Comparative analysis of SWAT and SWAT coupled with XGBoost model using Optuna hyperparameter optimization for nutrient simulation: A case study in the Upper Nan River basin, Thailand

Agricultural runoff leading to nitrate (NO3-N) and orthophosphate (PO4-P) contamination poses significant environmental and public health risks. This study integrates the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) with eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), optimized using Optuna hyperparameter tuning, to...

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