Discriminatory attitudes against unvaccinated people during the pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, sizeable groups of unvaccinated people persist even in countries with high vaccine access 1 . As a consequence, vaccination became a controversial subject of debate and even protest 2 . Here we assess whether people express discriminatory attitudes in the form of negati...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Nature (London) Jg. 613; H. 7945; S. 704 - 711
Hauptverfasser:	Bor, Alexander, Jørgensen, Frederik, Petersen, Michael Bang
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	London Nature Publishing Group UK 26.01.2023 Nature Publishing Group
Schlagworte:	706/689/126 706/689/477/2811 Attitudes Civil Rights - psychology Cooperation Cooperative Behavior Coronaviruses Costs COVID-19 COVID-19 - prevention & control COVID-19 - psychology COVID-19 Vaccines Discrimination Disease control Germany Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice - ethnology Humanities and Social Sciences Humans Hungary Immunization Internationality Moral Obligations multidisciplinary Norms Pandemics Pandemics - prevention & control Politics Prejudice Prejudice - psychology Prejudice - statistics & numerical data Psychology Public good Romania Science Science (multidisciplinary) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Stereotypes Stereotyping United States Vaccination - psychology Vaccination - statistics & numerical data Vaccination Refusal - psychology Vaccination Refusal - statistics & numerical data Vaccines Romania Hungary United States Germany United States > US
ISSN:	0028-0836, 1476-4687, 1476-4687
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Abstract	During the COVID-19 pandemic, sizeable groups of unvaccinated people persist even in countries with high vaccine access 1 . As a consequence, vaccination became a controversial subject of debate and even protest 2 . Here we assess whether people express discriminatory attitudes in the form of negative affectivity, stereotypes and exclusionary attitudes in family and political settings across groups defined by COVID-19 vaccination status. We quantify discriminatory attitudes between vaccinated and unvaccinated citizens in 21 countries, covering a diverse set of cultures across the world. Across three conjoined experimental studies ( n = 15,233), we demonstrate that vaccinated people express discriminatory attitudes towards unvaccinated individuals at a level as high as discriminatory attitudes that are commonly aimed at immigrant and minority populations 3 — 5 . By contrast, there is an absence of evidence that unvaccinated individuals display discriminatory attitudes towards vaccinated people, except for the presence of negative affectivity in Germany and the USA. We find evidence in support of discriminatory attitudes against unvaccinated individuals in all countries except for Hungary and Romania, and find that discriminatory attitudes are more strongly expressed in cultures with stronger cooperative norms. Previous research on the psychology of cooperation has shown that individuals react negatively against perceived ‘free-riders’ 6 , 7 , including in the domain of vaccinations 8 , 9 . Consistent with this, we find that contributors to the public good of epidemic control (that is, vaccinated individuals) react with discriminatory attitudes towards perceived free-riders (that is, unvaccinated individuals). National leaders and vaccinated members of the public appealed to moral obligations to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake 10 , 11 , but our findings suggest that discriminatory attitudes—including support for the removal of fundamental rights—simultaneously emerged. Vaccinated people express discriminatory attitudes towards unvaccinated individuals across cultures.
AbstractList	During the COVID-19 pandemic, sizeable groups of unvaccinated people persist even in countries with high vaccine access1. As a consequence, vaccination became a controversial subject of debate and even protest2. Here we assess whether people express discriminatory attitudes in the form of negative affectivity, stereotypes and exclusionary attitudes in family and political settings across groups defined by COVID-19 vaccination status. We quantify discriminatory attitudes between vaccinated and unvaccinated citizens in 21 countries, covering a diverse set of cultures across the world. Across three conjoined experimental studies (n = 15,233), we demonstrate that vaccinated people express discriminatory attitudes towards unvaccinated individuals at a level as high as discriminatory attitudes that are commonly aimed at immigrant and minority populations3-5. By contrast, there is an absence of evidence that unvaccinated individuals display discriminatory attitudes towards vaccinated people, except for the presence of negative affectivity in Germany and the USA. We find evidence in support of discriminatory attitudes against unvaccinated individuals in all countries except for Hungary and Romania, and find that discriminatory attitudes are more strongly expressed in cultures with stronger cooperative norms. Previous research on the psychology of cooperation has shown that individuals react negatively against perceived 'free-riders'6,7, including in the domain of vaccinations8,9. Consistent with this, we find that contributors to the public good of epidemic control (that is, vaccinated individuals) react with discriminatory attitudes towards perceived free-riders (that is, unvaccinated individuals). National leaders and vaccinated members of the public appealed to moral obligations to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake10,11, but our findings suggest that discriminatory attitudes-including support for the removal of fundamental rights-simultaneously emerged.During the COVID-19 pandemic, sizeable groups of unvaccinated people persist even in countries with high vaccine access1. As a consequence, vaccination became a controversial subject of debate and even protest2. Here we assess whether people express discriminatory attitudes in the form of negative affectivity, stereotypes and exclusionary attitudes in family and political settings across groups defined by COVID-19 vaccination status. We quantify discriminatory attitudes between vaccinated and unvaccinated citizens in 21 countries, covering a diverse set of cultures across the world. Across three conjoined experimental studies (n = 15,233), we demonstrate that vaccinated people express discriminatory attitudes towards unvaccinated individuals at a level as high as discriminatory attitudes that are commonly aimed at immigrant and minority populations3-5. By contrast, there is an absence of evidence that unvaccinated individuals display discriminatory attitudes towards vaccinated people, except for the presence of negative affectivity in Germany and the USA. We find evidence in support of discriminatory attitudes against unvaccinated individuals in all countries except for Hungary and Romania, and find that discriminatory attitudes are more strongly expressed in cultures with stronger cooperative norms. Previous research on the psychology of cooperation has shown that individuals react negatively against perceived 'free-riders'6,7, including in the domain of vaccinations8,9. Consistent with this, we find that contributors to the public good of epidemic control (that is, vaccinated individuals) react with discriminatory attitudes towards perceived free-riders (that is, unvaccinated individuals). National leaders and vaccinated members of the public appealed to moral obligations to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake10,11, but our findings suggest that discriminatory attitudes-including support for the removal of fundamental rights-simultaneously emerged. During the COVID-19 pandemic, sizeable groups of unvaccinated people persist even in countries with high vaccine access . As a consequence, vaccination became a controversial subject of debate and even protest . Here we assess whether people express discriminatory attitudes in the form of negative affectivity, stereotypes and exclusionary attitudes in family and political settings across groups defined by COVID-19 vaccination status. We quantify discriminatory attitudes between vaccinated and unvaccinated citizens in 21 countries, covering a diverse set of cultures across the world. Across three conjoined experimental studies (n = 15,233), we demonstrate that vaccinated people express discriminatory attitudes towards unvaccinated individuals at a level as high as discriminatory attitudes that are commonly aimed at immigrant and minority populations . By contrast, there is an absence of evidence that unvaccinated individuals display discriminatory attitudes towards vaccinated people, except for the presence of negative affectivity in Germany and the USA. We find evidence in support of discriminatory attitudes against unvaccinated individuals in all countries except for Hungary and Romania, and find that discriminatory attitudes are more strongly expressed in cultures with stronger cooperative norms. Previous research on the psychology of cooperation has shown that individuals react negatively against perceived 'free-riders' , including in the domain of vaccinations . Consistent with this, we find that contributors to the public good of epidemic control (that is, vaccinated individuals) react with discriminatory attitudes towards perceived free-riders (that is, unvaccinated individuals). National leaders and vaccinated members of the public appealed to moral obligations to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake , but our findings suggest that discriminatory attitudes-including support for the removal of fundamental rights-simultaneously emerged. During the COVID-19 pandemic, sizeable groups of unvaccinated people persist even in countries with high vaccine access1. As a consequence, vaccination became a controversial subject of debate and even protest2. Here we assess whether people express discriminatory attitudes in the form of negative affectivity, stereotypes and exclusionary attitudes in family and political settings across groups defined by COVID-19 vaccination status. We quantify discriminatory attitudes between vaccinated and unvaccinated citizens in 21 countries, covering a diverse set of cultures across the world. Across three conjoined experimental studies (n = 15,233), we demonstrate that vaccinated people express discriminatory attitudes towards unvaccinated individuals at a level as high as discriminatory attitudes that are commonly aimed at immigrant and minority populations3-5. By contrast, there is an absence of evidence that unvaccinated individuals display discriminatory attitudes towards vaccinated people, except for the presence of negative affectivity in Germany and the USA. We find evidence in support of discriminatory attitudes against unvaccinated individuals in all countries except for Hungary and Romania, and find that discriminatory attitudes are more strongly expressed in cultures with stronger cooperative norms. Previous research on the psychology of cooperation has shown that individuals react negatively against perceived 'free-riders'6,7, including in the domain of vaccinations8,9. Consistent with this, we find that contributors to the public good of epidemic control (that is, vaccinated individuals) react with discriminatory attitudes towards perceived free-riders (that is, unvaccinated individuals). National leaders and vaccinated members of the public appealed to moral obligations to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake10,11, but our findings suggest that discriminatory attitudes-including support for the removal of fundamental rights-simultaneously emerged. During the COVID-19 pandemic, sizeable groups of unvaccinated people persist even in countries with high vaccine access 1 . As a consequence, vaccination became a controversial subject of debate and even protest 2 . Here we assess whether people express discriminatory attitudes in the form of negative affectivity, stereotypes and exclusionary attitudes in family and political settings across groups defined by COVID-19 vaccination status. We quantify discriminatory attitudes between vaccinated and unvaccinated citizens in 21 countries, covering a diverse set of cultures across the world. Across three conjoined experimental studies ( n = 15,233), we demonstrate that vaccinated people express discriminatory attitudes towards unvaccinated individuals at a level as high as discriminatory attitudes that are commonly aimed at immigrant and minority populations 3 — 5 . By contrast, there is an absence of evidence that unvaccinated individuals display discriminatory attitudes towards vaccinated people, except for the presence of negative affectivity in Germany and the USA. We find evidence in support of discriminatory attitudes against unvaccinated individuals in all countries except for Hungary and Romania, and find that discriminatory attitudes are more strongly expressed in cultures with stronger cooperative norms. Previous research on the psychology of cooperation has shown that individuals react negatively against perceived ‘free-riders’ 6 , 7 , including in the domain of vaccinations 8 , 9 . Consistent with this, we find that contributors to the public good of epidemic control (that is, vaccinated individuals) react with discriminatory attitudes towards perceived free-riders (that is, unvaccinated individuals). National leaders and vaccinated members of the public appealed to moral obligations to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake 10 , 11 , but our findings suggest that discriminatory attitudes—including support for the removal of fundamental rights—simultaneously emerged. Vaccinated people express discriminatory attitudes towards unvaccinated individuals across cultures.
Author	Petersen, Michael Bang Jørgensen, Frederik Bor, Alexander
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Alexander orcidid: 0000-0002-2624-9221 surname: Bor fullname: Bor, Alexander email: bora@ceu.edu organization: Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Democracy Institute, Central European University – sequence: 2 givenname: Frederik orcidid: 0000-0002-5461-912X surname: Jørgensen fullname: Jørgensen, Frederik organization: Department of Political Science, Aarhus University – sequence: 3 givenname: Michael Bang orcidid: 0000-0002-6782-5635 surname: Petersen fullname: Petersen, Michael Bang email: michael@ps.au.dk organization: Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Centre for the Experimental-Philosophical Study of Discrimination, Aarhus University
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36482134$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet	During the COVID-19 pandemic, sizeable groups of unvaccinated people persist even in countries with high vaccine access 1 . As a consequence, vaccination... During the COVID-19 pandemic, sizeable groups of unvaccinated people persist even in countries with high vaccine access . As a consequence, vaccination became... During the COVID-19 pandemic, sizeable groups of unvaccinated people persist even in countries with high vaccine access1. As a consequence, vaccination became...
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SubjectTerms	706/689/126 706/689/477/2811 Attitudes Civil Rights - psychology Cooperation Cooperative Behavior Coronaviruses Costs COVID-19 COVID-19 - prevention & control COVID-19 - psychology COVID-19 Vaccines Discrimination Disease control Germany Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice - ethnology Humanities and Social Sciences Humans Hungary Immunization Internationality Moral Obligations multidisciplinary Norms Pandemics Pandemics - prevention & control Politics Prejudice Prejudice - psychology Prejudice - statistics & numerical data Psychology Public good Romania Science Science (multidisciplinary) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Stereotypes Stereotyping United States Vaccination - psychology Vaccination - statistics & numerical data Vaccination Refusal - psychology Vaccination Refusal - statistics & numerical data Vaccines
Title	Discriminatory attitudes against unvaccinated people during the pandemic
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