Parkinson disease

Parkinson disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder. In Europe, prevalence and incidence rates for PD are estimated at approximately 108–257/100 000 and 11–19/100 000 per year, respectively. Risk factors include age, male gender and some environmental factors. The aetiology...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:European journal of neurology Vol. 27; no. 1; pp. 27 - 42
Main Authors: Balestrino, R., Schapira, A.H.V.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: England John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.01.2020
Subjects:
Akinesia
Brain diseases
clinical
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Dopamine receptors
Environmental factors
Europe
Genetics
Humans
Incidence
Inclusion bodies
Inclusions
Lewy bodies
Motor task performance
Movement disorders
neurodegeneration
Neurodegenerative diseases
Parkinson disease
Parkinson Disease - diagnosis
Parkinson Disease - epidemiology
Parkinson Disease - etiology
Parkinson Disease - therapy
Parkinson's disease
Pathogenesis
pathophysiology
Prevalence
Rigidity
Risk analysis
Risk Factors
Signs and symptoms
Substantia nigra
Substantia Nigra - metabolism
Substantia Nigra - pathology
Synuclein
treatment
Tremor
Europe
treatment
clinical
genetics
pathophysiology
Parkinson disease
neurodegeneration
movement disorders
ISSN:1351-5101, 1468-1331, 1468-1331
Online Access:Get full text
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Description
Summary:Parkinson disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder. In Europe, prevalence and incidence rates for PD are estimated at approximately 108–257/100 000 and 11–19/100 000 per year, respectively. Risk factors include age, male gender and some environmental factors. The aetiology of the disease in most patients is unknown, but different genetic causes have been identified. Although familial forms of PD account for only 5%–15% of cases, studies on these families provided interesting insight on the genetics and the pathogenesis of the disease allowing the identification of genes implicated in its pathogenesis and offering critical insights into the mechanisms of disease. The cardinal motor symptoms of PD are tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia/akinesia and postural instability, but the clinical picture includes other motor and non‐motor symptoms. Its diagnosis is principally clinical, although specific investigations can help the differential diagnosis from other forms of parkinsonism. Pathologically, PD is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra and by accumulation of misfolded α‐synuclein, which is found in intra‐cytoplasmic inclusions called Lewy bodies. Currently available treatments offer good control of motor symptoms but do not modify the evolution of the disease. This article is intended to provide a comprehensive, general and practical review of PD for the general neurologist.
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ISSN:1351-5101
1468-1331
1468-1331
DOI:10.1111/ene.14108