Towards a Situated Spatial Epidemiology of Violence: A Placially-Informed Geospatial Analysis of Homicide in Alagoas, Brazil

This paper presents an empirically grounded call for a more nuanced engagement and situatedness with placial characteristics within a spatial epidemiology frame. By using qualitative data collected through interviews and observation to parameterise standard and spatial regression models, and through...

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Veröffentlicht in:	International journal of environmental research and public health Jg. 17; H. 24; S. 9283
Hauptverfasser:	Walker, Blake Byron, Moura de Souza, Cléssio, Pedroso, Enrique, Lai, Ryan S., Hunter, Paige, Tam, Jessy, Cave, Isaac, Swanlund, David, Barbosa, Kevan Guilherme Nóbrega
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Switzerland MDPI AG 11.12.2020 MDPI
Schlagworte:	Adolescent Brazil - epidemiology Epidemiology Female Geography Homicide Humans Income Male Mixed methods research Poverty Socioeconomic Factors Violence Brazil GIS social determinants infrastructure Brazil crime spatial epidemiology homicide violence
ISSN:	1660-4601, 1661-7827, 1660-4601
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Abstract	This paper presents an empirically grounded call for a more nuanced engagement and situatedness with placial characteristics within a spatial epidemiology frame. By using qualitative data collected through interviews and observation to parameterise standard and spatial regression models, and through a critical interpretation of their results, we present initial inroads for a situated spatial epidemiology and an analytical framework for health/medical geographers to iteratively engage with data, modelling, and the context of both the subject and process of analysis. In this study, we explore the socioeconomic factors that influence homicide rates in the Brazilian state of Alagoas from a critical public health perspective. Informed by field observation and interviews with 24 youths in low-income neighbourhoods and prisons in Alagoas, we derive and critically reflect on three regression models to predict municipal homicide rates from 2016–2020. The model results indicate significant effects for the male population, persons without elementary school completion, households with reported income, divorced persons, households without piped water, and persons working outside their home municipality. These results are situated in the broader socioeconomic context, trajectories, and cycles of inequality in the study area and underscore the need for integrative and contextually engaged mixed method study design in spatial epidemiology.
AbstractList	This paper presents an empirically grounded call for a more nuanced engagement and situatedness with placial characteristics within a spatial epidemiology frame. By using qualitative data collected through interviews and observation to parameterise standard and spatial regression models, and through a critical interpretation of their results, we present initial inroads for a situated spatial epidemiology and an analytical framework for health/medical geographers to iteratively engage with data, modelling, and the context of both the subject and process of analysis. In this study, we explore the socioeconomic factors that influence homicide rates in the Brazilian state of Alagoas from a critical public health perspective. Informed by field observation and interviews with 24 youths in low-income neighbourhoods and prisons in Alagoas, we derive and critically reflect on three regression models to predict municipal homicide rates from 2016-2020. The model results indicate significant effects for the male population, persons without elementary school completion, households with reported income, divorced persons, households without piped water, and persons working outside their home municipality. These results are situated in the broader socioeconomic context, trajectories, and cycles of inequality in the study area and underscore the need for integrative and contextually engaged mixed method study design in spatial epidemiology.This paper presents an empirically grounded call for a more nuanced engagement and situatedness with placial characteristics within a spatial epidemiology frame. By using qualitative data collected through interviews and observation to parameterise standard and spatial regression models, and through a critical interpretation of their results, we present initial inroads for a situated spatial epidemiology and an analytical framework for health/medical geographers to iteratively engage with data, modelling, and the context of both the subject and process of analysis. In this study, we explore the socioeconomic factors that influence homicide rates in the Brazilian state of Alagoas from a critical public health perspective. Informed by field observation and interviews with 24 youths in low-income neighbourhoods and prisons in Alagoas, we derive and critically reflect on three regression models to predict municipal homicide rates from 2016-2020. The model results indicate significant effects for the male population, persons without elementary school completion, households with reported income, divorced persons, households without piped water, and persons working outside their home municipality. These results are situated in the broader socioeconomic context, trajectories, and cycles of inequality in the study area and underscore the need for integrative and contextually engaged mixed method study design in spatial epidemiology. This paper presents an empirically grounded call for a more nuanced engagement and situatedness with placial characteristics within a spatial epidemiology frame. By using qualitative data collected through interviews and observation to parameterise standard and spatial regression models, and through a critical interpretation of their results, we present initial inroads for a situated spatial epidemiology and an analytical framework for health/medical geographers to iteratively engage with data, modelling, and the context of both the subject and process of analysis. In this study, we explore the socioeconomic factors that influence homicide rates in the Brazilian state of Alagoas from a critical public health perspective. Informed by field observation and interviews with 24 youths in low-income neighbourhoods and prisons in Alagoas, we derive and critically reflect on three regression models to predict municipal homicide rates from 2016-2020. The model results indicate significant effects for the male population, persons without elementary school completion, households with reported income, divorced persons, households without piped water, and persons working outside their home municipality. These results are situated in the broader socioeconomic context, trajectories, and cycles of inequality in the study area and underscore the need for integrative and contextually engaged mixed method study design in spatial epidemiology.
Author	Lai, Ryan S. Cave, Isaac Pedroso, Enrique Walker, Blake Byron Swanlund, David Moura de Souza, Cléssio Barbosa, Kevan Guilherme Nóbrega Hunter, Paige Tam, Jessy
AuthorAffiliation	2 Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; enrique_pedroso@sfu.ca (E.P.); ryan_lai_2@sfu.ca (R.S.L.); paige_hunter@sfu.ca (P.H.); jessyt@sfu.ca (J.T.); isaac_cave@sfu.ca (I.C.); david_swanlund@sfu.ca (D.S.) 1 Institüt für Geographie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; clessio.moura.souza@fau.de 3 Department for the Professional Master Programme in Health Research, Campus IV, Centro Universitário CESMAC, Macieó 57051-530, Brazil; kevanguilherme@gmail.com
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 1 Institüt für Geographie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; clessio.moura.souza@fau.de – name: 3 Department for the Professional Master Programme in Health Research, Campus IV, Centro Universitário CESMAC, Macieó 57051-530, Brazil; kevanguilherme@gmail.com – name: 2 Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; enrique_pedroso@sfu.ca (E.P.); ryan_lai_2@sfu.ca (R.S.L.); paige_hunter@sfu.ca (P.H.); jessyt@sfu.ca (J.T.); isaac_cave@sfu.ca (I.C.); david_swanlund@sfu.ca (D.S.)
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Cites_doi	10.1371/journal.pone.0208304 10.1590/0102-311x00191219 10.1016/j.jebo.2015.10.018 10.1177/1524838013515758 10.5749/minnesota/9780816691470.001.0001 10.1007/s10896-008-9161-z 10.1590/S0080-623420150000500006 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003642 10.1016/j.avb.2013.07.003 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.00432.x 10.1007/978-3-030-35671-2 10.1080/00330124.2014.970843 10.1038/s41598-020-73773-y 10.1353/anq.2015.0029 10.1289/ehp.6735 10.1016/j.healthplace.2004.08.009 10.1191/0309132502ph389oa 10.1186/s12914-018-0166-2 10.5204/ijcjsd.v7i1.397 10.1177/009145091404100203 10.1007/s00181-009-0296-4 10.1215/15476715-1159111 10.1177/1558689816652755 10.1177/0309132518772644 10.1007/978-3-319-76249-4 10.1177/0309132515581094 10.5149/9780807899588_rogers
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SubjectTerms	Adolescent Brazil - epidemiology Epidemiology Female Geography Homicide Humans Income Male Mixed methods research Poverty Socioeconomic Factors Violence
Title	Towards a Situated Spatial Epidemiology of Violence: A Placially-Informed Geospatial Analysis of Homicide in Alagoas, Brazil
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