Is habitat fragmentation bad for biodiversity?

In a review of landscape-scale empirical studies, Fahrig (2017a) found that ecological responses to habitat fragmentation per se (fragmentation independent of habitat amount) were usually non-significant (>70% of responses) and that 76% of significant relationships were positive, with species abu...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Biological conservation Vol. 230; pp. 179 - 186
Main Authors:	Fahrig, Lenore, Arroyo-Rodríguez, Víctor, Bennett, Joseph R., Boucher-Lalonde, Véronique, Cazetta, Eliana, Currie, David J., Eigenbrod, Felix, Ford, Adam T., Harrison, Susan P., Jaeger, Jochen A.G., Koper, Nicola, Martin, Amanda E., Martin, Jean-Louis, Metzger, Jean Paul, Morrison, Peter, Rhodes, Jonathan R., Saunders, Denis A., Simberloff, Daniel, Smith, Adam C., Tischendorf, Lutz, Vellend, Mark, Watling, James I.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Elsevier Ltd 01.02.2019 Elsevier
Subjects:	Biodiversity and Ecology Corridors Cross-scale extrapolation ecological value Edge effect edge effects empirical research environmental impact Environmental Sciences Global Changes Habitat diversity habitat fragmentation Habitat fragmentation per se Habitat loss habitats Landscape configuration Landscape heterogeneity landscapes Patch isolation Patch size prediction risk SLOSS Spatial scale species abundance SLOSS Edge effect Habitat loss Cross-scale extrapolation Landscape configuration Corridors Habitat fragmentation per se Landscape heterogeneity Patch size Habitat diversity Spatial scale Patch isolation
ISSN:	0006-3207, 1873-2917
Online Access:	Get full text
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Abstract	In a review of landscape-scale empirical studies, Fahrig (2017a) found that ecological responses to habitat fragmentation per se (fragmentation independent of habitat amount) were usually non-significant (>70% of responses) and that 76% of significant relationships were positive, with species abundance, occurrence, richness, and other response variables increasing with habitat fragmentation per se. Fahrig concluded that to date there is no empirical evidence supporting the widespread assumption that a group of small habitat patches generally has lower ecological value than large patches of the same total area. Fletcher et al. (2018) dispute this conclusion, arguing that the literature to date indicates generally negative ecological effects of habitat fragmentation per se. They base their argument largely on extrapolation from patch-scale patterns and mechanisms (effects of patch size and isolation, and edge effects) to landscape-scale effects of habitat fragmentation. We argue that such extrapolation is unreliable because: (1) it ignores other mechanisms, especially those acting at landscape scales (e.g., increased habitat diversity, spreading of risk, landscape complementation) that can counteract effects of the documented patch-scale mechanisms; and (2) extrapolation of a small-scale mechanism to a large-scale pattern is not evidence of that pattern but, rather a prediction that must be tested at the larger scale. Such tests were the subject of Fahrig's review. We find no support for Fletcher et al.'s claim that biases in Fahrig's review would alter its conclusions. We encourage further landscape-scale empirical studies of effects of habitat fragmentation per se, and research aimed at uncovering the mechanisms that underlie positive fragmentation effects. •Habitat fragmentation per se is a landscape-scale phenomenon.•Cross-scale extrapolation from edge effects to fragmentation effects is unreliable.•Most responses to habitat fragmentation per se are non-significant.•Most significant responses to habitat fragmentation per se are positive.•Sets of small habitat patches with a large total area have high conservation value.
AbstractList	In a review of landscape-scale empirical studies, Fahrig (2017a) found that ecological responses to habitat fragmentation per se (fragmentation independent of habitat amount) were usually non-significant (>70% of responses) and that 76% of significant relationships were positive, with species abundance, occurrence, richness, and other response variables increasing with habitat fragmentation per se. Fahrig concluded that to date there is no empirical evidence supporting the widespread assumption that a group of small habitat patches generally has lower ecological value than large patches of the same total area. Fletcher et al. (2018) dispute this conclusion, arguing that the literature to date indicates generally negative ecological effects of habitat fragmentation per se. They base their argument largely on extrapolation from patch-scale patterns and mechanisms (effects of patch size and isolation, and edge effects) to landscape-scale effects of habitat fragmentation. We argue that such extrapolation is unreliable because: (1) it ignores other mechanisms, especially those acting at landscape scales (e.g., increased habitat diversity, spreading of risk, landscape complementation) that can counteract effects of the documented patch-scale mechanisms; and (2) extrapolation of a small-scale mechanism to a large-scale pattern is not evidence of that pattern but, rather a prediction that must be tested at the larger scale. Such tests were the subject of Fahrig's review. We find no support for Fletcher et al.'s claim that biases in Fahrig's review would alter its conclusions. We encourage further landscape-scale empirical studies of effects of habitat fragmentation per se, and research aimed at uncovering the mechanisms that underlie positive fragmentation effects. In a review of landscape-scale empirical studies, Fahrig (2017a) found that ecological responses to habitat fragmentation per se (fragmentation independent of habitat amount) were usually non-significant (>70% of responses) and that 76% of significant relationships were positive, with species abundance, occurrence, richness, and other response variables increasing with habitat fragmentation per se. Fahrig concluded that to date there is no empirical evidence supporting the widespread assumption that a group of small habitat patches generally has lower ecological value than large patches of the same total area. Fletcher et al. (2018) dispute this conclusion, arguing that the literature to date indicates generally negative ecological effects of habitat fragmentation per se. They base their argument largely on extrapolation from patch-scale patterns and mechanisms (effects of patch size and isolation, and edge effects) to landscape-scale effects of habitat fragmentation. We argue that such extrapolation is unreliable because: (1) it ignores other mechanisms, especially those acting at landscape scales (e.g., increased habitat diversity, spreading of risk, landscape complementation) that can counteract effects of the documented patch-scale mechanisms; and (2) extrapolation of a small-scale mechanism to a large-scale pattern is not evidence of that pattern but, rather a prediction that must be tested at the larger scale. Such tests were the subject of Fahrig's review. We find no support for Fletcher et al.'s claim that biases in Fahrig's review would alter its conclusions. We encourage further landscape-scale empirical studies of effects of habitat fragmentation per se, and research aimed at uncovering the mechanisms that underlie positive fragmentation effects. •Habitat fragmentation per se is a landscape-scale phenomenon.•Cross-scale extrapolation from edge effects to fragmentation effects is unreliable.•Most responses to habitat fragmentation per se are non-significant.•Most significant responses to habitat fragmentation per se are positive.•Sets of small habitat patches with a large total area have high conservation value.
Author	Currie, David J. Arroyo-Rodríguez, Víctor Martin, Amanda E. Fahrig, Lenore Boucher-Lalonde, Véronique Harrison, Susan P. Bennett, Joseph R. Watling, James I. Cazetta, Eliana Martin, Jean-Louis Ford, Adam T. Rhodes, Jonathan R. Simberloff, Daniel Vellend, Mark Smith, Adam C. Morrison, Peter Metzger, Jean Paul Saunders, Denis A. Tischendorf, Lutz Eigenbrod, Felix Jaeger, Jochen A.G. Koper, Nicola
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Lenore orcidid: 0000-0002-3841-0342 surname: Fahrig fullname: Fahrig, Lenore email: lenore.fahrig@carleton.ca organization: Geomatics and Landscape Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa K1S 4B6, Canada – sequence: 2 givenname: Víctor surname: Arroyo-Rodríguez fullname: Arroyo-Rodríguez, Víctor organization: Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico – sequence: 3 givenname: Joseph R. surname: Bennett fullname: Bennett, Joseph R. email: joseph.bennett@carleton.ca organization: Geomatics and Landscape Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa K1S 4B6, Canada – sequence: 4 givenname: Véronique surname: Boucher-Lalonde fullname: Boucher-Lalonde, Véronique organization: Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, (Québec) J1K 2R1, Canada – sequence: 5 givenname: Eliana surname: Cazetta fullname: Cazetta, Eliana organization: Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à Conservação, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus, BA, CEP 45662-900, Brazil – sequence: 6 givenname: David J. orcidid: 0000-0002-4906-2363 surname: Currie fullname: Currie, David J. email: david.currie@uottawa.ca organization: Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada – sequence: 7 givenname: Felix surname: Eigenbrod fullname: Eigenbrod, Felix email: f.eigenbrod@soton.ac.uk organization: Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Room 2078, Shackleton Building (B44), Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK – sequence: 8 givenname: Adam T. surname: Ford fullname: Ford, Adam T. email: adam.ford@ubc.ca organization: Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada – sequence: 9 givenname: Susan P. surname: Harrison fullname: Harrison, Susan P. email: spharrison@ucdavis.edu organization: Environmental Science and Policy, Wickson Hall, University of California, Davis, USA – sequence: 10 givenname: Jochen A.G. surname: Jaeger fullname: Jaeger, Jochen A.G. email: jochen.jaeger@concordia.ca organization: Concordia University Montreal, Department of Geography, Planning and Environment, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Suite 1255, Montréal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada – sequence: 11 givenname: Nicola orcidid: 0000-0003-3576-9525 surname: Koper fullname: Koper, Nicola email: nicola.koper@umanitoba.ca organization: Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB. R3T 2N2, Canada – sequence: 12 givenname: Amanda E. orcidid: 0000-0002-1992-7901 surname: Martin fullname: Martin, Amanda E. email: amanda.martin@canada.ca organization: Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada – sequence: 13 givenname: Jean-Louis orcidid: 0000-0003-1538-2278 surname: Martin fullname: Martin, Jean-Louis email: jean-louis.martin@cefe.cnrs.fr organization: Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive UMR 5175, CNRS – Université de Montpellier – Université Paul Valéry Montpellier – EPHE - IRD, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France – sequence: 14 givenname: Jean Paul orcidid: 0000-0002-0087-5240 surname: Metzger fullname: Metzger, Jean Paul email: jpm@ib.usp.br organization: Dept. of Ecology, Institute of Bioscience, University of Sao Paulo, rua do Matao, 321, trv. 14, 05508-090 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil – sequence: 15 givenname: Peter surname: Morrison fullname: Morrison, Peter organization: Geomatics and Landscape Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa K1S 4B6, Canada – sequence: 16 givenname: Jonathan R. orcidid: 0000-0001-6746-7412 surname: Rhodes fullname: Rhodes, Jonathan R. email: j.rhodes@uq.edu.au organization: The University of Queensland, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia – sequence: 17 givenname: Denis A. orcidid: 0000-0001-5959-573X surname: Saunders fullname: Saunders, Denis A. email: denis.saunders@csiro.au organization: CSIRO Land & Water, Canberra, ACT, Australia – sequence: 18 givenname: Daniel surname: Simberloff fullname: Simberloff, Daniel email: tebo@utk.edu organization: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA – sequence: 19 givenname: Adam C. orcidid: 0000-0002-2829-4843 surname: Smith fullname: Smith, Adam C. email: adam.smith2@canada.ca organization: Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada – sequence: 20 givenname: Lutz surname: Tischendorf fullname: Tischendorf, Lutz organization: ELUTIS Modelling and Consulting Inc., 681 Melbourne Ave., Ottawa, ON K2A 1X4, Canada – sequence: 21 givenname: Mark orcidid: 0000-0002-2491-956X surname: Vellend fullname: Vellend, Mark email: mark.vellend@usherbrooke.ca organization: Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada – sequence: 22 givenname: James I. surname: Watling fullname: Watling, James I. email: jwatling@jcu.edu organization: John Carroll University, 1 John Carroll Boulevard, University Heights, OH 44118, USA
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Snippet	In a review of landscape-scale empirical studies, Fahrig (2017a) found that ecological responses to habitat fragmentation per se (fragmentation independent of...
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SubjectTerms	Biodiversity and Ecology Corridors Cross-scale extrapolation ecological value Edge effect edge effects empirical research environmental impact Environmental Sciences Global Changes Habitat diversity habitat fragmentation Habitat fragmentation per se Habitat loss habitats Landscape configuration Landscape heterogeneity landscapes Patch isolation Patch size prediction risk SLOSS Spatial scale species abundance
Title	Is habitat fragmentation bad for biodiversity?
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