No evidence for an elephant-termite feedback loop in Sand Forest, South Africa

Termites and mammalian herbivores might derive mutual benefit from each other through positive feedback loops, but empirical evidence is lacking. One suggested positive feedback loop is between termites and elephant, both ecosystem engineers. Termites, as decomposer organisms, contribute to nutrient...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Biological conservation Vol. 203; pp. 125 - 133
Main Authors:	Lagendijk, D.D.G., Davies, A.B., Eggleton, P., Slotow, R.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Elsevier Ltd 01.11.2016
Subjects:	baits biogeochemical cycles cellulose conservation areas Disturbance ecosystem engineers ecosystems Elephant management Elephantidae forage quality foraging forests herbivores Invertebrates Isoptera issues and policy Keystone species Loxodonta africana mammals soil South Africa summer wet season Wood-feeding termites Woody debris South Africa Elephant management Keystone species Wood-feeding termites Invertebrates Woody debris Disturbance
ISSN:	0006-3207, 1873-2917
Online Access:	Get full text
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

Abstract	Termites and mammalian herbivores might derive mutual benefit from each other through positive feedback loops, but empirical evidence is lacking. One suggested positive feedback loop is between termites and elephant, both ecosystem engineers. Termites, as decomposer organisms, contribute to nutrient cycling and soil enrichment, creating hotspots with increased forage quality. Elephant are known to select these high quality vegetation patches, depositing woody debris when foraging, but it is unknown whether elephant presence might affect termites, and if a feedback loop between these two taxa exists. We tested this hypothesis by measuring termite diversity and activity over three months in the summer wet season, inside and outside a long-term (eight years) elephant exclosure experiment in Sand Forest at Phinda Private Game Reserve, South Africa. Termites were sampled using cellulose baits and woody debris was quantified using line transects. Termite activity was not affected by eight years of elephant absence, despite a greater volume of woody debris where elephant were present. Termite assemblages were similarly unaffected by elephant absence. Apart from Schedorhinotermes, all other termite genera were sampled in both treatments. Therefore, the postulated positive feedback loop between termites and elephant is not supported in Sand Forest. However, this does not contradict findings that areas with high termite activity positively influence herbivore foraging, only that elephant foraging does not affect termite activity. This suggests that elephant disturbance (and elephant management policies) has little to no effect on termites and the fundamental roles they play in ecosystems over at least the short-term. •A positive feedback loop between elephant and termites is suggested but untested.•Termite generic densities, abundances and assemblages were not affected by elephant.•Activity levels (frequency and intensity of attack) were not affected by elephant.•This despite higher dead wood availability where elephant were present.•Elephant management policies have no effect on termite presence and activity levels.
AbstractList	Termites and mammalian herbivores might derive mutual benefit from each other through positive feedback loops, but empirical evidence is lacking. One suggested positive feedback loop is between termites and elephant, both ecosystem engineers. Termites, as decomposer organisms, contribute to nutrient cycling and soil enrichment, creating hotspots with increased forage quality. Elephant are known to select these high quality vegetation patches, depositing woody debris when foraging, but it is unknown whether elephant presence might affect termites, and if a feedback loop between these two taxa exists. We tested this hypothesis by measuring termite diversity and activity over three months in the summer wet season, inside and outside a long-term (eight years) elephant exclosure experiment in Sand Forest at Phinda Private Game Reserve, South Africa. Termites were sampled using cellulose baits and woody debris was quantified using line transects. Termite activity was not affected by eight years of elephant absence, despite a greater volume of woody debris where elephant were present. Termite assemblages were similarly unaffected by elephant absence. Apart from Schedorhinotermes, all other termite genera were sampled in both treatments. Therefore, the postulated positive feedback loop between termites and elephant is not supported in Sand Forest. However, this does not contradict findings that areas with high termite activity positively influence herbivore foraging, only that elephant foraging does not affect termite activity. This suggests that elephant disturbance (and elephant management policies) has little to no effect on termites and the fundamental roles they play in ecosystems over at least the short-term. Termites and mammalian herbivores might derive mutual benefit from each other through positive feedback loops, but empirical evidence is lacking. One suggested positive feedback loop is between termites and elephant, both ecosystem engineers. Termites, as decomposer organisms, contribute to nutrient cycling and soil enrichment, creating hotspots with increased forage quality. Elephant are known to select these high quality vegetation patches, depositing woody debris when foraging, but it is unknown whether elephant presence might affect termites, and if a feedback loop between these two taxa exists. We tested this hypothesis by measuring termite diversity and activity over three months in the summer wet season, inside and outside a long-term (eight years) elephant exclosure experiment in Sand Forest at Phinda Private Game Reserve, South Africa. Termites were sampled using cellulose baits and woody debris was quantified using line transects. Termite activity was not affected by eight years of elephant absence, despite a greater volume of woody debris where elephant were present. Termite assemblages were similarly unaffected by elephant absence. Apart from Schedorhinotermes, all other termite genera were sampled in both treatments. Therefore, the postulated positive feedback loop between termites and elephant is not supported in Sand Forest. However, this does not contradict findings that areas with high termite activity positively influence herbivore foraging, only that elephant foraging does not affect termite activity. This suggests that elephant disturbance (and elephant management policies) has little to no effect on termites and the fundamental roles they play in ecosystems over at least the short-term. •A positive feedback loop between elephant and termites is suggested but untested.•Termite generic densities, abundances and assemblages were not affected by elephant.•Activity levels (frequency and intensity of attack) were not affected by elephant.•This despite higher dead wood availability where elephant were present.•Elephant management policies have no effect on termite presence and activity levels.
Author	Eggleton, P. Lagendijk, D.D.G. Slotow, R. Davies, A.B.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: D.D.G. surname: Lagendijk fullname: Lagendijk, D.D.G. email: georgette.lagendijk@gmail.com organization: Amarula Elephant Research Programme, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa – sequence: 2 givenname: A.B. surname: Davies fullname: Davies, A.B. organization: Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa – sequence: 3 givenname: P. surname: Eggleton fullname: Eggleton, P. organization: Soil Biodiversity Group, Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK – sequence: 4 givenname: R. surname: Slotow fullname: Slotow, R. organization: Amarula Elephant Research Programme, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
BookMark	eNqFkctOQyEQhompiW31DVywdOE5woGeiwsTY7wlRhe6J1yGlHoKFaiJby9NXbnQFRnyfzPwzQxNfPCA0CklNSW0vVjVygUdfN2UqiZ9TZr-AE1p37GqGWg3QVNCSFuxhnRHaJbSqpQdaxdT9PwcMHw6A14DtiFi6TGMsFlKn6sMce1yuQcwSup3PIawwc7jV-kNvgsRUj7Hr2Gbl_jaRqflMTq0ckxw8nPO0dvd7dvNQ_X0cv94c_1UaU77XJlOUUUWrNWm0R2TymjWW7sw0HOjLLWsBU4HTtmgBqkoV3ywVFLVWqtAsjk627fdxPCxLa8Qa5c0jKP0ELZJNOV_zbAos_6N0p63nHYFKNHLfVTHkFIEK7TLMrvgc5RuFJSInW6xEnvdYqdbkF4U3QXmv-BNdGsZv_7DrvYYFFufDqJI2u2WYVwEnYUJ7u8G30Ningg
CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_1007_s10980_018_0629_9 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10841_017_0019_7 crossref_primary_10_1002_ece3_7445 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00442_022_05152_5 crossref_primary_10_1111_1744_7917_12726 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42690_024_01197_6 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42729_021_00740_5 crossref_primary_10_1088_1748_9326_aba0ff crossref_primary_10_1111_aje_13334 crossref_primary_10_1002_ecy_4035 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biocon_2019_108329 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00040_020_00797_y crossref_primary_10_1111_ens_12328 crossref_primary_10_1002_ldr_4294 crossref_primary_10_1051_bioconf_202515501033
Cites_doi	10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.04.045 10.3957/0379-4369-38.2.171 10.1890/07-0776.1 10.1111/ecog.00532 10.1007/s00442-007-0799-7 10.1890/03-0570 10.1111/oik.02742 10.1007/BF00056505 10.1046/j.1365-2311.2003.00525.x 10.1016/j.tree.2003.09.003 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2011.05.005 10.1007/s10531-014-0750-2 10.1371/journal.pone.0128340 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00794.x 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.06.012 10.1007/s000400050084 10.1016/S0254-6299(15)31188-1 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00464.x 10.1016/j.biocon.2007.11.001 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2012.01459.x 10.1007/s10841-008-9205-y 10.1007/s00374-005-0839-6 10.1017/S0952836905007272 10.1017/S0266467413000564 10.1007/s00040-014-0386-y 10.1371/journal.pone.0017983 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01133.x 10.1111/jvs.12200 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01196.x 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09040747.x 10.1111/jvs.12393 10.1111/j.1752-4598.2007.00010.x 10.4102/koedoe.v50i1.138 10.1111/1365-2745.12218 10.1126/science.1261487 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.01.020 10.1073/pnas.0810637106 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00776.x 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01889.x 10.1007/s11284-015-1289-8 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00206-7 10.1098/rstb.1996.0004 10.1046/j.1365-2311.2001.00342.x 10.1017/S0266467413000631 10.1016/j.agee.2005.04.020 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.517 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02107.x 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05960.x 10.4102/abc.v29i2.602 10.1371/journal.pone.0140114 10.1007/s10980-015-0238-9 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2010.01197.x 10.14411/eje.2008.025 10.1111/btp.12030 10.1017/S0266467403001202
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	2016 Elsevier Ltd
Copyright_xml	– notice: 2016 Elsevier Ltd
DBID	AAYXX CITATION 7SN 7SS 7ST 7U6 C1K SOI 7S9 L.6
DOI	10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028
DatabaseName	CrossRef Ecology Abstracts Entomology Abstracts (Full archive) Environment Abstracts Sustainability Science Abstracts Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management Environment Abstracts AGRICOLA AGRICOLA - Academic
DatabaseTitle	CrossRef Entomology Abstracts Ecology Abstracts Environment Abstracts Sustainability Science Abstracts Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management AGRICOLA AGRICOLA - Academic
DatabaseTitleList	Entomology Abstracts AGRICOLA
DeliveryMethod	fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Agriculture Biology Ecology
EISSN	1873-2917
EndPage	133
ExternalDocumentID	10_1016_j_biocon_2016_08_028 S0006320716303317
GeographicLocations	South Africa
GeographicLocations_xml	– name: South Africa
GroupedDBID	--K --M -~X .~1 0R~ 1B1 1RT 1~. 1~5 23N 4.4 42X 457 4G. 53G 5GY 5VS 6TJ 7-5 71M 8P~ 9JM AABNK AACTN AAEDT AAEDW AAHBH AAIAV AAIKJ AAKOC AALCJ AALRI AAOAW AAQFI AAQXK AATLK AAXUO ABFNM ABFYP ABGRD ABLJU ABLST ABMAC ABXDB ACDAQ ACGFS ACIUM ACNCT ACRLP ADBBV ADEZE ADMUD ADQTV AEBSH AEKER AENEX AEQOU AFFNX AFKWA AFMIJ AFTJW AFXIZ AGHFR AGUBO AGYEJ AHEUO AHHHB AI. AIEXJ AIKHN AITUG AJOXV AKIFW AKRWK ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMFUW AMRAJ ASPBG AVWKF AXJTR AZFZN BKOJK BLECG BLXMC CS3 DU5 EBS EFJIC EJD EO8 EO9 EP2 EP3 F5P FDB FEDTE FGOYB FIRID FNPLU FYGXN G-2 G-Q GBLVA HLV HMC HVGLF HZ~ IHE J1W K-O KCYFY KOM LW9 LY9 M41 MO0 MVM N9A NEJ O-L O9- OAUVE OZT P-8 P-9 P2P PC. Q38 R2- RIG ROL RPZ SAB SCC SCU SDF SDG SDP SEN SES SEW SPCBC SSA SSJ SSZ T5K TN5 TWZ VH1 WH7 WUQ XJT Y6R ~02 ~G- ~KM 9DU AATTM AAXKI AAYWO AAYXX ABJNI ABUFD ABWVN ACLOT ACRPL ACVFH ADCNI ADNMO ADXHL AEGFY AEIPS AEUPX AFJKZ AFPUW AGQPQ AIGII AIIUN AKBMS AKYEP ANKPU APXCP CITATION EFKBS EFLBG ~HD 7SN 7SS 7ST 7U6 C1K SOI 7S9 L.6
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-d7b1b0536cd2c73abdc38ff5de84dbf1f36e4194139b9ab14b49f1a1b6ffbea3
ISICitedReferencesCount	17
ISICitedReferencesURI	http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000388156100015&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN	0006-3207
IngestDate	Sun Sep 28 06:14:23 EDT 2025 Tue Oct 07 10:05:41 EDT 2025 Tue Nov 18 21:32:39 EST 2025 Sat Nov 29 04:24:00 EST 2025 Wed Jul 24 08:06:36 EDT 2024
IsDoiOpenAccess	false
IsOpenAccess	true
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Keywords	Elephant management Keystone species Wood-feeding termites Invertebrates Woody debris Disturbance
Language	English
LinkModel	OpenURL
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c418t-d7b1b0536cd2c73abdc38ff5de84dbf1f36e4194139b9ab14b49f1a1b6ffbea3
Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
OpenAccessLink	https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320716303317
PQID	1846417000
PQPubID	23462
PageCount	9
ParticipantIDs	proquest_miscellaneous_2000295418 proquest_miscellaneous_1846417000 crossref_citationtrail_10_1016_j_biocon_2016_08_028 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biocon_2016_08_028 elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_biocon_2016_08_028
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	November 2016 2016-11-00 20161101
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2016-11-01
PublicationDate_xml	– month: 11 year: 2016 text: November 2016
PublicationDecade	2010
PublicationTitle	Biological conservation
PublicationYear	2016
Publisher	Elsevier Ltd
Publisher_xml	– name: Elsevier Ltd
References	Gaugris, Van Rooyen (bb0125) 2008; 38 Moll (bb0240) 1980 Loveridge, Moe (bb0215) 2004; 20 Okullo, Moe (bb0260) 2012; 100 Haynes (bb0140) 2012; 157 Van Aarde, Ferreira, Jackson, Page, de Beer, Gouch, Guldemond, Junker, Olivier, Ott, Trimble (bb0300) 2008 Eggleton, Bignell, Sands, Mawdsley, Lawton, Wood, Bignell (bb0105) 1996; 351 Clarke, Gorley (bb0040) 2006 Lagendijk, Mackey, Page, Slotow (bb0190) 2011; 6 Freymann, de Visser, Olff (bb0120) 2010; 33 Seymour, Joseph, Makumbe, Cumming, Mahlangu, Cumming (bb0285) 2016; 27 Eggleton, Williams, Gaston (bb0100) 1994; 3 Levick, Asner, Kennedy-Bowdoin, Knapp (bb0210) 2010; 143 Davies, Eggleton, van Rensburg, Parr (bb0060) 2012; 49 Carrijo, Brandão, de Oliveira, Costa, Santos (bb0035) 2009; 13 Lu, Davidescu, Sukri, Daskin (bb0220) 2013; 29 Neoh, Bong, Muhammad, Itoh, Kozan, Takematsu, Yoshimura (bb0255) 2015; 30 Van der Plas, Howison, Reinders, Fokkema, Olff (bb0305) 2013; 24 Davies, Eggleton, van Rensburg, Parr (bb0065) 2013; 45 Walker (bb0310) 1995; 9 Jouquet, Traore, Choosai, Hartmann, Bignell (bb0170) 2011; 47 Schuurman (bb0280) 2005; 86 Pringle (bb0265) 2008; 89 Kirkwood, Midgley (bb0185) 1999; 29 Davies, Robertson, Levick, Asner, van Rensburg, Parr (bb0075) 2014; 25 Muvengwi, Mbiba, Nyenda (bb0250) 2013; 29 Dawes-Gromadzki (bb0090) 2003; 28 Haddad, Honiball, Dippenaar-Schoeman, Slotow, Van Rensburg (bb0135) 2010; 48 Davies, Levick, Asner, Robertson, van Rensburg, Parr (bb0070) 2014; 37 Attignon, Lachat, Sinsin, Nagel, Peveling (bb0010) 2005; 110 Lagendijk, Thaker, de Boer, Page, Prins, Slotow (bb0200) 2015; 10 Sileshi, Arshad, Konate, Nkunika (bb0295) 2010; 21 Holdo, McDowell (bb0145) 2004; 36 Davies, Levick, Robertson, van Rensburg, Asner, Parr (bb0085) 2016; 125 Joseph, Makumbe, Seymour, Cumming, Mahlangu, Cumming (bb0160) 2015; 30 Luke, Fayle, Eggleton, Turner, Davies (bb0225) 2014; 23 Siebert, Eckhardt (bb0290) 2008; 50 Jones, Eggleton (bb0150) 2000; 37 Botes, McGeoch, Van Rensburg (bb0030) 2006; 130 Levick, Rogers (bb0205) 2008; 141 Warren, Olsen (bb0315) 1964; 10 Jouquet, Barre, Lepage, Velde (bb0165) 2005; 41 Donovan, Eggleton, Bignell (bb0095) 2001; 26 Davies, Eggleton, van Rensburg, Parr (bb0080) 2015; 62 Eggleton, Bignell, Hauser, Dibog, Norgrove, Madong (bb0110) 2002; 90 Jones, Susilo, Bignell, Hardiwinoto, Gillison, Eggleton (bb0155) 2003; 40 Scholes, Archer (bb0275) 1997; 28 Goheen, Young, Keesing, Palmer (bb0130) 2007; 95 Clarke, Warwick (bb0045) 2001 Lagendijk, Page, Slotow (bb0195) 2012; 44 Berge, Bignell, Rahman, Burslem (bb0020) 2008; 1 Keller (bb0175) 1998; 45 Cromsigt, te Beest (bb0050) 2014; 102 Matthews, Van Wijk, Van Rooyen, Botha (bb0230) 2003; 67 Mucina, Rutherford (bb0245) 2006 Avitabile, Nimmo, Bennett, Clarke (bb0015) 2015; 10 Mobæk, Narmo, Moe (bb0235) 2005; 267 Freymann, Buitenwerf, Desouza, Olff (bb0115) 2008; 105 Kerley, Landman, Kruger, Owen-Smith, Balfour, de Boer, Gaylard, Lindsay, Slotow (bb0180) 2008 Worm, Duffy (bb0320) 2003; 18 Asner, Levick, Kennedy-Bowdoin, Knapp, Emerson, Jacobson, Colgan, Martin (bb0005) 2009; 106 Bonachela, Pringle, Sheffer, Coverdale, Guyton, Caylor, Levin, Tarnita (bb0025) 2015; 347 Cumming, Fenton, Rautenbach, Taylor, Cumming, Cumming, Dunlop, Ford, Hovorka, Johnston, Kalcounis, Mahlangu, Portfors (bb0055) 1997; 93 Riginos, Young (bb0270) 2007; 153 Luke (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0225) 2014; 23 Davies (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0070) 2014; 37 Joseph (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0160) 2015; 30 Jones (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0150) 2000; 37 Cumming (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0055) 1997; 93 Attignon (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0010) 2005; 110 Lagendijk (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0190) 2011; 6 Davies (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0080) 2015; 62 Freymann (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0120) 2010; 33 Clarke (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0045) 2001 Davies (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0060) 2012; 49 Pringle (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0265) 2008; 89 Van Aarde (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0300) 2008 Kerley (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0180) 2008 Walker (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0310) 1995; 9 Okullo (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0260) 2012; 100 Eggleton (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0100) 1994; 3 Berge (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0020) 2008; 1 Donovan (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0095) 2001; 26 Lu (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0220) 2013; 29 Van der Plas (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0305) 2013; 24 Cromsigt (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0050) 2014; 102 Asner (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0005) 2009; 106 Haynes (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0140) 2012; 157 Schuurman (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0280) 2005; 86 Keller (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0175) 1998; 45 Muvengwi (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0250) 2013; 29 Riginos (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0270) 2007; 153 Matthews (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0230) 2003; 67 Davies (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0075) 2014; 25 Avitabile (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0015) 2015; 10 Scholes (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0275) 1997; 28 Bonachela (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0025) 2015; 347 Loveridge (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0215) 2004; 20 Seymour (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0285) 2016; 27 Davies (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0065) 2013; 45 Jones (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0155) 2003; 40 Mobæk (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0235) 2005; 267 Neoh (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0255) 2015; 30 Clarke (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0040) 2006 Moll (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0240) 1980 Levick (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0205) 2008; 141 Worm (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0320) 2003; 18 Levick (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0210) 2010; 143 Dawes-Gromadzki (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0090) 2003; 28 Holdo (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0145) 2004; 36 Eggleton (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0105) 1996; 351 Eggleton (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0110) 2002; 90 Carrijo (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0035) 2009; 13 Haddad (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0135) 2010; 48 Sileshi (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0295) 2010; 21 Davies (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0085) 2016; 125 Jouquet (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0170) 2011; 47 Freymann (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0115) 2008; 105 Goheen (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0130) 2007; 95 Warren (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0315) 1964; 10 Botes (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0030) 2006; 130 Gaugris (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0125) 2008; 38 Siebert (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0290) 2008; 50 Kirkwood (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0185) 1999; 29 Jouquet (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0165) 2005; 41 Mucina (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0245) 2006 Lagendijk (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0195) 2012; 44 Lagendijk (10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0200) 2015; 10
References_xml	– start-page: 84 year: 2008 end-page: 145 ident: bb0300 article-title: Elephant population biology and ecology publication-title: Elephant Management: A Scientific Assessment for South Africa – start-page: 146 year: 2008 end-page: 205 ident: bb0180 article-title: Effects of elephants on ecosystems and biodiversity publication-title: Elephant Management: A Scientific Assessment for South Africa – year: 2006 ident: bb0245 article-title: The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland – volume: 100 start-page: 232 year: 2012 end-page: 241 ident: bb0260 article-title: Termite activity, not grazing, is the main determinant of spatial variation in savanna herbaceous vegetation publication-title: J. Ecol. – volume: 10 start-page: 267 year: 1964 end-page: 276 ident: bb0315 article-title: A line intersect technique for assessing logging waste publication-title: For. Sci. – volume: 157 start-page: 99 year: 2012 end-page: 107 ident: bb0140 article-title: Elephants (and extinct relatives) as earth-movers and ecosystem engineers publication-title: Geomorphology – volume: 33 start-page: 443 year: 2010 end-page: 450 ident: bb0120 article-title: Spatial and temporal hotspots of termite-driven decomposition in the Serengeti publication-title: Ecography – volume: 30 start-page: 759 year: 2015 end-page: 769 ident: bb0255 article-title: Understanding the impact of fire on termites in degraded tropical peatlands and the mechanisms for their ecological success: current knowledge and research needs publication-title: Ecol. Res. – volume: 110 start-page: 318 year: 2005 end-page: 326 ident: bb0010 article-title: Termite assemblages in a west-African semi-deciduous forest and teak plantations publication-title: Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. – volume: 26 start-page: 356 year: 2001 end-page: 366 ident: bb0095 article-title: Gut content analysis and a new feeding group classification of termites publication-title: Ecol. Entomol. – volume: 45 start-page: 235 year: 1998 end-page: 246 ident: bb0175 article-title: Queen lifespan and colony characteristics in ants and termites publication-title: Insect. Soc. – volume: 143 start-page: 2462 year: 2010 end-page: 2467 ident: bb0210 article-title: The spatial extent of termite influences on herbivore browsing in an African savanna publication-title: Biol. Conserv. – volume: 49 start-page: 422 year: 2012 end-page: 430 ident: bb0060 article-title: The pyrodiversity–biodiversity hypothesis: a test with savanna termite assemblages publication-title: J. Appl. Ecol. – volume: 351 start-page: 51 year: 1996 end-page: 68 ident: bb0105 article-title: The diversity, abundance and biomass of termites under differing levels of disturbance in the Mbalmayo Forest Reserve, southern Cameroon publication-title: Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B – volume: 29 start-page: 563 year: 2013 end-page: 566 ident: bb0220 article-title: Termites facilitate root foraging by trees in a Bornean tropical forest publication-title: J. Trop. Ecol. – volume: 28 start-page: 517 year: 1997 end-page: 544 ident: bb0275 article-title: Tree-grass interactions in savannas publication-title: Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. – volume: 105 start-page: 165 year: 2008 end-page: 173 ident: bb0115 article-title: The importance of termites (Isoptera) for the recycling of herbivore dung in tropical ecosystems: a review publication-title: Eur. J. Entomol. – volume: 125 start-page: 726 year: 2016 end-page: 734 ident: bb0085 article-title: Termite mounds differ in their importance for herbivores across savanna types, seasons and spatial scales publication-title: Oikos – volume: 1 start-page: 85 year: 2008 end-page: 94 ident: bb0020 article-title: Quantification of termite attack on lying dead wood by a line intersection method in the Kabili-Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia publication-title: Insect Conserv. Divers. – volume: 44 start-page: 63 year: 2012 end-page: 72 ident: bb0195 article-title: Short-term effects of single species browsing release by different-sized herbivores on sand forest vegetation community, South Africa publication-title: Biotropica – volume: 90 start-page: 189 year: 2002 end-page: 202 ident: bb0110 article-title: Termite diversity across an anthropogenic disturbance gradient in the humid forest zone of west Africa publication-title: Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. – volume: 27 start-page: 824 year: 2016 end-page: 833 ident: bb0285 article-title: Woody species composition in an African savanna: determined by centuries of termite activity but modulated by 50 publication-title: J. Veg. Sci. – volume: 93 start-page: 231 year: 1997 end-page: 236 ident: bb0055 article-title: Elephants, woodlands and biodiversity in southern Africa publication-title: S. Afr. J. Sci. – volume: 28 start-page: 397 year: 2003 end-page: 404 ident: bb0090 article-title: Sampling subterranean termite species diversity and activity in tropical savannas: an assessment of different bait choices publication-title: Ecol. Entomol. – volume: 21 start-page: 923 year: 2010 end-page: 937 ident: bb0295 article-title: Termite-induced heterogeneity in African savanna vegetation: mechanisms and patterns publication-title: J. Veg. Sci. – volume: 3 start-page: 318 year: 1994 end-page: 330 ident: bb0100 article-title: Explaining global termite diversity — productivity or history publication-title: Biodivers. Conserv. – volume: 25 start-page: 1405 year: 2014 end-page: 1416 ident: bb0075 article-title: Variable effects of termite mounds on African savanna grass communities across a rainfall gradient publication-title: J. Veg. Sci. – volume: 67 start-page: 573 year: 2003 end-page: 594 ident: bb0230 article-title: Vegetation of Tembe Elephant Park, Maputaland, South Africa publication-title: S. Afr. J. Bot. – volume: 45 start-page: 474 year: 2013 end-page: 479 ident: bb0065 article-title: Assessing the relative efficiency of termite sampling methods along a rainfall gradient in African savannas publication-title: Biotropica – volume: 62 start-page: 157 year: 2015 end-page: 165 ident: bb0080 article-title: Seasonal activity patterns of African savanna termites vary across a rainfall gradient publication-title: Insect. Soc. – volume: 48 start-page: 446 year: 2010 end-page: 460 ident: bb0135 article-title: Spiders as potential indicators of elephant-induced habitat changes in endemic sand forest, Maputaland, South Africa publication-title: Afr. J. Ecol. – volume: 141 start-page: 489 year: 2008 end-page: 498 ident: bb0205 article-title: Patch and species specific responses of savanna woody vegetation to browser exclusion publication-title: Biol. Conserv. – volume: 267 start-page: 97 year: 2005 end-page: 102 ident: bb0235 article-title: Termitaria are focal feeding sites for large ungulates in Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda publication-title: J. Zool. – volume: 37 start-page: 191 year: 2000 end-page: 203 ident: bb0150 article-title: Sampling termite assemblages in tropical forests: testing a rapid biodiversity assessment protocol publication-title: J. Appl. Ecol. – volume: 130 start-page: 573 year: 2006 end-page: 583 ident: bb0030 article-title: Elephant- and human-induced changes to dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) assemblages in the Maputaland Centre of Endemism publication-title: Biol. Conserv. – volume: 6 year: 2011 ident: bb0190 article-title: The effects of herbivory by a mega- and mesoherbivore on tree recruitment in sand forest, South Africa publication-title: PLoS One – volume: 9 start-page: 747 year: 1995 end-page: 752 ident: bb0310 article-title: Conserving biological diversity through ecosystem resilience publication-title: Conserv. Biol. – volume: 347 start-page: 651 year: 2015 end-page: 655 ident: bb0025 article-title: Termite mounds can increase the robustness of dryland ecosystems to climatic change publication-title: Science – volume: 18 start-page: 628 year: 2003 end-page: 632 ident: bb0320 article-title: Biodiversity, productivity and stability in real food webs publication-title: Trends Ecol. Evol. – volume: 10 year: 2015 ident: bb0200 article-title: Change in mesoherbivore browsing is mediated by elephant and hillslope position publication-title: PLoS One – volume: 37 start-page: 852 year: 2014 end-page: 862 ident: bb0070 article-title: Spatial variability and abiotic determinants of termite mounds throughout a savanna catchment publication-title: Ecography – volume: 30 start-page: 2161 year: 2015 end-page: 2174 ident: bb0160 article-title: Termite mounds mitigate against 50 publication-title: Landsc. Ecol. – volume: 38 start-page: 171 year: 2008 end-page: 184 ident: bb0125 article-title: A spatial and temporal analysis of sand forest tree assemblages in Maputaland, South Africa publication-title: S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. – volume: 29 start-page: 293 year: 1999 end-page: 304 ident: bb0185 article-title: The floristics of sand forest in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa publication-title: Bothalia – volume: 50 start-page: 126 year: 2008 end-page: 144 ident: bb0290 article-title: The vegetation and floristics of the Nkhuhlu exclosures, Kruger National Park publication-title: Koedoe – year: 2006 ident: bb0040 article-title: PRIMER v6: User Manual/Tutorial – volume: 20 start-page: 337 year: 2004 end-page: 343 ident: bb0215 article-title: Termitaria as browsing hotspots for African megaherbivores in miombo woodland publication-title: J. Trop. Ecol. – volume: 95 start-page: 129 year: 2007 end-page: 138 ident: bb0130 article-title: Consequences of herbivory by native ungulates for the reproduction of a savanna tree publication-title: J. Ecol. – volume: 153 start-page: 984 year: 2007 end-page: 995 ident: bb0270 article-title: Positive and negative effects of grass, cattle, and wild herbivores on publication-title: Oecologia – volume: 10 year: 2015 ident: bb0015 article-title: Termites are resistant to the effects of fire at multiple spatial scales publication-title: PLoS One – year: 2001 ident: bb0045 article-title: Change in Marine Communities: An Approach to Statistical Analysis and Interpretation – volume: 106 start-page: 4947 year: 2009 end-page: 4952 ident: bb0005 article-title: Large-scale impacts of herbivores on the structural diversity of African savannas publication-title: PNAS – volume: 23 start-page: 2817 year: 2014 end-page: 2832 ident: bb0225 article-title: Functional structure of ant and termite assemblages in old growth forest, logged forest and oil palm plantation in Malaysian Borneo publication-title: Biodivers. Conserv. – volume: 36 start-page: 231 year: 2004 end-page: 239 ident: bb0145 article-title: Termite mounds as nutrient-rich food patches for elephants publication-title: Biotropica – start-page: 52 year: 1980 end-page: 68 ident: bb0240 article-title: Terrestrial plant ecology publication-title: Studies on the Ecology of Maputaland – volume: 89 start-page: 26 year: 2008 end-page: 33 ident: bb0265 article-title: Elephants as agents of habitat creation for small vertebrates at the patch scale publication-title: Ecology – volume: 24 start-page: 227 year: 2013 end-page: 238 ident: bb0305 article-title: Functional traits of trees on and off termite mounds: understanding the origin of biotically-driven heterogeneity in savannas publication-title: J. Veg. Sci. – volume: 47 start-page: 215 year: 2011 end-page: 222 ident: bb0170 article-title: Influence of termites on ecosystem functioning. Ecosystem services provided by termites publication-title: Eur. J. Soil Biol. – volume: 13 start-page: 575 year: 2009 end-page: 581 ident: bb0035 article-title: Effects of pasture implantation on the termite (Isoptera) fauna in the central Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) publication-title: J. Insect Conserv. – volume: 102 start-page: 566 year: 2014 end-page: 575 ident: bb0050 article-title: Restoration of a megaherbivore: landscape-level impacts of white rhinoceros in Kruger National Park, South Africa publication-title: J. Ecol. – volume: 86 start-page: 1236 year: 2005 end-page: 1249 ident: bb0280 article-title: Decomposition rates and termite assemblage composition in semiarid Africa publication-title: Ecology – volume: 41 start-page: 365 year: 2005 end-page: 370 ident: bb0165 article-title: Impact of subterranean fungus-growing termites (Isoptera, Macrotermitiane) on chosen soil properties in a west African savanna publication-title: Biol. Fertil. Soils – volume: 29 start-page: 551 year: 2013 end-page: 558 ident: bb0250 article-title: Termite mounds may not be foraging hotspots for mega-herbivores in a nutrient-rich matrix publication-title: J. Trop. Ecol. – volume: 40 start-page: 380 year: 2003 end-page: 391 ident: bb0155 article-title: Termite assemblage collapse along a land-use intensification gradient in lowland central Sumatra, Indonesia publication-title: J. Appl. Ecol. – volume: 157 start-page: 99 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0140 article-title: Elephants (and extinct relatives) as earth-movers and ecosystem engineers publication-title: Geomorphology doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.04.045 – volume: 36 start-page: 231 year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0145 article-title: Termite mounds as nutrient-rich food patches for elephants publication-title: Biotropica – year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0245 – year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0040 – volume: 38 start-page: 171 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0125 article-title: A spatial and temporal analysis of sand forest tree assemblages in Maputaland, South Africa publication-title: S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. doi: 10.3957/0379-4369-38.2.171 – volume: 89 start-page: 26 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0265 article-title: Elephants as agents of habitat creation for small vertebrates at the patch scale publication-title: Ecology doi: 10.1890/07-0776.1 – volume: 37 start-page: 852 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0070 article-title: Spatial variability and abiotic determinants of termite mounds throughout a savanna catchment publication-title: Ecography doi: 10.1111/ecog.00532 – volume: 153 start-page: 984 year: 2007 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0270 article-title: Positive and negative effects of grass, cattle, and wild herbivores on Acacia saplings in an east African savanna publication-title: Oecologia doi: 10.1007/s00442-007-0799-7 – volume: 86 start-page: 1236 year: 2005 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0280 article-title: Decomposition rates and termite assemblage composition in semiarid Africa publication-title: Ecology doi: 10.1890/03-0570 – volume: 125 start-page: 726 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0085 article-title: Termite mounds differ in their importance for herbivores across savanna types, seasons and spatial scales publication-title: Oikos doi: 10.1111/oik.02742 – start-page: 84 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0300 article-title: Elephant population biology and ecology – volume: 93 start-page: 231 year: 1997 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0055 article-title: Elephants, woodlands and biodiversity in southern Africa publication-title: S. Afr. J. Sci. – volume: 3 start-page: 318 year: 1994 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0100 article-title: Explaining global termite diversity — productivity or history publication-title: Biodivers. Conserv. doi: 10.1007/BF00056505 – volume: 28 start-page: 397 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0090 article-title: Sampling subterranean termite species diversity and activity in tropical savannas: an assessment of different bait choices publication-title: Ecol. Entomol. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2311.2003.00525.x – volume: 18 start-page: 628 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0320 article-title: Biodiversity, productivity and stability in real food webs publication-title: Trends Ecol. Evol. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2003.09.003 – volume: 47 start-page: 215 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0170 article-title: Influence of termites on ecosystem functioning. Ecosystem services provided by termites publication-title: Eur. J. Soil Biol. doi: 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2011.05.005 – volume: 23 start-page: 2817 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0225 article-title: Functional structure of ant and termite assemblages in old growth forest, logged forest and oil palm plantation in Malaysian Borneo publication-title: Biodivers. Conserv. doi: 10.1007/s10531-014-0750-2 – volume: 10 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0200 article-title: Change in mesoherbivore browsing is mediated by elephant and hillslope position publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128340 – start-page: 52 year: 1980 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0240 article-title: Terrestrial plant ecology – volume: 40 start-page: 380 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0155 article-title: Termite assemblage collapse along a land-use intensification gradient in lowland central Sumatra, Indonesia publication-title: J. Appl. Ecol. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00794.x – year: 2001 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0045 – volume: 143 start-page: 2462 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0210 article-title: The spatial extent of termite influences on herbivore browsing in an African savanna publication-title: Biol. Conserv. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.06.012 – volume: 45 start-page: 235 year: 1998 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0175 article-title: Queen lifespan and colony characteristics in ants and termites publication-title: Insect. Soc. doi: 10.1007/s000400050084 – volume: 67 start-page: 573 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0230 article-title: Vegetation of Tembe Elephant Park, Maputaland, South Africa publication-title: S. Afr. J. Bot. doi: 10.1016/S0254-6299(15)31188-1 – volume: 37 start-page: 191 year: 2000 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0150 article-title: Sampling termite assemblages in tropical forests: testing a rapid biodiversity assessment protocol publication-title: J. Appl. Ecol. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00464.x – volume: 141 start-page: 489 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0205 article-title: Patch and species specific responses of savanna woody vegetation to browser exclusion publication-title: Biol. Conserv. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2007.11.001 – volume: 24 start-page: 227 year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0305 article-title: Functional traits of trees on and off termite mounds: understanding the origin of biotically-driven heterogeneity in savannas publication-title: J. Veg. Sci. doi: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2012.01459.x – volume: 13 start-page: 575 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0035 article-title: Effects of pasture implantation on the termite (Isoptera) fauna in the central Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) publication-title: J. Insect Conserv. doi: 10.1007/s10841-008-9205-y – volume: 41 start-page: 365 year: 2005 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0165 article-title: Impact of subterranean fungus-growing termites (Isoptera, Macrotermitiane) on chosen soil properties in a west African savanna publication-title: Biol. Fertil. Soils doi: 10.1007/s00374-005-0839-6 – volume: 267 start-page: 97 year: 2005 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0235 article-title: Termitaria are focal feeding sites for large ungulates in Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda publication-title: J. Zool. doi: 10.1017/S0952836905007272 – volume: 29 start-page: 551 year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0250 article-title: Termite mounds may not be foraging hotspots for mega-herbivores in a nutrient-rich matrix publication-title: J. Trop. Ecol. doi: 10.1017/S0266467413000564 – volume: 62 start-page: 157 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0080 article-title: Seasonal activity patterns of African savanna termites vary across a rainfall gradient publication-title: Insect. Soc. doi: 10.1007/s00040-014-0386-y – volume: 6 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0190 article-title: The effects of herbivory by a mega- and mesoherbivore on tree recruitment in sand forest, South Africa publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017983 – volume: 48 start-page: 446 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0135 article-title: Spiders as potential indicators of elephant-induced habitat changes in endemic sand forest, Maputaland, South Africa publication-title: Afr. J. Ecol. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01133.x – volume: 25 start-page: 1405 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0075 article-title: Variable effects of termite mounds on African savanna grass communities across a rainfall gradient publication-title: J. Veg. Sci. doi: 10.1111/jvs.12200 – volume: 95 start-page: 129 year: 2007 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0130 article-title: Consequences of herbivory by native ungulates for the reproduction of a savanna tree publication-title: J. Ecol. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01196.x – volume: 9 start-page: 747 year: 1995 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0310 article-title: Conserving biological diversity through ecosystem resilience publication-title: Conserv. Biol. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09040747.x – volume: 27 start-page: 824 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0285 article-title: Woody species composition in an African savanna: determined by centuries of termite activity but modulated by 50years of ungulate herbivory publication-title: J. Veg. Sci. doi: 10.1111/jvs.12393 – volume: 1 start-page: 85 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0020 article-title: Quantification of termite attack on lying dead wood by a line intersection method in the Kabili-Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia publication-title: Insect Conserv. Divers. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-4598.2007.00010.x – volume: 50 start-page: 126 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0290 article-title: The vegetation and floristics of the Nkhuhlu exclosures, Kruger National Park publication-title: Koedoe doi: 10.4102/koedoe.v50i1.138 – volume: 102 start-page: 566 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0050 article-title: Restoration of a megaherbivore: landscape-level impacts of white rhinoceros in Kruger National Park, South Africa publication-title: J. Ecol. doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12218 – volume: 347 start-page: 651 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0025 article-title: Termite mounds can increase the robustness of dryland ecosystems to climatic change publication-title: Science doi: 10.1126/science.1261487 – volume: 130 start-page: 573 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0030 article-title: Elephant- and human-induced changes to dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) assemblages in the Maputaland Centre of Endemism publication-title: Biol. Conserv. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.01.020 – volume: 106 start-page: 4947 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0005 article-title: Large-scale impacts of herbivores on the structural diversity of African savannas publication-title: PNAS doi: 10.1073/pnas.0810637106 – volume: 44 start-page: 63 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0195 article-title: Short-term effects of single species browsing release by different-sized herbivores on sand forest vegetation community, South Africa publication-title: Biotropica doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00776.x – volume: 100 start-page: 232 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0260 article-title: Termite activity, not grazing, is the main determinant of spatial variation in savanna herbaceous vegetation publication-title: J. Ecol. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01889.x – volume: 30 start-page: 759 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0255 article-title: Understanding the impact of fire on termites in degraded tropical peatlands and the mechanisms for their ecological success: current knowledge and research needs publication-title: Ecol. Res. doi: 10.1007/s11284-015-1289-8 – volume: 90 start-page: 189 year: 2002 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0110 article-title: Termite diversity across an anthropogenic disturbance gradient in the humid forest zone of west Africa publication-title: Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. doi: 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00206-7 – volume: 351 start-page: 51 year: 1996 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0105 article-title: The diversity, abundance and biomass of termites under differing levels of disturbance in the Mbalmayo Forest Reserve, southern Cameroon publication-title: Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B doi: 10.1098/rstb.1996.0004 – volume: 26 start-page: 356 year: 2001 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0095 article-title: Gut content analysis and a new feeding group classification of termites publication-title: Ecol. Entomol. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2311.2001.00342.x – volume: 29 start-page: 563 year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0220 article-title: Termites facilitate root foraging by trees in a Bornean tropical forest publication-title: J. Trop. Ecol. doi: 10.1017/S0266467413000631 – volume: 110 start-page: 318 year: 2005 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0010 article-title: Termite assemblages in a west-African semi-deciduous forest and teak plantations publication-title: Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2005.04.020 – volume: 28 start-page: 517 year: 1997 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0275 article-title: Tree-grass interactions in savannas publication-title: Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.517 – volume: 49 start-page: 422 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0060 article-title: The pyrodiversity–biodiversity hypothesis: a test with savanna termite assemblages publication-title: J. Appl. Ecol. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02107.x – volume: 33 start-page: 443 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0120 article-title: Spatial and temporal hotspots of termite-driven decomposition in the Serengeti publication-title: Ecography doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05960.x – volume: 29 start-page: 293 year: 1999 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0185 article-title: The floristics of sand forest in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa publication-title: Bothalia doi: 10.4102/abc.v29i2.602 – volume: 10 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0015 article-title: Termites are resistant to the effects of fire at multiple spatial scales publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140114 – start-page: 146 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0180 article-title: Effects of elephants on ecosystems and biodiversity – volume: 30 start-page: 2161 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0160 article-title: Termite mounds mitigate against 50years of herbivore-induced reduction of functional diversity of savanna woody plants publication-title: Landsc. Ecol. doi: 10.1007/s10980-015-0238-9 – volume: 21 start-page: 923 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0295 article-title: Termite-induced heterogeneity in African savanna vegetation: mechanisms and patterns publication-title: J. Veg. Sci. doi: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2010.01197.x – volume: 10 start-page: 267 year: 1964 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0315 article-title: A line intersect technique for assessing logging waste publication-title: For. Sci. – volume: 105 start-page: 165 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0115 article-title: The importance of termites (Isoptera) for the recycling of herbivore dung in tropical ecosystems: a review publication-title: Eur. J. Entomol. doi: 10.14411/eje.2008.025 – volume: 45 start-page: 474 year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0065 article-title: Assessing the relative efficiency of termite sampling methods along a rainfall gradient in African savannas publication-title: Biotropica doi: 10.1111/btp.12030 – volume: 20 start-page: 337 year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028_bb0215 article-title: Termitaria as browsing hotspots for African megaherbivores in miombo woodland publication-title: J. Trop. Ecol. doi: 10.1017/S0266467403001202
SSID	ssj0007365
Score	2.3015656
Snippet	Termites and mammalian herbivores might derive mutual benefit from each other through positive feedback loops, but empirical evidence is lacking. One suggested...
SourceID	proquest crossref elsevier
SourceType	Aggregation Database Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher
StartPage	125
SubjectTerms	baits biogeochemical cycles cellulose conservation areas Disturbance ecosystem engineers ecosystems Elephant management Elephantidae forage quality foraging forests herbivores Invertebrates Isoptera issues and policy Keystone species Loxodonta africana mammals soil South Africa summer wet season Wood-feeding termites Woody debris
Title	No evidence for an elephant-termite feedback loop in Sand Forest, South Africa
URI	https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.028 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1846417000 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2000295418
Volume	203
WOSCitedRecordID	wos000388156100015&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText	1
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights	– providerCode: PRVESC databaseName: Elsevier SD Freedom Collection Journals 2021 customDbUrl: eissn: 1873-2917 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0007365 issn: 0006-3207 databaseCode: AIEXJ dateStart: 19950101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com providerName: Elsevier
link	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1Lb9NAEF6FFiR6QFBAtDy0SNyCrax3Y6-PgYaXkFXRHHKzdtd26hDZUepWzb9n9mE3TVVKD1wsa2WvH_P5m_HsPBD6IAQtYsoyD5gv85gchp7UicCsiAzCoqgwXUt-RknCp9P4uNdbt7kwF4uoqvjlZbz8r6KGMRC2Tp29h7i7SWEA9kHosAWxw_afBJ_U_dy1CnUhkn1QLctTeIWeCX1pYBx0lhTqd39R10vt8jjR_nPdptOmgJjGen3bQ-jasm_ZcaXSYdjOodtF9QA5VVk5Nwx75B_5X_0rTzgoYNv52P_UjY5nM8CNXfg_7kZPFnVjl5x--ZteCRK69LxNpg09GtiOti3TBgO6wZXEZjw7tUtsPYwbjG6dC3NflrV2EOhrmZqrLqX8WgHtLcXWhRu2kWzz1M6S6llS3X4z4A_QbhANYyDE3dH38fRHp8YjGtr2F-5B2rxLExx4825us2u2NLwxWyZP0RP3v4FHFifPUC-v9tHeaLZyNVfyffTISnUNe2NTw3z9HCVJjVsUYUARFhXeRhFuUYQ1inBZYY0ibFH0ERsMYYuhF2jyZTz5_M1zrTc8xQhvvCySRAI_hyoLVESFzBTlRTHMcs4yWZCChjkjMVhAsYyFJEyyuCCCyLAoZC7oS7RT1VX-CuFMBYzLgRQZ52w4EFwJRgaSKkLgTzcgB4i27y1Vriy97o6ySP8mtQPkdWctbVmWO46PWpGkzrS0JmMKOLvjzPetBFNgXr2cJqq8Pj9LCZjuTJe3HNx-jE6E0yvphB_e845fo8dX39UbtNOszvO36KG6aMqz1TsH1j8Bg7EK
linkProvider	Elsevier
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=No+evidence+for+an+elephant-termite+feedback+loop+in+Sand+Forest%2C+South+Africa&rft.jtitle=Biological+conservation&rft.au=Lagendijk%2C+D.D.G.&rft.au=Davies%2C+A.B.&rft.au=Eggleton%2C+P.&rft.au=Slotow%2C+R.&rft.date=2016-11-01&rft.issn=0006-3207&rft.volume=203&rft.spage=125&rft.epage=133&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2016.08.028&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1016_j_biocon_2016_08_028
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0006-3207&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0006-3207&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0006-3207&client=summon