givenname: Eric C.J. surname: Oliver fullname: Oliver, Eric C.J. organization: Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada |
| BackLink | https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03405137$$DView record in HAL |
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| Keywords | Climate change Extremes Marine heatwaves Sea surface temperature Ecosystem impacts Marine cold-spells |
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| Snippet | •A large body of literature exists on extreme cold ocean temperature events.•These events have well documented negative impacts but no consistent... Characterising ocean temperature variability and extremes is fundamental for understanding the thermal bounds in which marine ecosystems have adapted. While... |
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| SubjectTerms | Climate change cold cold stress Earth Sciences Ecosystem impacts Extremes habitat destruction Marine cold-spells Marine heatwaves Oceanography phenology satellites Sciences of the Universe Sea surface temperature time series analysis water temperature |
| Title | Marine cold-spells |
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