Tobacco Smoke Exposure, Urban and Environmental Factors as Respiratory Disease Predictors in Italian Adolescents

Risk monitoring in childhood is useful to estimate harmful health effects at later stages of life. Thus, here we have assessed the effects of tobacco smoke exposure and environmental pollution on the respiratory health of Italian children and adolescents using spirometry and the forced oscillation t...

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Vydané v:	International journal of environmental research and public health Ročník 16; číslo 20; s. 4048
Hlavní autori:	Bellisario, Valeria, Piccioni, Pavilio, Bugiani, Massimiliano, Squillacioti, Giulia, Levra, Stefano, Gulotta, Carlo, Mengozzi, Giulio, Perboni, Alberto, Grignani, Elena, Bono, Roberto
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Switzerland MDPI AG 22.10.2019 MDPI
Predmet:	Adolescent Adult Age Air pollution Airway management Asthma Child Cotinine - urine Elementary schools Environmental Exposure Female Gender Humans Italy - epidemiology Lifestyles Male Measurement techniques Oxidative stress Questionnaires Regression analysis Respiratory Tract Diseases - epidemiology Respiratory Tract Diseases - physiopathology Respiratory Tract Diseases - urine Risk Factors Spirometry Surveys and Questionnaires Teenagers Tobacco smoke Tobacco Smoke Pollution Urbanization Urine Variables Vehicle Emissions Young Adult Italy United States > US forced oscillation technique tobacco smoke exposure spirometry childhood environmental pollution
ISSN:	1660-4601, 1661-7827, 1660-4601
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Abstract	Risk monitoring in childhood is useful to estimate harmful health effects at later stages of life. Thus, here we have assessed the effects of tobacco smoke exposure and environmental pollution on the respiratory health of Italian children and adolescents using spirometry and the forced oscillation technique (FOT). For this purpose, we recruited 188 students aged 6–19 years living in Chivasso, Italy, and collected from them the following data: (1) one filled out questionnaire; (2) two respiratory measurements (i.e., spirometry and FOT); and (3) two urine tests for Cotinine (Cot) and 15-F2t-Isoprostane (15-F2t-IsoP) levels. We found a V-shape distribution for both Cotinine and 15-F2t-IsoP values, according to age groups, as well as a direct correlation (p = 0.000) between Cotinine and tobacco smoke exposure. These models demonstrate that tobacco smoke exposure, traffic, and the living environment play a fundamental role in the modulation of asthma-like symptoms (p = 0.020) and respiratory function (p = 0.007). Furthermore, the results from the 11–15-year group indicate that the growth process is a protective factor against the risk of respiratory disease later in life. Lastly, the FOT findings highlight the detrimental effects of tobacco smoke exposure and urbanization and traffic on respiratory health and asthma-like symptoms, respectively. Overall, monitoring environmental and behavioral factors in childhood can provide valuable information for preventing respiratory diseases in adulthood.
AbstractList	Risk monitoring in childhood is useful to estimate harmful health effects at later stages of life. Thus, here we have assessed the effects of tobacco smoke exposure and environmental pollution on the respiratory health of Italian children and adolescents using spirometry and the forced oscillation technique (FOT). For this purpose, we recruited 188 students aged 6-19 years living in Chivasso, Italy, and collected from them the following data: (1) one filled out questionnaire; (2) two respiratory measurements (i.e., spirometry and FOT); and (3) two urine tests for Cotinine (Cot) and 15-F -Isoprostane (15-F -IsoP) levels. We found a V-shape distribution for both Cotinine and 15-F -IsoP values, according to age groups, as well as a direct correlation ( = 0.000) between Cotinine and tobacco smoke exposure. These models demonstrate that tobacco smoke exposure, traffic, and the living environment play a fundamental role in the modulation of asthma-like symptoms ( = 0.020) and respiratory function ( = 0.007). Furthermore, the results from the 11-15-year group indicate that the growth process is a protective factor against the risk of respiratory disease later in life. Lastly, the FOT findings highlight the detrimental effects of tobacco smoke exposure and urbanization and traffic on respiratory health and asthma-like symptoms, respectively. Overall, monitoring environmental and behavioral factors in childhood can provide valuable information for preventing respiratory diseases in adulthood. While adults avail themselves of different strategies to counteract these risk factors, children who live, play, and study in urbanized areas and/or are in close contact with smokers often become forcibly exposed. [...]when, for some reason, the immune system becomes partially compromised, some clinical manifestations such as lower respiratory tract infection, ear infection, and lifelong cardiovascular risk are further worsened [6]. The respiratory system is considered a primary target of air pollution. Since children breathe a proportionately greater volume of air than adults and they have smaller caliber airways, they are more likely to develop inflammation-related illnesses and increase their overall level of oxidative stress [7,8,9]. [...]tobacco smoke is still the main preventable risk factor for respiratory, allergic, and cardiovascular disease, as well as for cancer [11]. To recruit the subjects, the following criteria were adopted: a) living in or nearby Chivasso and b) being aged between 6 and 10 years (elementary schools), 11 and 15 years (middle schools), and 15 and 19 years (high schools). Because the subjects were underage, parents or guardians of children were asked to sign an informed consent for study enrollment according to the Helsinki Declaration. Risk monitoring in childhood is useful to estimate harmful health effects at later stages of life. Thus, here we have assessed the effects of tobacco smoke exposure and environmental pollution on the respiratory health of Italian children and adolescents using spirometry and the forced oscillation technique (FOT). For this purpose, we recruited 188 students aged 6–19 years living in Chivasso, Italy, and collected from them the following data: (1) one filled out questionnaire; (2) two respiratory measurements (i.e., spirometry and FOT); and (3) two urine tests for Cotinine (Cot) and 15-F2t-Isoprostane (15-F2t-IsoP) levels. We found a V-shape distribution for both Cotinine and 15-F2t-IsoP values, according to age groups, as well as a direct correlation (p = 0.000) between Cotinine and tobacco smoke exposure. These models demonstrate that tobacco smoke exposure, traffic, and the living environment play a fundamental role in the modulation of asthma-like symptoms (p = 0.020) and respiratory function (p = 0.007). Furthermore, the results from the 11–15-year group indicate that the growth process is a protective factor against the risk of respiratory disease later in life. Lastly, the FOT findings highlight the detrimental effects of tobacco smoke exposure and urbanization and traffic on respiratory health and asthma-like symptoms, respectively. Overall, monitoring environmental and behavioral factors in childhood can provide valuable information for preventing respiratory diseases in adulthood. Risk monitoring in childhood is useful to estimate harmful health effects at later stages of life. Thus, here we have assessed the effects of tobacco smoke exposure and environmental pollution on the respiratory health of Italian children and adolescents using spirometry and the forced oscillation technique (FOT). For this purpose, we recruited 188 students aged 6-19 years living in Chivasso, Italy, and collected from them the following data: (1) one filled out questionnaire; (2) two respiratory measurements (i.e., spirometry and FOT); and (3) two urine tests for Cotinine (Cot) and 15-F2t-Isoprostane (15-F2t-IsoP) levels. We found a V-shape distribution for both Cotinine and 15-F2t-IsoP values, according to age groups, as well as a direct correlation (p = 0.000) between Cotinine and tobacco smoke exposure. These models demonstrate that tobacco smoke exposure, traffic, and the living environment play a fundamental role in the modulation of asthma-like symptoms (p = 0.020) and respiratory function (p = 0.007). Furthermore, the results from the 11-15-year group indicate that the growth process is a protective factor against the risk of respiratory disease later in life. Lastly, the FOT findings highlight the detrimental effects of tobacco smoke exposure and urbanization and traffic on respiratory health and asthma-like symptoms, respectively. Overall, monitoring environmental and behavioral factors in childhood can provide valuable information for preventing respiratory diseases in adulthood.Risk monitoring in childhood is useful to estimate harmful health effects at later stages of life. Thus, here we have assessed the effects of tobacco smoke exposure and environmental pollution on the respiratory health of Italian children and adolescents using spirometry and the forced oscillation technique (FOT). For this purpose, we recruited 188 students aged 6-19 years living in Chivasso, Italy, and collected from them the following data: (1) one filled out questionnaire; (2) two respiratory measurements (i.e., spirometry and FOT); and (3) two urine tests for Cotinine (Cot) and 15-F2t-Isoprostane (15-F2t-IsoP) levels. We found a V-shape distribution for both Cotinine and 15-F2t-IsoP values, according to age groups, as well as a direct correlation (p = 0.000) between Cotinine and tobacco smoke exposure. These models demonstrate that tobacco smoke exposure, traffic, and the living environment play a fundamental role in the modulation of asthma-like symptoms (p = 0.020) and respiratory function (p = 0.007). Furthermore, the results from the 11-15-year group indicate that the growth process is a protective factor against the risk of respiratory disease later in life. Lastly, the FOT findings highlight the detrimental effects of tobacco smoke exposure and urbanization and traffic on respiratory health and asthma-like symptoms, respectively. Overall, monitoring environmental and behavioral factors in childhood can provide valuable information for preventing respiratory diseases in adulthood.
Author	Piccioni, Pavilio Squillacioti, Giulia Bellisario, Valeria Gulotta, Carlo Mengozzi, Giulio Levra, Stefano Bugiani, Massimiliano Bono, Roberto Grignani, Elena Perboni, Alberto
AuthorAffiliation	2 Pneumology and Tisiology Unit, National Health Service (ASL TO2), 10126 Turin, Italy; papiccioni@gmail.com (P.P.); maxbugiani@libero.it (M.B.) 3 Specialty School in Respiratory Diseases, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; stefanolevra@gmail.com 1 Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; giulia.squillacioti@unito.it (G.S.); roberto.bono@unito.it (R.B.) 4 S. Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, 10043 Turin, Italy; gulottacarlo@gmail.com (C.G.); alberto.perboni@sanluigi.piemonte.it (A.P.) 5 Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, A.O.U. City of Health and Science, University Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; gmengozzi@cittadellasalute.to.it 6 Environmental Research Center, ICS Maugeri, Institute of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; elena.grignani@fsm.it
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 4 S. Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, 10043 Turin, Italy; gulottacarlo@gmail.com (C.G.); alberto.perboni@sanluigi.piemonte.it (A.P.) – name: 6 Environmental Research Center, ICS Maugeri, Institute of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; elena.grignani@fsm.it – name: 5 Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, A.O.U. City of Health and Science, University Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; gmengozzi@cittadellasalute.to.it – name: 2 Pneumology and Tisiology Unit, National Health Service (ASL TO2), 10126 Turin, Italy; papiccioni@gmail.com (P.P.); maxbugiani@libero.it (M.B.) – name: 1 Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; giulia.squillacioti@unito.it (G.S.); roberto.bono@unito.it (R.B.) – name: 3 Specialty School in Respiratory Diseases, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; stefanolevra@gmail.com
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Keywords	forced oscillation technique tobacco smoke exposure spirometry childhood environmental pollution
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Snippet	Risk monitoring in childhood is useful to estimate harmful health effects at later stages of life. Thus, here we have assessed the effects of tobacco smoke... While adults avail themselves of different strategies to counteract these risk factors, children who live, play, and study in urbanized areas and/or are in...
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SubjectTerms	Adolescent Adult Age Air pollution Airway management Asthma Child Cotinine - urine Elementary schools Environmental Exposure Female Gender Humans Italy - epidemiology Lifestyles Male Measurement techniques Oxidative stress Questionnaires Regression analysis Respiratory Tract Diseases - epidemiology Respiratory Tract Diseases - physiopathology Respiratory Tract Diseases - urine Risk Factors Spirometry Surveys and Questionnaires Teenagers Tobacco smoke Tobacco Smoke Pollution Urbanization Urine Variables Vehicle Emissions Young Adult
Title	Tobacco Smoke Exposure, Urban and Environmental Factors as Respiratory Disease Predictors in Italian Adolescents
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