SARS-CoV-2 viral load and shedding kinetics
SARS-CoV-2 viral load and detection of infectious virus in the respiratory tract are the two key parameters for estimating infectiousness. As shedding of infectious virus is required for onward transmission, understanding shedding characteristics is relevant for public health interventions. Viral sh...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Nature reviews. Microbiology Jg. 21; H. 3; S. 147 - 161 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
England
Nature Publishing Group
01.03.2023
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| ISSN: | 1740-1526, 1740-1534, 1740-1534 |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| Abstract | SARS-CoV-2 viral load and detection of infectious virus in the respiratory tract are the two key parameters for estimating infectiousness. As shedding of infectious virus is required for onward transmission, understanding shedding characteristics is relevant for public health interventions. Viral shedding is influenced by biological characteristics of the virus, host factors and pre-existing immunity (previous infection or vaccination) of the infected individual. Although the process of human-to-human transmission is multifactorial, viral load substantially contributed to human-to-human transmission, with higher viral load posing a greater risk for onward transmission. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern have further complicated the picture of virus shedding. As underlying immunity in the population through previous infection, vaccination or a combination of both has rapidly increased on a global scale after almost 3 years of the pandemic, viral shedding patterns have become more distinct from those of ancestral SARS-CoV-2. Understanding the factors and mechanisms that influence infectious virus shedding and the period during which individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 are contagious is crucial to guide public health measures and limit transmission. Furthermore, diagnostic tools to demonstrate the presence of infectious virus from routine diagnostic specimens are needed. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | SARS-CoV-2 viral load and detection of infectious virus in the respiratory tract are the two key parameters for estimating infectiousness. As shedding of infectious virus is required for onward transmission, understanding shedding characteristics is relevant for public health interventions. Viral shedding is influenced by biological characteristics of the virus, host factors and pre-existing immunity (previous infection or vaccination) of the infected individual. Although the process of human-to-human transmission is multifactorial, viral load substantially contributed to human-to-human transmission, with higher viral load posing a greater risk for onward transmission. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern have further complicated the picture of virus shedding. As underlying immunity in the population through previous infection, vaccination or a combination of both has rapidly increased on a global scale after almost 3 years of the pandemic, viral shedding patterns have become more distinct from those of ancestral SARS-CoV-2. Understanding the factors and mechanisms that influence infectious virus shedding and the period during which individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 are contagious is crucial to guide public health measures and limit transmission. Furthermore, diagnostic tools to demonstrate the presence of infectious virus from routine diagnostic specimens are needed.A better understanding of the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is essential to inform public health measures. In this Review, Puhach, Meyer and Eckerle explore insights into what influences SARS-CoV-2 shedding, how this drives transmission and the tools available to measure this and determine infectiousness. SARS-CoV-2 viral load and detection of infectious virus in the respiratory tract are the two key parameters for estimating infectiousness. As shedding of infectious virus is required for onward transmission, understanding shedding characteristics is relevant for public health interventions. Viral shedding is influenced by biological characteristics of the virus, host factors and pre-existing immunity (previous infection or vaccination) of the infected individual. Although the process of human-to-human transmission is multifactorial, viral load substantially contributed to human-to-human transmission, with higher viral load posing a greater risk for onward transmission. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern have further complicated the picture of virus shedding. As underlying immunity in the population through previous infection, vaccination or a combination of both has rapidly increased on a global scale after almost 3 years of the pandemic, viral shedding patterns have become more distinct from those of ancestral SARS-CoV-2. Understanding the factors and mechanisms that influence infectious virus shedding and the period during which individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 are contagious is crucial to guide public health measures and limit transmission. Furthermore, diagnostic tools to demonstrate the presence of infectious virus from routine diagnostic specimens are needed.SARS-CoV-2 viral load and detection of infectious virus in the respiratory tract are the two key parameters for estimating infectiousness. As shedding of infectious virus is required for onward transmission, understanding shedding characteristics is relevant for public health interventions. Viral shedding is influenced by biological characteristics of the virus, host factors and pre-existing immunity (previous infection or vaccination) of the infected individual. Although the process of human-to-human transmission is multifactorial, viral load substantially contributed to human-to-human transmission, with higher viral load posing a greater risk for onward transmission. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern have further complicated the picture of virus shedding. As underlying immunity in the population through previous infection, vaccination or a combination of both has rapidly increased on a global scale after almost 3 years of the pandemic, viral shedding patterns have become more distinct from those of ancestral SARS-CoV-2. Understanding the factors and mechanisms that influence infectious virus shedding and the period during which individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 are contagious is crucial to guide public health measures and limit transmission. Furthermore, diagnostic tools to demonstrate the presence of infectious virus from routine diagnostic specimens are needed. SARS-CoV-2 viral load and detection of infectious virus in the respiratory tract are the two key parameters for estimating infectiousness. As shedding of infectious virus is required for onward transmission, understanding shedding characteristics is relevant for public health interventions. Viral shedding is influenced by biological characteristics of the virus, host factors and pre-existing immunity (previous infection or vaccination) of the infected individual. Although the process of human-to-human transmission is multifactorial, viral load substantially contributed to human-to-human transmission, with higher viral load posing a greater risk for onward transmission. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern have further complicated the picture of virus shedding. As underlying immunity in the population through previous infection, vaccination or a combination of both has rapidly increased on a global scale after almost 3 years of the pandemic, viral shedding patterns have become more distinct from those of ancestral SARS-CoV-2. Understanding the factors and mechanisms that influence infectious virus shedding and the period during which individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 are contagious is crucial to guide public health measures and limit transmission. Furthermore, diagnostic tools to demonstrate the presence of infectious virus from routine diagnostic specimens are needed. |
| Author | Eckerle, Isabella Meyer, Benjamin Puhach, Olha |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Olha orcidid: 0000-0002-5789-8988 surname: Puhach fullname: Puhach, Olha organization: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland – sequence: 2 givenname: Benjamin orcidid: 0000-0003-0601-3550 surname: Meyer fullname: Meyer, Benjamin organization: Centre for Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland – sequence: 3 givenname: Isabella orcidid: 0000-0002-4850-7172 surname: Eckerle fullname: Eckerle, Isabella email: Isabella.Eckerle@unige.ch, Isabella.Eckerle@unige.ch, Isabella.Eckerle@unige.ch organization: Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland. Isabella.Eckerle@unige.ch |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36460930$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNpd0EtLAzEQB_AgFfvQL-BBFrwIEp1JstnkWIovKAhWvS5pHrp1m62bruK3d8XHwcvM__Bj-DNjMohN9IQcIpwhcHWeBOaFpsAYBVD9fN8hIywEUMy5GPxlJodknNIKgOV5wfbIkEshQXMYkdPF9G5BZ80jZdlb1Zo6qxvjMhNdlp69c1V8yl6q6LeVTftkN5g6-YOfPSEPlxf3s2s6v726mU3n1ArUWyqXwlleBMG4xOCDNmC0CLkTdgnOBQgonDcmOO5sQC-1Uh4DIBrLA2N8Qk6-727a5rXzaVuuq2R9XZvomy6VrBCSKyXlFz3-R1dN18a-Xa8KqTQiiF4d_ahuufau3LTV2rQf5e8b-Cemi18o |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1128_msphere_00074_25 crossref_primary_10_12688_f1000research_143776_2 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13730_023_00849_9 crossref_primary_10_1080_15321819_2025_2483839 crossref_primary_10_3389_fmed_2024_1357299 crossref_primary_10_1038_s43856_025_00908_5 crossref_primary_10_1080_23744235_2024_2446286 crossref_primary_10_4236_health_2024_167045 crossref_primary_10_7759_cureus_41315 crossref_primary_10_7717_peerj_15631 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12879_025_10898_3 crossref_primary_10_1089_vim_2023_0012 crossref_primary_10_1128_cmr_00078_24 crossref_primary_10_1177_00469580251332060 crossref_primary_10_15585_mmwr_mm7251a1 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13665_024_00338_z crossref_primary_10_1186_s12967_024_05872_7 crossref_primary_10_1002_jmv_70125 crossref_primary_10_3390_app13010396 crossref_primary_10_1039_D3SD00246B crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2024_173272 crossref_primary_10_2196_54861 crossref_primary_10_1002_jmv_70486 crossref_primary_10_3389_fmicb_2023_1238542 crossref_primary_10_1080_23744235_2025_2485274 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_023_41941_z crossref_primary_10_7759_cureus_68679 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2025_1589683 crossref_primary_10_1128_cmr_00203_24 crossref_primary_10_1155_cjid_1858884 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_025_95226_0 crossref_primary_10_1134_S1063785024700433 crossref_primary_10_2147_IDR_S515224 crossref_primary_10_1134_S1063785024700354 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_79806_0 crossref_primary_10_1128_spectrum_00407_24 crossref_primary_10_1002_ccr3_8162 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cll_2023_02_003 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_32953_2 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_39402_0 crossref_primary_10_1001_jamanetworkopen_2024_12835 crossref_primary_10_1002_jmv_70174 crossref_primary_10_1080_00038628_2025_2493806 crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_jmedchem_5c00581 crossref_primary_10_2196_68213 crossref_primary_10_1128_cmr_00072_23 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2023_1191377 crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2025_1514845 crossref_primary_10_1134_S0006350924701264 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_57238_0 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12560_023_09573_0 crossref_primary_10_1128_spectrum_02555_23 crossref_primary_10_1007_s44370_025_00024_x crossref_primary_10_1007_s15010_023_02138_0 crossref_primary_10_1177_23800844241296840 crossref_primary_10_1080_23744235_2023_2245046 crossref_primary_10_3389_fcimb_2024_1397297 crossref_primary_10_4102_sajid_v40i1_676 crossref_primary_10_1128_jvi_01623_24 crossref_primary_10_1134_S1063785025700014 crossref_primary_10_3390_v15020354 crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2023_1140714 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jviromet_2024_114912 crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_analchem_5c00547 crossref_primary_10_1080_23779497_2023_2244561 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2024_1429021 crossref_primary_10_1080_23744235_2023_2280025 crossref_primary_10_1128_jvi_00128_24 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_025_04837_0 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40121_024_00991_6 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_62835_0 crossref_primary_10_1134_S1063784224700580 crossref_primary_10_1080_02786826_2024_2403580 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2022. Springer Nature Limited. Springer Nature Limited 2022. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2022. Springer Nature Limited. – notice: Springer Nature Limited 2022. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
| DBID | CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 3V. 7QL 7RV 7U9 7X7 7XB 88A 88E 88I 8AO 8C1 8FD 8FE 8FH 8FI 8FJ 8FK ABUWG AEUYN AFKRA AZQEC BBNVY BENPR BHPHI BKSAR C1K CCPQU DWQXO FR3 FYUFA GHDGH GNUQQ H94 HCIFZ K9. KB0 LK8 M0S M1P M2P M7N M7P NAPCQ P64 PCBAR PHGZM PHGZT PJZUB PKEHL PPXIY PQEST PQGLB PQQKQ PQUKI Q9U RC3 7X8 |
| DOI | 10.1038/s41579-022-00822-w |
| DatabaseName | Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed ProQuest Central (Corporate) Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B) Nursing & Allied Health Database Virology and AIDS Abstracts Health & Medical Collection ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016) Biology Database (Alumni Edition) Medical Database (Alumni Edition) Science Database (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Pharma Collection Public Health Database Technology Research Database ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest Natural Science Collection ProQuest Hospital Collection Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Sustainability ProQuest Central UK/Ireland ProQuest Central Essentials Biological Science Collection ProQuest Central Natural Science Collection Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central Korea Engineering Research Database Health Research Premium Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Central Student AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Biological Science Collection Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition) Medical Database Science Database Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C) Biological Science Database Nursing & Allied Health Premium Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest One Academic (retired) ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central Basic Genetics Abstracts MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitle | MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) ProQuest Central Student ProQuest Central Essentials SciTech Premium Collection Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest One Sustainability Health Research Premium Collection Natural Science Collection Health & Medical Research Collection Biological Science Collection ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni) Virology and AIDS Abstracts ProQuest Science Journals (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Biological Science Collection ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database ProQuest Hospital Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) Biological Science Database ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni) Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts Nursing & Allied Health Premium ProQuest Health & Medical Complete ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source (Alumni) Engineering Research Database ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic (New) Technology Research Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Community College ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest Natural Science Collection ProQuest Pharma Collection ProQuest Biology Journals (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection Genetics Abstracts Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central Korea Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B) Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C) AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts ProQuest Public Health ProQuest Central Basic ProQuest Science Journals ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest Medical Library ProQuest Central (Alumni) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | ProQuest Central Student MEDLINE - Academic MEDLINE |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: BENPR name: ProQuest Central url: https://www.proquest.com/central sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Biology Public Health |
| EISSN | 1740-1534 |
| EndPage | 161 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 36460930 |
| Genre | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Journal Article Review |
| GroupedDBID | --- .55 0R~ 123 29M 36B 39C 4.4 53G 70F 7RV 7X7 88E 88I 8AO 8C1 8CJ 8FE 8FH 8FI 8FJ 8R4 8R5 AARCD AAWYQ AAYZH ABAWZ ABDBF ABFSG ABJNI ABLJU ABUWG ACGFO ACGFS ACMJI ACPRK ACSTC ACUHS ADBBV ADFRT AENEX AEUYN AEZWR AFANA AFBBN AFHIU AFKRA AFRAH AFSHS AGAYW AHBCP AHMBA AHOSX AHSBF AHWEU AIBTJ AIXLP ALFFA ALIPV ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALPWD AMTXH ARMCB ASPBG ATHPR AVWKF AXYYD AZFZN AZQEC BBNVY BENPR BHPHI BKEYQ BKKNO BKSAR BPHCQ BVXVI CCPQU CGR CS3 CUY CVF D1J DB5 DU5 DWQXO EAD EAP EAS EBS ECM EE. EIF EJD EMB EMK EMOBN ESX EX3 EXGXG F5P FEDTE FQGFK FSGXE FYUFA GNUQQ HCIFZ HMCUK HVGLF HZ~ IAO IH2 IHR INH INR ITC LGEZI LK8 LOTEE M1P M2P M7P MM. N9A NADUK NAPCQ NFIDA NNMJJ NPM NXXTH O9- ODYON P2P PCBAR PHGZM PHGZT PJZUB PPXIY PQGLB PQQKQ PROAC PSQYO Q2X QF4 QM4 QN7 QO4 RNR RNT RNTTT SHXYY SIXXV SNYQT SOJ SV3 TAOOD TBHMF TDRGL TSG TUS UKHRP WOW X7M 3V. 7QL 7U9 7XB 88A 8FD 8FK AGSTI C1K FR3 H94 K9. M7N P64 PKEHL PQEST PQUKI Q9U RC3 7X8 PUEGO |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c419t-6b4dc37f42361fef9a0a94f5d4cb0ddf0f14deaafd3dcf1e6988e1f011ac3f223 |
| IEDL.DBID | M7P |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 325 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000912884300002&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 1740-1526 1740-1534 |
| IngestDate | Thu Oct 02 18:33:49 EDT 2025 Mon Oct 06 17:07:03 EDT 2025 Mon Jul 21 06:06:12 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | false |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 3 |
| Language | English |
| License | 2022. Springer Nature Limited. |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c419t-6b4dc37f42361fef9a0a94f5d4cb0ddf0f14deaafd3dcf1e6988e1f011ac3f223 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23 |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0601-3550 0000-0002-4850-7172 0000-0002-5789-8988 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-022-00822-w.pdf |
| PMID | 36460930 |
| PQID | 2776891104 |
| PQPubID | 27584 |
| PageCount | 15 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_miscellaneous_2746388662 proquest_journals_2776891104 pubmed_primary_36460930 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2023-03-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2023-03-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 03 year: 2023 text: 2023-03-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | England |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: England – name: London |
| PublicationTitle | Nature reviews. Microbiology |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Nat Rev Microbiol |
| PublicationYear | 2023 |
| Publisher | Nature Publishing Group |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Nature Publishing Group |
| SSID | ssj0025572 |
| Score | 2.7346828 |
| SecondaryResourceType | review_article |
| Snippet | SARS-CoV-2 viral load and detection of infectious virus in the respiratory tract are the two key parameters for estimating infectiousness. As shedding of... |
| SourceID | proquest pubmed |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Index Database |
| StartPage | 147 |
| SubjectTerms | COVID-19 Health promotion Humans Immunity Kinetics Pandemics Parameter estimation Public health Respiratory tract SARS-CoV-2 - genetics Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Vaccination Viral diseases Viral Load Viruses |
| Title | SARS-CoV-2 viral load and shedding kinetics |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36460930 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2776891104 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2746388662 |
| Volume | 21 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000912884300002&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1LS8QwEB58giC-H-tjqeBNgmmTTZOT6KJ42aWsD_a2ZJsExaVdt6viv3fS1vWkFy8DpSWUYR5fJpP5AE7RhEKNWwlinLCEhwbjIOOcOK0RjWM-iF1akk3E3a7s91VSF9yKuq3yOyaWgdrkqa-Rn0cxAmP0TMovxq_Es0b509WaQmMeFv2UBFa27iWzDVerVZI3IeimBPOUqC_NUCbPC0xcsSK-l70cek4-foeYZaq5Wf_vT27AWg0yg8vKKjZhzmZbsFzRTn5uwWpVqwuqK0jbcHZ32bsj7fyRRIHv-R0Fo1ybQGcmKJ6s8dkteEE06ic678DDzfV9-5bUJAok5aGaEjHkJmWx437KirNOaaoVdy3D0yE1xlEXcmO1doaZ1IVWKClt6NDtdcocgoddWMjyzO5DoJiNdSRwBaf5MLRS2chY5qxHeVTLBhx9a2VQe0Ix-FFJA05mr9GG_cGEzmz-5r_hGAakEFED9irND8bVsI0BE1xQxejB34sfwoongq-6w45gYTp5s8ewlL5Pn4tJE-bj3qOX_biUEqVsh01YvLruJj186kRJszQelN2k8wW2rsTm |
| linkProvider | ProQuest |
| linkToHtml | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1LS8QwEB7EBwri-7E-I-hJgmmTTZuDiPhAURfxhbeabRIUpVW76-Kf8jc6aXf1pDcPnltC6cx88yWZmQ9gHV0o0LiVoMZJS0VgEAe5ENRpjWwc80Hk0lJsImo04ttbdd4HH71eGF9W2cPEEqhNnvoz8q0wQmKMkcnEzvML9apR_na1J6FRucWJfe_glq3YPt5H-26E4eHB1d4R7aoK0FQEqkVlU5iUR074sSPOOqWZVsLVjUibzBjHXCCM1doZblIXWKni2AYO40Cn3IV-0AFC_gDieOBLyKKLm68NXr1eikUhyWcU86LsNukwHm8VmCgjRX3tfDlknXZ-prRlajsc_28_ZQLGuiSa7FZePwl9NpuCoUpW830KRquzSFK1WE3D5uXuxSXdy29oSHxN8xN5yrUhOjOkuLfGZ2_yiGzbT6yeges_-fJZ6M_yzM4DUdxGOpS4gtOiGdhY2dBY7qxnsUzHNVjqWSHpRnqRfJugBmtfjzFG_cWLzmze9u8IhLlYyrAGc5Wlk-dqmEjCpZBMcbbw--KrMHx0dXaanB43ThZhxIveV5VwS9Dfem3bZRhM31oPxetK6ZIE7v7a3J_hJx7X |
| linkToPdf | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1LT9wwEB4hKAipanmVbsvDSHBC1jq2ceJDVaGlKxBohXiJW_DGtopYJUB2WfHX-us6TrL0RG8cOCeyonzz-Gx_MwOwjSYUGdxKUOuVozKyGAeFlNQbg2wc80Hss2rYRNzrJdfX-nQK_kxqYYKschITq0Btiyyckbd5jMQYPZPJtm9kEacH3Z_3DzRMkAo3rZNxGrWJHLvnMW7fyh9HB4j1DufdXxedQ9pMGKCZjPSQqr60mYi9DC1IvPPaMKOl37My6zNrPfORtM4Yb4XNfOSUThIXefQJkwnPQ9MDDP8zsUArDlXqnRd5CTL1anAUEn5GMUeqpmCHiaRdYtKMNQ06-qrhOh2_Tm-rNNf9_J5_0AJ8asg12a-9YRGmXL4Es_W4zecl-FifUZK69GoZds_3z85pp7iinASt84AMCmOJyS0pfzsbsjq5QxYeOlmvwOWbfPkXmM6L3H0FooWLDVe4gjeyH7lEO26d8C6wW2aSFqxNEEmbCFCm_-BowdbLY_TdcCFjcleMwjsSDSdRirdgtUY9va-bjKRCScW0YN_-v_gmzCHK6clR7_g7zHNkYLVAbg2mh48jtw4fsqfhbfm4UVkngZu3RvsvyLUnMg |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SARS-CoV-2+viral+load+and+shedding+kinetics&rft.jtitle=Nature+reviews.+Microbiology&rft.au=Puhach%2C+Olha&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Eckerle%2C+Isabella&rft.date=2023-03-01&rft.pub=Nature+Publishing+Group&rft.issn=1740-1526&rft.eissn=1740-1534&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=147&rft.epage=161&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fs41579-022-00822-w&rft.externalDBID=HAS_PDF_LINK |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1740-1526&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1740-1526&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1740-1526&client=summon |