Performance evaluation of asphalt concrete mixes under varying replacement percentages of natural sand
Frequently, load associated mode of failure, rutting and fatigue, are the main failure types found in some newly constructed roads within Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, and some suburban areas. The use of excessive amount of natural sand in asphalt concrete mixes which is attractive to local contract...
Saved in:
| Published in: | Results in engineering Vol. 7; p. 100131 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier B.V
01.09.2020
Elsevier |
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 2590-1230, 2590-1230 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Abstract | Frequently, load associated mode of failure, rutting and fatigue, are the main failure types found in some newly constructed roads within Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, and some suburban areas. The use of excessive amount of natural sand in asphalt concrete mixes which is attractive to local contractors could be one of the possible causes to the lack of strength properties of the mixes resulting in frustration in the pavement performance. In this study, the performance properties of asphalt concrete mixes with two natural sand types, desert and river sands, were evaluated. Moreover, five replacement rates of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% by weight of the fine aggregate finer than 4.75 mm were used. The performance properties including moisture susceptibility, resilient modulus, permanent deformation, and fatigue characteristics were evaluated using indirect tensile strength, uniaxial repeated loading and repeated flexural beam tests. Also, as a part of the research objective, the laboratory tests result were used to predict the performance using VESYS computer software. Results showed that mixes with high natural sand content (NSC) are more susceptible to moisture damage and rutting, lower resilient modulus and some improvement in fatigue resistance. Based on the obtained results, the necessity has rise to revise the current local specification for asphalt concrete which specifies the limits of natural sand content in the mixes of wearing and binder courses with 25% whereas for base course mixes no limit exist yet.
•Performance was evaluated for asphalt concrete mixes containing different percentages of natural sand.•Two types of natural sand was considered, river and desert sand.•Five replacement rates were implemented for each type of sand; 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% by weight of fine aggregate.•Vesys 5 W software implemented to predict the pavement performance. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Frequently, load associated mode of failure, rutting and fatigue, are the main failure types found in some newly constructed roads within Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, and some suburban areas. The use of excessive amount of natural sand in asphalt concrete mixes which is attractive to local contractors could be one of the possible causes to the lack of strength properties of the mixes resulting in frustration in the pavement performance. In this study, the performance properties of asphalt concrete mixes with two natural sand types, desert and river sands, were evaluated. Moreover, five replacement rates of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% by weight of the fine aggregate finer than 4.75 mm were used. The performance properties including moisture susceptibility, resilient modulus, permanent deformation, and fatigue characteristics were evaluated using indirect tensile strength, uniaxial repeated loading and repeated flexural beam tests. Also, as a part of the research objective, the laboratory tests result were used to predict the performance using VESYS computer software. Results showed that mixes with high natural sand content (NSC) are more susceptible to moisture damage and rutting, lower resilient modulus and some improvement in fatigue resistance. Based on the obtained results, the necessity has rise to revise the current local specification for asphalt concrete which specifies the limits of natural sand content in the mixes of wearing and binder courses with 25% whereas for base course mixes no limit exist yet. Frequently, load associated mode of failure, rutting and fatigue, are the main failure types found in some newly constructed roads within Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, and some suburban areas. The use of excessive amount of natural sand in asphalt concrete mixes which is attractive to local contractors could be one of the possible causes to the lack of strength properties of the mixes resulting in frustration in the pavement performance. In this study, the performance properties of asphalt concrete mixes with two natural sand types, desert and river sands, were evaluated. Moreover, five replacement rates of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% by weight of the fine aggregate finer than 4.75 mm were used. The performance properties including moisture susceptibility, resilient modulus, permanent deformation, and fatigue characteristics were evaluated using indirect tensile strength, uniaxial repeated loading and repeated flexural beam tests. Also, as a part of the research objective, the laboratory tests result were used to predict the performance using VESYS computer software. Results showed that mixes with high natural sand content (NSC) are more susceptible to moisture damage and rutting, lower resilient modulus and some improvement in fatigue resistance. Based on the obtained results, the necessity has rise to revise the current local specification for asphalt concrete which specifies the limits of natural sand content in the mixes of wearing and binder courses with 25% whereas for base course mixes no limit exist yet. •Performance was evaluated for asphalt concrete mixes containing different percentages of natural sand.•Two types of natural sand was considered, river and desert sand.•Five replacement rates were implemented for each type of sand; 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% by weight of fine aggregate.•Vesys 5 W software implemented to predict the pavement performance. |
| ArticleNumber | 100131 |
| Author | Abdulsattar, Harith Albayati, Amjad H. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Amjad H. surname: Albayati fullname: Albayati, Amjad H. email: a.khalil@uobaghdad.edu.iq organization: University of Baghdad, Department of Civil Engineering, Baghdad, Iraq – sequence: 2 givenname: Harith orcidid: 0000-0001-6369-3869 surname: Abdulsattar fullname: Abdulsattar, Harith email: a.khalil@uobaghdad.edu.iq organization: Oregon State University, Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Corvallis, OR, USA |
| BookMark | eNqFkctqWzEQhkVJoUmaN-hCL2BXl3PtolBCbhBoF-1azJFGrsyxZEayad4-ck4LpYtmNWKY72c03wU7iykiYx-kWEshu4_bNYWIcbNWQp1aQmr5hp2rdhQrqbQ4--v9jl3lvBVCqKGyuj9n_huST7SDaJHjEeYDlJAiT55D3v-EuXCboiUsyHfhF2Z-iA6JH4GeQtxwwv0MFncYC98j2VphU6cqH6EcCGaeIbr37K2HOePV73rJftzefL--Xz1-vXu4_vK4so0cysqqcZqcErZxTo2u1wJbaH3XTwNq53XXTa3ux6YbnFWtQzV1fdvVEa0GnPpGX7KHJdcl2Jo9hV3d0yQI5qWRaGOASrAzGvSt69yoEYRqYIRptKKGDa4fp1b6U9anJctSypnQGxvKy3UKQZiNFOYkwGzNIsCcBJhFQIWbf-A_y7yCfV4wrEc6BiSTbcDqxgVCW-ovwv8DngG0H6WN |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_conbuildmat_2021_123186 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rineng_2024_102478 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rineng_2024_103246 crossref_primary_10_3390_ma16175990 crossref_primary_10_1617_s11527_024_02402_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rineng_2024_103734 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rineng_2024_102948 crossref_primary_10_1080_15376494_2023_2219669 crossref_primary_10_2478_cee_2023_0050 crossref_primary_10_3390_su132413828 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rineng_2025_105550 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rineng_2025_104335 crossref_primary_10_3390_su151310646 crossref_primary_10_1515_eng_2022_0463 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2006)132:7(580) 10.1520/CCA10414J 10.30684/etj.2013.83881 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.069 10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.03.012 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.035 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.07.014 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.043 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.05.004 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.08.046 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2020 The Author(s) |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2020 The Author(s) |
| DBID | 6I. AAFTH AAYXX CITATION DOA |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131 |
| DatabaseName | ScienceDirect Open Access Titles Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access CrossRef DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef |
| DatabaseTitleList | |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Engineering |
| EISSN | 2590-1230 |
| ExternalDocumentID | oai_doaj_org_article_ef5d6d93ea024a9ab9c07568d79b51f4 10_1016_j_rineng_2020_100131 S2590123020300372 |
| GroupedDBID | 0SF 6I. AAEDW AAFTH AALRI AAXUO ADBBV AEXQZ AFTJW AITUG ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMRAJ BCNDV EBS FDB GROUPED_DOAJ M41 M~E NCXOZ OK1 ROL SSZ 0R~ AAYWO AAYXX ACVFH ADCNI ADVLN AEUPX AFJKZ AFPUW AIGII AKBMS AKRWK AKYEP APXCP CITATION |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-c29bbd20c4dd29d730e5a5f67b8e3df366b5379468dc25de2b67565a5328eb743 |
| IEDL.DBID | DOA |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 19 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000659385200004&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 2590-1230 |
| IngestDate | Fri Oct 03 12:50:44 EDT 2025 Tue Nov 18 22:12:20 EST 2025 Thu Nov 20 00:48:09 EST 2025 Tue Jul 25 21:04:41 EDT 2023 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Keywords | Fatigue Moisture susceptibility Permanent deformation Natural sand |
| Language | English |
| License | This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c418t-c29bbd20c4dd29d730e5a5f67b8e3df366b5379468dc25de2b67565a5328eb743 |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6369-3869 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://doaj.org/article/ef5d6d93ea024a9ab9c07568d79b51f4 |
| ParticipantIDs | doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_ef5d6d93ea024a9ab9c07568d79b51f4 crossref_citationtrail_10_1016_j_rineng_2020_100131 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rineng_2020_100131 elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_rineng_2020_100131 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | September 2020 2020-09-00 2020-09-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2020-09-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 09 year: 2020 text: September 2020 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationTitle | Results in engineering |
| PublicationYear | 2020 |
| Publisher | Elsevier B.V Elsevier |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Elsevier B.V – name: Elsevier |
| References | Masad, Olcott, White, Tashman (bib14) 1757 Zaniewski, Srinivasan (bib27) 2003 Zhou, Fernando, Scullion (bib28) 2008 Pouranian, Haddock (bib22) 2019 (bib16) 1998 Kim, Kim, Khosla (bib13) 2016 Akbulut, Gürer, Çetin, Elmaci (bib6) 2012; 36 Albayati (bib7) 2006 Topal, Sengoz (bib25) 2005; 19 (bib24) 2003 Arabani, Azarhoosh (bib11) 2012; 35 Pasandín, Pérez (bib20) 2015; 74 Monismith, Ogawa, Freeme (bib17) 1975 Pouranian, Haddock (bib21) 2017 AASHTO (bib1) 1993; vol. 1 Mills-Beale, You (bib15) 2010; 24 Municipality (bib18) 2014 Thickness (bib4) 1981 Alhozaimy, Hooton, Alhozaimy (bib9) 1998; 20 Radević, ureković, Zakić, Mladenović (bib23) 2017; 136 Albayati, Mohammed (bib8) 2013; 31 Anna, Anthony, All (bib10) 2007 Yasreen, Madzlan, Ibrahim (bib26) 2011; 5 Ahlrich (bib3) 1998 Akbulut, Gürer (bib5) 2007; 42 Abo-Qudais, Al-Shweily (bib2) 2007; 21 Kamaruddin, Napiah, Gasm (bib12) 2010 Pan, Tutumluer, Carpenter (bib19) 2006; 132 Alhozaimy (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib9) 1998; 20 Mills-Beale (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib15) 2010; 24 Akbulut (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib6) 2012; 36 AASHTO (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib1) 1993; vol. 1 (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib24) 2003 Radević (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib23) 2017; 136 Albayati (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib7) 2006 Kim (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib13) 2016 Topal (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib25) 2005; 19 Masad (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib14) 1757 (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib16) 1998 Zhou (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib28) 2008 Pouranian (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib22) 2019 Akbulut (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib5) 2007; 42 Pasandín (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib20) 2015; 74 Yasreen (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib26) 2011; 5 Abo-Qudais (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib2) 2007; 21 Pan (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib19) 2006; 132 Zaniewski (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib27) 2003 Monismith (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib17) 1975 Pouranian (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib21) 2017 Anna (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib10) 2007 Kamaruddin (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib12) 2010 Arabani (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib11) 2012; 35 Thickness (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib4) 1981 Municipality (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib18) 2014 Ahlrich (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib3) 1998 Albayati (10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib8) 2013; 31 |
| References_xml | – year: 2010 ident: bib12 article-title: The Effect of Fine Aggregate Properties on the Rutting Behavior of the Conventional and Polymer Modified Bituminous Mixtures Using Two Types of Sand as Fine Aggregate – volume: 74 start-page: 151 year: 2015 end-page: 161 ident: bib20 article-title: Overview of bituminous mixtures made with recycled concrete aggregates publication-title: Construct. Build. Mater. – year: 2008 ident: bib28 article-title: A Review of Performance Models and Test Procedures with Recommendations for Use in the Texas M-E Design Program – start-page: 1 year: 2019 end-page: 17 ident: bib22 article-title: A new framework for understanding aggregate structure in asphalt mixtures publication-title: Int. J. Pavement Eng. – start-page: 148 year: 1757 end-page: 156 ident: bib14 article-title: Correlation of fine aggregate imaging shape indices with asphalt mixture performance publication-title: Transport. Res. Rec.: Journal of the Transportation Research Board – year: 2007 ident: bib10 article-title: Effects of Manufactured Fine Aggregate – start-page: 310 year: 2016 end-page: 328 ident: bib13 article-title: Effects of Aggregate Type and Gradation on Fatigue and Permanent Deformation of Asphalt Concrete – year: 1975 ident: bib17 article-title: Permanent deformation characteristics of subgrade soils due to repeated loading publication-title: Transport. Res. Rec. – year: 2003 ident: bib24 article-title: General specification for roads and bridges, section R/9, hot-mix asphalt concrete pavement publication-title: State Corporation of Roads and Bridges, Ministry of Housing and Construction, Republic of Iraq – volume: 20 start-page: 221 year: 1998 end-page: 226 ident: bib9 article-title: Correlation between materials finer than No. 200 sieve and sand equivalent tests for natural and crushed stone sands publication-title: Cem. Concr. Aggregates – year: 1998 ident: bib16 article-title: General Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction Part Four: Bituminous Construction – volume: 19 start-page: 155 year: 2005 end-page: 163 ident: bib25 article-title: Determination of fine aggregate angularity in relation with the resistance to rutting of hot-mix asphalt publication-title: Construct. Build. Mater. – volume: 136 start-page: 386 year: 2017 end-page: 393 ident: bib23 article-title: Effects of recycled concrete aggregate on stiffness and rutting resistance of asphalt concrete publication-title: Construct. Build. Mater. – year: 2014 ident: bib18 article-title: Standard Specification. Technical Report November, Abu Dhabi City Municipality – volume: 31 start-page: 489 year: 2013 end-page: 511 ident: bib8 article-title: Assessment the impact of different hydrated lime addition methods on fatigue life characteristic publication-title: Engineering and Technology Journal – year: 2003 ident: bib27 article-title: Evaluation of Indirect Tensile Strength to Identify Asphalt Concrete Rutting Potential – volume: 21 start-page: 1886 year: 2007 end-page: 1898 ident: bib2 article-title: Effect of aggregate properties on asphalt mixtures stripping and creep behavior publication-title: Construct. Build. Mater. – year: 1981 ident: bib4 article-title: Design–Asphalt Pavements for Highways and Streets – volume: 24 start-page: 230 year: 2010 end-page: 235 ident: bib15 article-title: The mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures with Recycled Concrete Aggregates publication-title: Construct. Build. Mater. – volume: 42 start-page: 1921 year: 2007 end-page: 1930 ident: bib5 article-title: Use of aggregates produced from marble quarry waste in asphalt pavements publication-title: Build. Environ. – volume: 35 year: 2012 ident: bib11 article-title: The effect of recycled concrete aggregate and steel slag on the dynamic properties of asphalt mixtures publication-title: Construct. Build. Mater. – volume: vol. 1 year: 1993 ident: bib1 publication-title: AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures – year: 1998 ident: bib3 article-title: Marginal Aggregates in Flexible Pavements : Field Evaluation – volume: 5 start-page: 548 year: 2011 end-page: 553 ident: bib26 article-title: The effect of fine aggregate properties on the fatigue behavior of the conventional and polymer modified bituminous mixtures using two types of sand as fine aggregate publication-title: Int. J. Civ. Environ. Eng. – start-page: 292 year: 2017 end-page: 304 ident: bib21 article-title: Determination of voids in the mineral aggregate and aggregate skeleton characteristics of asphalt mixtures using a linear-mixture packing model publication-title: Construct. Build. Mater. – volume: 36 start-page: 430 year: 2012 end-page: 436 ident: bib6 article-title: Investigation of using granite sludge as filler in bituminous hot mixtures publication-title: Construct. Build. Mater. – year: 2006 ident: bib7 article-title: Permanent Deformation Prediction of Asphalt Concrete under Repeated Loading – volume: 132 start-page: 580 year: 2006 end-page: 589 ident: bib19 article-title: Effect of coarse aggregate morphology on permanent deformation behavior of hot mix asphalt publication-title: J. Transport. Eng. – year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib18 – volume: 5 start-page: 548 issue: 10 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib26 article-title: The effect of fine aggregate properties on the fatigue behavior of the conventional and polymer modified bituminous mixtures using two types of sand as fine aggregate publication-title: Int. J. Civ. Environ. Eng. – year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib7 – year: 1981 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib4 – year: 1998 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib3 – year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib28 – volume: 132 start-page: 580 issue: 7 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib19 article-title: Effect of coarse aggregate morphology on permanent deformation behavior of hot mix asphalt publication-title: J. Transport. Eng. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2006)132:7(580) – start-page: 1 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib22 article-title: A new framework for understanding aggregate structure in asphalt mixtures publication-title: Int. J. Pavement Eng. – volume: 20 start-page: 221 issue: 2 year: 1998 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib9 article-title: Correlation between materials finer than No. 200 sieve and sand equivalent tests for natural and crushed stone sands publication-title: Cem. Concr. Aggregates doi: 10.1520/CCA10414J – issue: 537 year: 1975 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib17 article-title: Permanent deformation characteristics of subgrade soils due to repeated loading publication-title: Transport. Res. Rec. – year: 1998 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib16 – volume: 31 start-page: 489 year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib8 article-title: Assessment the impact of different hydrated lime addition methods on fatigue life characteristic publication-title: Engineering and Technology Journal doi: 10.30684/etj.2013.83881 – volume: 36 start-page: 430 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib6 article-title: Investigation of using granite sludge as filler in bituminous hot mixtures publication-title: Construct. Build. Mater. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.069 – year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib27 – start-page: 292 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib21 article-title: Determination of voids in the mineral aggregate and aggregate skeleton characteristics of asphalt mixtures using a linear-mixture packing model publication-title: Construct. Build. Mater. – volume: 42 start-page: 1921 issue: 5 year: 2007 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib5 article-title: Use of aggregates produced from marble quarry waste in asphalt pavements publication-title: Build. Environ. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.03.012 – volume: 74 start-page: 151 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib20 article-title: Overview of bituminous mixtures made with recycled concrete aggregates publication-title: Construct. Build. Mater. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.035 – volume: 21 start-page: 1886 issue: 9 year: 2007 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib2 article-title: Effect of aggregate properties on asphalt mixtures stripping and creep behavior publication-title: Construct. Build. Mater. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.07.014 – volume: 35 issue: 1–7 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib11 article-title: The effect of recycled concrete aggregate and steel slag on the dynamic properties of asphalt mixtures publication-title: Construct. Build. Mater. – year: 2007 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib10 – year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib12 – volume: vol. 1 year: 1993 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib1 – volume: 136 start-page: 386 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib23 article-title: Effects of recycled concrete aggregate on stiffness and rutting resistance of asphalt concrete publication-title: Construct. Build. Mater. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.043 – start-page: 310 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib13 – start-page: 148 year: 1757 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib14 article-title: Correlation of fine aggregate imaging shape indices with asphalt mixture performance publication-title: Transport. Res. Rec.: Journal of the Transportation Research Board – year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib24 article-title: General specification for roads and bridges, section R/9, hot-mix asphalt concrete pavement – volume: 19 start-page: 155 issue: 2 year: 2005 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib25 article-title: Determination of fine aggregate angularity in relation with the resistance to rutting of hot-mix asphalt publication-title: Construct. Build. Mater. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.05.004 – volume: 24 start-page: 230 issue: 3 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131_bib15 article-title: The mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures with Recycled Concrete Aggregates publication-title: Construct. Build. Mater. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.08.046 |
| SSID | ssj0002810137 |
| Score | 2.2374732 |
| Snippet | Frequently, load associated mode of failure, rutting and fatigue, are the main failure types found in some newly constructed roads within Baghdad, the capital... |
| SourceID | doaj crossref elsevier |
| SourceType | Open Website Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | 100131 |
| SubjectTerms | Fatigue Moisture susceptibility Natural sand Permanent deformation |
| Title | Performance evaluation of asphalt concrete mixes under varying replacement percentages of natural sand |
| URI | https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100131 https://doaj.org/article/ef5d6d93ea024a9ab9c07568d79b51f4 |
| Volume | 7 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000659385200004&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVAON databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals customDbUrl: eissn: 2590-1230 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0002810137 issn: 2590-1230 databaseCode: DOA dateStart: 20190101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/ providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – providerCode: PRVHPJ databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources customDbUrl: eissn: 2590-1230 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0002810137 issn: 2590-1230 databaseCode: M~E dateStart: 20190101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org providerName: ISSN International Centre |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV07T8MwELZQxQAD4inKSx5YIxo7L4-AWjFA1QGkbpEdO6gVpFUSKiZ-O3d2UsJCF5YMkR_R3SV353z3HSHX6AJ1xLSXh4J7gRQJfAcD6YGnEkoqEcSZ1fRjPB4n06mYdFp9ISbM0QM7wd2YPNSRFtxI8CZSwPQMvFyU6Fio0M8tEyhEPZ1kam6PjPyGMBPCe4Qf8EFbN2fBXVhZV7xCesgcCxH3f_klS9_fcU8dlzPaJ3tNrEhv3TMekC1THJLdDoPgEcknP8B_-sPcTRc5ldUS_4VTSHghMqwNfZ99mopi0VhJV7LE-iZaGgvKwiNCukSMS1HDB6bC-ZbyE7avZKGPycto-Hz_4DWtE7ws8JPay5hQSrNBFmjNhIbX2IQyzKNYJYbrnEeRCjlyyyc6Y6E2TEHiEMEQzhKjIKo4Ib1iUZhTQlkOIZThJoLcKBhwrbiSHBuox4LFoJQ-4a3g0qzhFcf2Fm9pCyCbp07cKYo7deLuE289a-l4NTaMv0OdrMciK7a9AbaSNraSbrKVPolbjaZNgOECB1hq9uf2Z_-x_TnZwSUdQu2C9Oryw1yS7WxVz6ryyhowXJ--ht9rRfW_ |
| linkProvider | Directory of Open Access Journals |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Performance+evaluation+of+asphalt+concrete+mixes+under+varying+replacement+percentages+of+natural+sand&rft.jtitle=Results+in+engineering&rft.au=Amjad+H.+Albayati&rft.au=Harith+Abdulsattar&rft.date=2020-09-01&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.issn=2590-1230&rft.eissn=2590-1230&rft.volume=7&rft.spage=100131&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.rineng.2020.100131&rft.externalDBID=DOA&rft.externalDocID=oai_doaj_org_article_ef5d6d93ea024a9ab9c07568d79b51f4 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2590-1230&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2590-1230&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2590-1230&client=summon |